CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment No 1

TECHNOLOGY LAB LAY OUT

1. Sieve sets:

A sieve or sifter is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted

material or for charactering the particle size distribution of a sample, typically used as a woven
screen such as a mesh or net or metal. A strainer is a form used to separate solids from liquids.

Fig.Seive sets

2. Weighing balance:
Weighing scale is measuring instrument which is so sensitive that it can
the mass of a single grain of a chemical substance. It has an importance in every field of science lab
for its so accurate measuring value.

Fig. weighing balance

Page 1 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

3. Cylinder Moulds:
It is utilized to condition concrete for compression tests and includes a
cylinder and cap with porous open cell urethane foam moisture retaining on the inner walls .

Fig.Cylinder moulds

4. Pycnometer:
This device is discovered in 1858, used for measuring and comparing the
various densities of liquids or solids. It has various uses in the world of materials for the
differentiation of materials on basis of their density.

Fig.Pycnometer

Page 2 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

5. Agregate crushing value apparatus:

The aggregate crushing value (ACV) provides relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate
to crushing value under a gradually applied compressive load.

Fig.Aggregate crushing value appratus

6. Slump cone test apparatus:

Slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it
sets .It is performed to check the work ability of freshly made concrete.

Fig.slump cone

Page 3 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

7. Beam load apparatus:

Beam load apparatus is basically used for the determination of elastic modulus for beams of distinct
materials.

Fig.Beam load

8. Vicat Apparatus:

Vicat apparatus is used to measure the initial setting time of the cement. It is
also used for testing of gypsum of gypsum and monitoring of plaster plates. Consistency, and setting
time of cement are significant degrees of consideration for any cement water paste.

Fig.Vicat appratus

Page 4 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

9. Washing area:
Cleaning equipment and supplies are essential for the efficient operation of
modern research lab. So a washing is available in our laboratory.

10. (a)Sargodha crush:

It is usually made up of longish particles. It is usually green in color.
The particle shape of this crush contributes the effectiveness of producing high performance
aggregate. It creates a much better bond between the paste and aggregate than gravel does

Fig.Sarghoda crush

(b)Margalla crush:
Aggregates that are used in construction and are subjected to take load from
vehicular traffic . In Pakistan, aggregate manufactured in margalla considered to be the best
pavement performance

Fig.Margalla crush

Page 5 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

(c)Cement:
A cement is a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and adhere other
materials to bind together. Cement fixed with fine aggregate produces mortor for produce
concrete.

Fig.Cement

(d)Lawerencepur sand:
It is a type of coarse sand. It is good for concrete works.

Fig.Lawerencepur sand

Page 6 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

(e)Ravi sand:
It is obtained from the banks and beds of rivers. It may be fine or coarse. It is
very fine and containing high percentage of slit.It is very harmful for structural and mortors due
to excessive slits

Fig.sand

(f)Chenab sand:
It is a fine sand proves good for the preparation of good mortor.

Fig.Chenab sand

Page 7 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

11. Cupboard :
Laboratory fume cupboards serve to control exposure to toxic, offensive or
flammable vapors, gases and aerosols. Fume hoods are the primary method of exposure control
in the laboratory. The laboratory fume cupboard is a type of local exhaust ventilation system
(engineering control).

12.Dumping area :
Laboratory waste is waste that is generated from laboratories in educational
centres such as secondary schools and universities. This waste can be broken down into a
number of categories: Hazardous; Clinical; Biological; Electrical; Laboratory.

13.Compressing test machine:

Compressing test machine are universal test machines specially
configured to evaluate static compressive strength characteristics of materials products and
components. It is used to measure characteristics such as an ultimate compression strength, yield
strength and modulus.

Fig.compressing test machine

Page 8 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

14. Specific gravity apparatus:

It is used with a suitable electronic balance for specific gravity determination of fresh and
hardened concrete and aggregates.

Fig.specific gravitry apparatus

15. Sieve shaker:

The purpose of sieve shaker is clear: to expose the sample to all the openings in
a sieve in a manner that will expedite the passing of particles smaller than the openings.

Fig.seive shaker

Page 9 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

16. Compact factor apparatus:

It is designed to undertake more precise and sensitive test
procedure than simple slump test. The apparatus consists of two conical hopper mounted on a
cylinder.

