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Smith Chart Basics: Prof. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IIT Guwahati

This document provides an introduction to Smith charts and transmission line theory. It discusses how Smith charts can be used as a graphical aid to visualize transmission line phenomena without performing detailed calculations. Key points include: - Smith charts plot the normalized impedance of transmission lines on the complex plane - Impedances are represented as circles corresponding to the real and imaginary parts of the reflection coefficient - Smith charts allow the determination of the input impedance of a transmission line terminated by a load at any distance from the load - Examples are given of plotting impedances on the Smith chart and using it to find the input impedance at different points on the transmission line.

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Rohit T
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44 views

Smith Chart Basics: Prof. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IIT Guwahati

This document provides an introduction to Smith charts and transmission line theory. It discusses how Smith charts can be used as a graphical aid to visualize transmission line phenomena without performing detailed calculations. Key points include: - Smith charts plot the normalized impedance of transmission lines on the complex plane - Impedances are represented as circles corresponding to the real and imaginary parts of the reflection coefficient - Smith charts allow the determination of the input impedance of a transmission line terminated by a load at any distance from the load - Examples are given of plotting impedances on the Smith chart and using it to find the input impedance at different points on the transmission line.

Uploaded by

Rohit T
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Microwave Engineering and Transmission line theory

Smith Chart Basics

Prof. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee


IIT Guwahati
Smith Chart
• Graphical aid which is very useful in solving transmission line problems.

• Provides a useful way of visualizing transmission line phenomenon without


performing detailed numerical calculations.

• Developed by P. Smith at Bell Laboratories in 1939.

• Smith chart is included as a part of many modern CAD software and test
equipment.
Smith chart
𝑍𝐿 −𝑍0
We know that, Γ =
𝑍𝐿 +𝑍0
Separating real and imaginary parts,
𝑍𝐿 1 + Γ
∴ =
𝑍0 1 − Γ 1 − Γ𝑟2 − Γ𝑖2
𝑟𝐿 =
Denoting the normalized load impedance 1 − Γ𝑟 2 + Γ𝑖2
𝑍𝐿
= 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝑥𝐿 and Γ = Γ𝑟 + 𝑗Γ𝑖 and
𝑍0
2Γ𝑖
we can write 𝑥𝐿 =
1 − Γ𝑟 2 + Γ𝑖2
1 + Γ𝑟 + 𝑗Γ𝑖
𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝑥𝐿 =
1 − Γ𝑟 − 𝑗Γ𝑖

1 + Γ𝑟 + 𝑗Γ𝑖 [ 1 − Γ𝑟 + 𝑗Γ𝑖 ]
∴ 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝑥𝐿 =
1 − Γ𝑟 2 + Γ𝑖2
Smith Chart
1−Γ2𝑟 −Γ2𝑖
From 𝑟𝐿 = , we can write:
1−Γ𝑟 2 +Γ2𝑖

Γ𝑟2 1 + 𝑟𝐿 + Γ𝑖2 1 + 𝑟𝐿 − 2Γ𝑟 𝑟𝐿 = 1 − 𝑟𝐿

2Γ𝑟 𝑟𝐿 1 − 𝑟𝐿
Γ𝑟2 − + Γ𝑖2 =
1 + 𝑟𝐿 1 + 𝑟𝐿

2 2
2
2Γ𝑟 𝑟𝐿 𝑟𝐿 2 1 − 𝑟𝐿 𝑟𝐿
Γ𝑟 − + + Γ𝑖 = +
1 + 𝑟𝐿 1 + 𝑟𝐿 1 + 𝑟𝐿 1 + 𝑟𝐿

𝑟𝐿 2 1 2
Γ𝑟 − + Γ𝑖2 =
1+𝑟𝐿 1+𝑟𝐿
Smith Chart
This equation Γ𝑖
2 2
𝑟𝐿 2 1 𝑟𝐿 = 0.33
Γ𝑟 − + Γ𝑖 =
1 + 𝑟𝐿 1 + 𝑟𝐿 𝑟𝐿 = 3

in the complex Γ plane represents a circle


with center Γ𝑟
𝑟𝐿 = ∞
𝑟𝐿 1
1+𝑟𝐿
,0 and radius 1+𝑟𝐿
𝑟𝐿 = 0
𝑟𝐿 = 1
Smith Chart
Γ𝑟 = 1
In the same manner, we have Γ𝑖 𝑥𝐿 = 0.67
2Γ𝑖
𝑥𝐿 =
1 − Γ𝑟 2 + Γ𝑖2
This equation can be written as 𝑥𝐿 = 1
2Γ𝑖
1 − Γ𝑟 2 + Γ𝑖2 =
𝑥𝐿
𝑥𝐿 = 2
and from this equation, we can write
1
2
1
2 Γ𝑟
2
Γ𝑟 − 1 + Γ𝑖 − =
𝑥𝐿 𝑥𝐿

This is also the equation of a circle in complex


Γ plane
Smith Chart
• We note that for a given 𝑍𝐿 , Γ ≤ 1 .
Therefore, the area of interest in the
complex Γ plane is within the circle defined
by Γ = 1.

• In a Smith chart, this area of interest is


represented graphically by two sets of
intersecting circles, one set of circles
corresponding to 0 ≤ 𝑟𝐿 ≤ ∞ the other set
corresponding to −∞ ≤ 𝑥𝐿 ≤ ∞
Plotting of impedance on a smith chart
𝑟𝐿 + j𝑥𝐿
Let us consider the representation of
a load impedance on a smith chart.

Let 𝑍𝐿 = (100 + j 50) Ω and 𝑍0 =


50Ω Γ

Therefore, 𝑟𝐿 =2 and 𝑥𝐿 =1

This point is shown on the Smith ∠Γ


chart

Smith chart
Determination of input impedance
Input impedance of a transmission line
terminated to a load impedance 𝑍𝐿 , at a 𝓏𝐿
distance 𝑙 from the load, can be written as:
1+Γ𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
1−Γ𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑙

If we plot the load reflection coefficient, the


normalized input impedance at a distance 𝑙
from the load can be found by rotating the
point clockwise around the center by an
amount 2β𝑙
𝓏𝑖𝑛
Let us illustrate the same considering a case
when 𝑍𝐿 = (10 + j 25) Ω , 𝑍0 = 50Ω and 𝑙 =
𝜆
5 Constant VSWR Circle
Plotting of impedance on a smith chart

Let consider a case when


𝑍𝐿 = (10 + j 25) Ω , 𝑍0 = 𝓏𝐿
50Ω
𝑍𝐿
𝓏𝐿 = = 𝑟𝐿 + 𝑗𝑥𝐿
𝑍0
= 0.2 + 𝑗0.5
1
𝒴𝐿 = = 0.69 − 𝑗1.724
𝓏𝐿 𝓏𝐿

VSWR Circle 𝒴𝐿
Upcoming Lectures

• Rectangular and Circular waveguides

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