Fig.Compact factor apparatus

17. Rapid curing test:

Small curing test machines are designed for curing cubes and cylinders. The
temperature can be adjusted to the required value and can be kept constant by keeping an
electrical resistance.

Fig.Rapid curing tank

Page 10 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment No 2
Study of different types of construction materials
Scope and significance:

As construction materials are the mostly widely used materials in the world do we have to study
these materials in the word so we have to study these materials for better management of
economy, safety and durability of structures.

Construction materials:
The materials that are used for construction purpose are called construction materials. These are
many different types of materials that are used for construction. In Pakistan there are some
materials that are commonly used. (Concrete, aggregate, steel ,wood etc)

1: Cement:

Cement is a binder or a substance used for construction that sets two substances binding them
together.

1.1: Ingredients of cement:

 Lime 60-68 % CaO

 Silica 17-25% SiO2
 Alumina 3-8% Al2O3
 Magnesia 1-3% MgO
 Iron oxides 0.5-06% Fe2O3
 Sulphates 0.1-0.6% CaSO4
 Alkaline 0-1% Cement
 Sulpher dioxide 1-3% SO3

1.1.1: Lime:

Lime is a calcium hydroxide. The presence of lime in stuff is required to form silicates and
aluminates. The excess of lime makes the cement insoluble. The excess of lime causes
disintegration. The deficiency of lime reduces the strength of cement. The deficiency of lime
causes to set quickly.

Page 11 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

1.1.2: Silica:

Silica is required to form dicalcium and tricalcium silicates.

1.1.3: Alumina:

Alumina imports quick setting property to cement. It controls the temperature of clinker. Excess
of alumina causes the weakness strength of cement.

1.1.4: Magnesia:

It is in the form of magnesium oxide. The percentage of magnesia should be increase to 2%in
manufacturing of the cement. It reduces the strength of the cement.

1.1.5: Iron oxide:

Iron 0xide quantity in cement is ranges from 0.5 to 6%.It can be obtained from fly ash, iron ore,
scrap iron etc. The main function of iron oxide is to impart color to the cement.

1.1.6: Sulphates:

If more than 1% then it will creates inflorescence

.
1.1.7: Sulpher trioxide:

It should not increase up to 2% of the cement

.
1.2.1: Types of cement:

 Ordinary Portland cement

 Medium heated cement
 High early strength cement
 Low heat cement
 Sulphate resistant

1.2.2:Process of making of cement:

The raw materials when heated at high temperature form a rock like substance that is ground into
the fine powder that is known as cement. Gypsum is added about 2% to the clinker for imparting
a retarding effect to the setting of cement because without gypsum cement would set in minutes
and gypsum changes its setting time to desire. Water is not used in dry process.

Page 12 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

2: Aggregate:

Aggregate is any type of material used in construction including sand, gravel and crushed stone
etc.
.
2.1: Qualities of aggregates:

 It should be chemically inert.

 It should have sufficient hardness to resist scratching and abrasion in hardened state.
 It should possess sufficient toughness to bear impact and vibratory loads.
 It should be strong enough to bear compressive and normal tensile loads.
 It should be free from impurities.
 It should be capable of producing an easily workable plastic mixture on combining with
cement and water.

2.2: Types of aggregates:

 Fine aggregate.
 Coarse aggregate.

Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

2.3:Uses of aggregates:
 In concrete making.
 In making roads.
 In making railways.

3: Sand:

The type of soil which is finer than gravel and coarser than silt. It consists of small grains of
silica which is formed by weathering of rocks.

3.1: Types of sands:

 Pit sand:
It is a type of coarse sand with rough grains which are obtained from pits 1 to 2 meter
below the top soil. It is free from organic matter and impurities.

Page 13 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

 River sand:
It is found at the river banks or river beds and it requires washing and filtering to get rid
of impurities.
 Sea sand:
It is a found as rounded brown grains at sea shores.It requires extensive washing to get
rid of sea salt.
3.2: Sands in Pakistan:
These are the following types of sands found in Pakistan:

 Lawerencepur sand:

It consists of particles of different size and have a appearance. It is commonly used in

concrete.

 Ravi sand:

Particles of ravi sand are of same size as it contains dust. It is used in project work and in
making floors.

 Chenab sand:

It contains shiny particles and has a uniform shape. It is used in mortar, face work,
plaster making etc.

Ravi sand Chenab sand Lawerencepur sand

Page 14 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

4: Wood:
The hard fibrous material that forms the trunk and stem and branches of a tree or shrub is wood .
Wood is used for fuel or timber.

4.1: Types of wood:

 Hard wood
 Soft wood

4.1.1: Hardwood types:

Hardwood is used for making boat, timber frames of building and for construction purposes. It is
classified according based on its nature into following types:
 Mahogany
 Walnut
 Ash
 Beech
 Maple
 Cherry
4.1.2: Softwood types: Ash wood

Softwood is obtained from coniferous trees and this type of wood is light in color, light in weight
and weak. It can be used for decorative purposes.

 Pine
 Spruce
 Cedar
 Fir
 Larch
5: Stones: Fir wood

Stone is a building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a specific
purpose or it can be defined as a lump of hard consolidated mineral matter.

5.1: Classification of stones:

 Geological classification
 Physical classification
 Chemical classification

Page 15 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

5.1.2: Geological classification:

 Igneous stones:

Formed by cooling magma; e.g. granite, basalt and dolerite.

 Sedimentary stones:

Formed by deposition of production of weathering on Igneous Stratified

pre-existing rocks ,e.g.: gravel,
Sandstone, limestone, ignites etc.
 Metamorphic rocks:

Formed by changes due to heat and pressure in igneous and metamorphic rocks, e.g; granite
to genesis, shale to slate.

5.1.3: Physical classification:

 Stratified stones:
Found in layers deposited one above another, e.g; limestone ,sandstone.
 Unstratified stones:
Do not show any time of layers formation, e.g; granite, marble.
 Foliated stones:
Have tendency to split in definite direction only, e.g; metamorphic rocks

5.1.4: Chemical classifications:

 Argillaceous stones:
They contain Alumina (Al2O3) clay as principle constituent and are less durable, e.g; slate, later-
ite etc.
 Siliceous stones:
These stones contain Silica (SiO2) as principle constituent and are durable, e.g; granite, quart-
Ziti etc.
 Calcareous stones:
These stones contain calcareous materials (CaCO3) as a principle constituent, e.g; marble
stone and limestone.

Page 16 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

5.2: Characteristics of good building stones:

 Crushing stones:

It should have enough strength to carry load without failure.

 Appearance:

It should have uniform color and have the ability to preserve color for long time.

 Durability:
It should withstand the effects due to wet and dry, dissolved gases in rain and high wind
velocity.

 Specific Gravity:

It should be greater than 2.4

 Structure:

Structure should be free from cavities, cracks and patches.

5.3: Uses of Stones:

Stones are used in

 foundations of buildings
 construction of dams, barrages etc
 crushed stone is used as artificial sand
 decorative material in building
 raw material in making cement
 parts of buildings such as lintels,acrches etc
 thin slabs for boiling roofing

Page 17 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

6: Bricks:

Small rectangular block usually made of fired or sun baked clay in a kiln.

6.1: Types of Bricks:

 first class brick
 second class brick
 third class brick
 fourth class brick

6.1.1: First class brick:

These bricks are free from flaws, cracks, chips, stones, etc. They should give a ringing
sound when two bricks are struck together.
Its compressive strength shall not be less than 140 kg/cm2. And they shall not absorb
more than 20% of water when immersed in water for 24 hours.
USE: Excellent for all types of construction in the exterior walls. They are also suitable
for flooring.

6.1.2: Second class brick:

Second class bricks are also fully burnt and give a clear ringing sound when struck
together. Slightly irregularities in shape, size or color are accepted.
Its compressive strength shall not be less than 70 kg/cm2, and absorption value should not
be greater than 22 percent when soaked for 24 hours in water.

6.1.3: Third class brick:

These are not burnt so fully as in previous two cases but are generally of uniform reddish
yellow color.
Defects in uniformity or shape are tolerated. On striking together, they produce a dull
thud sound.
Its compressive strength lies between 35 – 70 kg/cm2 and absorption between 22 – 25
percent.
Use: They are used mostly in the ordinary type of construction and in dry situations.

Page 18 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

6.1.4: Fourth class brick:

These types of bricks are irregular in shape and dark in color which is due to over
burning.
They are quite strong in compressive strength, generally above 150 kg/cm2 and low in
porosity and absorption.
Use: Despite their high strength, these types of bricks are unfit for use in building
construction. This is because of their distorted shape and irregular size. storted shape and
irregular size.

Third class brick Fourth class brick

First class brick Second class brick

Page 19 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 3
Determination of dimensions of bricks
3.1: Standard:
ASTM C670-3a

3.2: Scope and significance:

Manufacturers produce bricks to their own specifications (the same manufacturer may even
produce different sizes across plants), so it is important to confirm sizes. There are three different
ways of discussing sizes when it comes to brick and it is important to understand the different
sizes so there isn't any confusion - It start by discussing the different dimensions: specified,
actual, and nominal.

3.3: Apparatus and materials:

 Measuring Tape
 Bricks

3.4: Procedure:
1. Measure the length of the bricks properly. Take the readings of bricks about 2 to 3 times
so it is confirmed. Take readings from top, bottom, left, right to and take average of these
values and report it into the table.
2. Measure the width of the bricks from different sides.
3. Measure the height of the bricks in the same fashion and record the three readings
accurately.
4. Do this process for first, second and third class of bricks at least 2 to 3 times and take
their average.

(a) (b) (c)

Page 20 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

3.5: Observation and Calculation:

Sample Sr.no Length (inches) Width(inches) Height (inches)

1st Class 1 8.87 8.875 4.32 4.53 2.91 3.09

Brick 2 8.62 8.9375 4.84 4.53 3 3.06

3 8.75 8.875 4.75 4.62 3 3

Average 8.74 8.89 4.63 4.56 2.96 3.07

2nd Class 1 8.93 8.93 4.4 4.4 3 2.87

Brick 2 9 9 4.5 4.4 3.06 2.93

3 9.18 9.12 4.5 4.3 3 2.93

Average 9.03 9.01 4.46 4.36 3.02 2.91

3rd Class 1 9.25 9.81 4.51 4.37 2.9 3.87

Brick 2 9.5 9 4.56 4.37 2.9 3.93

3 9.31 9.18 4.62 4.36 3 3

Average 9.35 9.33 4.56 4.36 2.93 3.6

Total average length 9.06 Average 4.49 Average 3.08

width height

Average Volume = Average length × Average width × Average height

=9.06 ×4.49×3.08

=125.29

3.6: Precautions:
1. Take all the measurements carefully to the nearest 1/32 inch.
2. Measure all the dimensions along beds and take measurements from mid of the brick.
3. Take average of all the individual dimensions.

Page 21 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

3.7: Results:
After calculating the average value of height, length and width of bricks multiply the
average values we get 125.29. And dimensions such as length of brick is 9.06 , width is 4.49 and
height of brick is 3.08 inches.

Page 22 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 4
DETERMINATION OF ABSORPTION OF BRICKS
4.1: Standard:
ASTMC670-3a

4.2: Significance:
Water absorption enables us to have an idea about the porosity, density and compressive
strength of brick. Water absorption enables us to classify the bricks and determines the quality of
bricks. The water absorption of first class brick ranges from 10% to 15%, second class ranges
from 15% to 20% and third class brick ranges from 20% to 25%.

4.3: Instruments and materials:

 Weighing balance
 Water tanker
 Drying oven
 Brush
 Bricks

4.4: Procedure:
1. First of all, take bricks of first, second and third class and dip them into the water tanker
for 24 hours.
2. After 24 hours extract out the bricks and clean them with dry cloth and measure the
saturated weight Ws of each class of bricks.
3. After measuring saturated weight, place these bricks in the drying oven at a temperature
of 105⁰.
4. Give them rest for 24 hours.
5. Measure the dry weight Wd of each brick.
6. Then find the percentage of water absorption according to formula ;
Water absorption = Ws - Wd/Wd X 100

Brick 1 Brick 2 Brick 3 Drying Oven Page 23 of 46

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

4.5: Observations and calculations:

Sr.no Saturated weight Dry weight %Water

(Ws) (Wd) absorption
1. 3.495 kg 3.180 kg 9.91 kg

2. 3.580 kg 3.210 kg 11.52 kg

3. 3.625 kg 3.215 kg 12.75 kg

Result:
 Water absorption of brick 1 = 9.91%
 Water absorption of brick 2 = 11.52%
 Water absorption of brick 3 = 12.75%

4.6: Comments:
Absorption rate shows that the bricks that are used in the experiment is first
class brick. Hence, we classify the bricks according to their condition on the guess base not
confirmed about it. I have learnt how to classify bricks according to their absorption rate in this
experiment.

Page 24 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 5
DETERMINATION OF EFFLORESCENCE ON BRICKS:
5.1: Standard:
ASTM C67-03a

5.2: Scope and Significance:

A series of modified efflorescence tests using salt solutions and real masonry materials has been
used to determine the significance of water-soluble salt measurements. A clear threshold for
soluble sulfate content that indicates a high potential for the development of visible efflorescence
has been identified. Sulfate salts are the most common water-soluble compounds associated with
efflorescence complaints.

5.3: Related Theory:

 Efflorescence: Efflorescence is a whitish crystalline deposit on surface of the bricks.
Usually magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate and carbonate of sodium and potassium
are found in efflorescence. The movement of groundwater into the foundations of
buildings and by capillary action into brickwork is very often the cause of efflorescence.

 Causes of efflorescence:
1. Salt contamination
2. Dampness / water coming in content
3. Temperature

 Remedies for efflorescence:

1. Well burnt brick should be used for construction.
2. Proper DPC should be provided in the building.
3. Efflorescence should be removed by dry brushing and washing repeatedly. This
efflorescence may reappear in dry season but are in less intensity.

5.4: Procedure:
1. Take a representative sample of 3 bricks.
2. Place the end of the bricks in the container up to 1 inch depth.
3. Place the whole arrangement in a warm (20-30 °C) well ventilated room until all the
water in the container is absorbed by specimen and surplus water evaporate.

Page 25 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

1st class brick 2nd class brick 3rd class brick

4. When the water has been absorbed and bricks appeared to be dry, pour a similar quantity
of water in the container and allow it to evaporate as before.
5. Place the arrangement in the dry for 24 hours.
6. Examine the bricks for efflorescence after the second evaporation and drying.

5.5: Results:
1. Non – when there is no expectable deposit of efflorescence.
2. Slight – when no more than 10% of the exposed area of the brick is covered with a thin
deposit of salt.
3. Moderate – when there is a heavier deposit than slight and covering up to 50% of the
exposed area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the
surface.
4. Heavy – when there is a heavy deposit of salts covering 50% or more of the exposed area
of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface.
5. Serious – when there is heavy deposit of the salts accompanied by powdering and flaking
of exposed surface.

Table:
Sample Types Of Description Of Salt Intensity of
Bricks (%) Efflorescence
1 1st Class 10% Slight
Brick
2 2nd Class 15% Slight
Brick
3 3rd Class 45% Slight
Brick

Page 26 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Comments:

 This job shows us that the efflorescence of third class brick is greater than the second
class brick.
 Efflorescence is due to the salts present in the brick earth which reacts with water to form
white coloured deposit.

Page 27 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 6
DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
BRICKS:
6.1: Standard:
ASTMC670-3a

6.2: Scope and significance:

Compressing test for bricks enables

 Us to determine the strength of the brick.

 Strength basically depends upon the percentage voids and soil composition in
manufacturing the bricks.
 To classify the bricks.
 Compressive strength of 1st class brick is more than 2nd class brick.
1. 1st class brick > 140 kg / cm2
2. 2nd class brick is between 70-140 kg / cm2
3. 3rd class brick < 70 kg /cm2
4. 4th class brick > 280 kg / cm2

6.3: Instrument and materials:

 Compressive testing machine (UMT)
 Cutter machine
 Measuring tape / ruler
 Plaster of paris
 Bricks

6.4: Procedure:

1. First of all take a brick and dried it properly, then by using measuring tape marked the half
of the brick.
2. And then by using the cutter cut the brick into two half pieces.
3. After cutting the brick into two pieces made a plaster of paris and then applied the paste
on the front and back and then put the brick for 24 hours so that the surface get dried.

Page 28 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

(a) (b) (c)

4. After 24 hours took the plastered brick and place them in compressive testing machine by
arranging the steel plates in the machine.
5. Placed the bricks in the center of the plates. After placing the first piece of the brick in
compressing testing machine turn on the machine and note the reading.
6. Repeat the same procedure for the second piece and then for 2nd and 3rd brick.completed
the procedure noted all the readings and then by using the given formulae find the
compressive strength of the brick

Formulae for compressive strength:

Compressive strength (C) = P/A

C = Compressive strength of brick in PSI
P = Maximum load indicated on machine

6.5: Observations and calculations:

Sample Area 1 Area 2 Average Load Compressive

A (lb.) Strength (Psi)
1st Class Lengt Width A1 Length Width A2
bricks h (Inch) Inch2 (Inch) (Inch) Inch2
(Inch)
Sample 1 4.25 4.25 18.06 2.75 4.4 12.1 15.08 146.85 9.737
Sample 2 4.2 4.25 17.85 2.75 4 11 14.42 124.86 8.651
2nd Class
bricks
Sample 1 4.2 4.3 18.06 2.73 4.4 12.01 15.03 95.45 6.346
Sample 2 4.3 4.3 18.49 2.73 4.4 12.01 15.25 87.665 5.748
3rd Class
bricks
Sample 1 4.25 4.5 19.12 2.74 4 11 15.06 68.21 4.52
Sample 2 4.2 4.5 18.9 2.74 4.4 12.05 15.47 50.5 3.264

Page 29 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

6.6: Comments:
In this job, we study the compressive strength of bricks. We have determined the compressive
strength of first, second and third class brick. The result shows that first class brick has more
compressive strength than the second class brick and third class brick. We use plaster of paris for
capping purpose.

Page 30 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 7

Determination of fineness of cement

7.1: Standard:
ASTMC184-94

7.2: Scope and significance:

Fineness of cement has a great effect on the rate of hydration and hence the rate of gain of
strength and causes rapid mixing of water as compared to less fine cement.

7.3: Instruments and materials used:

 Seive (100 micron)

 Seive shaker
 Weighing Balance
 Brush
 Cement

7.4: Procedure:
1. Attach a pan under the sieve to collect the cement passing the sieve.
2. Weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on the sieve. Fit
the lid over the sieve.
3. Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movement until no more fine material
passes through it.
4. Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage W1 of the quantity first
placed in the sieve.
5. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 with a fresh sample to obtain W2.

(a) (b)

Page 31 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

6. Then, measure the residue and find out fineness by the given formula;
%Fineness=W2/W1×100

Observation and calculations:

Sr. No Brand Initial Retained

weight Weight
(Wi) (WR)
(gm) (gm)
%
1 OPC 50 4.84 90.32
(Bestway)
2 OPC 50 3.90 92.2
(Bestway)
3 OPC 50 4.35 91.3
(Bestway)

Comments:
In this experiment we learn how to determine the fineness of a cement and use of some new
apparatus such as sieve shaker and sheive.

Page 32 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 8
DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF FINE AGGREGATE:
8.1: Standard:
ASTMC136-05

8.2: Scope and significance:

 This method is used to find out fineness modulus of fine aggregate. The fineness modulus
of aggregate directly tells us whether the aggregate is fine or coarse.
 It also tells us whether the material is well graded or gap graded.
 For the lower surface area of the aggregate we require more water and for the fineness
modulus and we require less water for the coarse aggregate.
 Fineness modulus is inversely proportional to the surface area of the aggregate.
Fineness modulus × 1 / surface area

8.3: Apparatus and materials:

These are the following apparatus and materials used in experiment:

i. Sieve set
ii. Mechanical sieve shaker
iii. Weighing balance (with a least count of 0.1 g)
iv. Brush
v. Aggregate

8.4: Procedure:
The procedure of this test is as follows:

 Take 300g of oven dried sample of fine aggregate.

 The sample should be oven dried because if there are some moisture in it then the
particles will stick together and cannot pass through the sieve.
 Now, arrange the series in ascending order according descending order according to their
sieve sizes
 Put the aggregate at the top of the sieve. Place the sieve in the sieve shaker and switch on
off the sieve shaker for 3-4 minutes.
 Switch off the sieve shaker after the shaking line ended.
 Weight the material that are retained on each other and calculate the commutative
percentage for each sieve.

Page 33 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

 Then, calculate the fineness modulus by the help of the given formula;

Fineness modulus = Commutative % retained on sieve #100 / 100

8.5: Calculations and observation:

Fineness modulus of Chenab Sand:

Sieve Number Sieve Size Retained Retained Cumulative
weight Percentage = Percentage

Mm Mm Gm
#4 4.75 0.42 0.14 0.14
#8 1.18 0.36 0.12 0.26
#16 2.36 1.33 0.443 0.7
#30 0.6 2.70 0.9 1.6
#50 0.3 54.98 18.32 19.92
#100 0.150 220.91 73.63 93.553
Pan 18.87 6.29 99.843
⅀ Cumulative Percentage = 216.016

F.M of Chenab Sand =

= 2.16

Fineness modulus of Ravi Sand:

Sieve Number Sieve Size Retained Retained Cumulative
weight Percentage = Percentage

Mm Mm Gm
#4 4.75 1.08 0.36 0.36
#8 1.18 0.71 0.2367 0.59
#16 2.36 2.95 0.9833 1.58
#30 0.6 2.42 0.8607 2.3867
#50 0.3 57.43 19.143 21.53
#100 0.150 216.27 72.09 93.62
Pan 15.27 5.09 98.71
⅀ Cumulative Percentage = 218.77

Page 34 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

F.M of Ravi Sand =

= 2.18

Fineness modulus of Lawrencepur Sand:

Sieve Number Sieve Size Retained Retained Cumulative
weight Percentage = Percentage

Mm Mm Gm
#4 4.75 1.67 0.557 0.557
#8 1.18 6.04 1.347 1.9037
#16 2.36 20.8 6.934 8.837
A#30 0.6 52.57 17.52 26.36
#50 0.3 108.25 36.08 62.443
#100 0.150 90.07 30.55 92.993
Pan 20.6 6.867 99.8597
⅀ Cumulative Percentage =292.95

Fineness Modulus of Lawrencepur Sand =

= 2.92

Comments:
We do this experiment to find the hydration rate of fine aggregate the more the aagregate is finer
the more it will absorb water we can also determines that which one aggregate is of good quality
or bad.

Page 35 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 9
DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
9.1: Standard:
ASTMC136-05

9.2: Scope and significance:

 This method is used to find out fineness modulus of coarse aggregate. The fineness
modulus of aggregate directly tells us whether the aggregate is fine or coarse.
 It also tells us whether the material is well graded or gap graded.
 For the lower surface area of the aggregate we require more water and for the fineness
modulus and we require less water for the coarse aggregate.
 Fineness modulus is inversely proportional to the surface area of the aggregate.
Fineness modulus × 1 / surface area

9.3: Apparatus and materials:

These are the following apparatus and materials used in experiment:

i. Sieve set
ii. Mechanical sieve shaker
iii. Weighing balance (with a least count of 0.50 g)
iv. Brush
v. Aggregate

9.4: Procedure:
The procedure of this test is as follows:

 Take 300g of oven dried sample of coarse aggregate.

 The sample should be oven dried because if there is some moisture in it then the particles
will stick together and cannot pass through the sieve.
 Now, arrange the series in ascending order according descending order according to their
sieve sizes
 Put the aggregate at the top of the sieve. Place the sieve in the sieve shaker and switch on
off the sieve shaker for 3-4 minutes.

Page 36 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 Switch off the sieve shaker after the shaking line ended are retained on each other and
calculate the commutative percentage for each sieve.
 Then, calculate the fineness modulus by the help of the given formula;
Fineness modulus = Commutative % retained on sieve #100 / 100

9.5: Calculations and observation:

Fineness Modulus of Margalla Crush:

Sieve Number Sieve Size Retained Retained Cumulative
weight Percentage = Percentage

Mm Mm Gm
1 in 0 0 0
¾ in 27.15 1.35 1.35
½ in 965 48.25 49.6
3/8 in 625 31.25 80.85
#4 375 18.75 99.6
Pan 2.06 0.103 99.70
⅀ Cumulative Percentage = 331.1

F.M of Margalla Crush =

= 3.31

Page 37 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Fineness modulus of sarghoda crush:

Sieve Number Sieve Size Retained Retained Cumulative

weight Percentage = Percentage

mm Mm Gm
1 in 0 0 0
¾ in 0 0 0
½ in 650 32.5 32.5
3/8 in 680 34 66.5
#4 660 33 99.5
Pan 10 0.5 100
⅀ Cumulative Percentage = 298.5

F.M of Sargodha Crush =

= 2.98

Comments:
This experiment will help us in sieve analysis, in finding the modulus of different aggregate, It
will help us to differentiate between well normal and gap graded aggregates. Means we can classify
them into different terms.

Page 38 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment no 10:
Determination of Specific Gravity and water absorption of coarse
aggregate
10.1: Standard:
ASTM (C-127, C-128)

10.2: Significance:
 This method is used to find out specific gravity & water absorption for coarse aggregates.
 It is used for the calculation of the volume occupied by the calculation of the volume
occupied by the in various mixes. Generally the specific gravity of coarse aggregate
varies between 2.5 - 3.
 Water absorption is measure of porosity of coarse aggregate & its resistance to frost
action.
 Water absorption of coarse aggregate ranges from 0.1 - 2 % the aggregates that’s used for
in road coarse surfaces.
 Water absorption for the aggregates used for base coarse material is varies upto 4%.
 Higher water absorption means more pores available in the aggregates.

10.3: Apparatus:
 Water Tank:
 Weighing Balance
 Oven (110 ± 5 °C)
 Beaker

10.4: Related Theory:

 SSD (Saturated Surface Dry Aggregate) :
The aggregates that’s pores totally filled with water and having no film of water on the
surface of aggregate are called SSD.
 SSD Density:-
The ratio of the mass of SSD aggregate to the volume of aggregate is called SSD Density.
 SSD Specific Gravity:-
It is the ratio of the density of SSD to the density of the distilled water.
 Oven Dry Aggregates:
Aggregates having zero percent water are called oven dried aggregates.
 Oven Dry Density:
Page 39 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

The ratio of mass of oven dry aggregates to the volume of aggregate i called oven dry
density.
 Oven Dry Specific Gravity:
It is the ratio of the density of oven dry aggregate to the density of the distilled water.
 Apparent Density:
It is the ratio of mass over volume of the impermeable aggregate.
 Apparent Specific Gravity:
It is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume
of the reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water at its densest
(4°C) for liquids; for gases it is air at room temperature (21°C).

10.5: Procedure:
 First took 2 kg of coarse aggregate.
 Put the sample in water for 24 hours.
 After 24 hours put out the aggregates form the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth
until all the water on its surface is removed.
 Now take the weight of SSD and put in the oven for drying purpose.
 After 24 hours take the weight of oven fried sample.
 And by using formulas:
Specific Gravity =

Apparent Specific Gravity=

Water Absorption =

Where,

A is the weight of aggregate

B is the Weight of water

C is the SSD

And,

D is Oven Dry Weight

Page 40 of 46
 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

10.6: Observations and Calculations:

Sample Weight of Weight SSD Oven Specific Apparent Water

# (Aggregate of (C) Dry Graviy Specific Absorption
+Weight Vessel Weight Gravity =
of Water + + (D) =
weight of Weight =
Vessel) of
(A) Water
(B)
Kg Kg Kg Kg %
Margalla 6.405 5.080 2.010 1.990 0.74 2.99 1
Crush

Comments:
This will help us to determine the porosity capacity of the aggregate that will determines the the
strength of the aggregates.

Page 41 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment # 11:
Determination of Moisture Content of Wood
11.1: Standard:

ASTM (C4442-07)

11.2: Significance:
1. These test methods cover the determination of the moisture content (MC) of solid wood,
veneer, and other wood-base materials, including those that contain adhesives and
chemical additives.
2. The primary oven drying method is intended as the sole primary method. It is structured
for research purposes where the highest accuracy or degree of precision is needed.
 Variation in moisture content affects the physical and mechanical properties of wood as
strength and shrinkage.
 Determine the moisture content before doing and after the seasoning process, to monitor
the variation in moisture.

11.3: Apparatus:
 Weighing Balance
 Meter Rod or Measuring Tape
 Drying Oven
 Wooden Samples

11.4: Related Theory:

 Moisture Content:

Moisture content for a given sample of wood s defined as the weight of water in wood expressed
as a percentage of the weight of wood fibrous material (which is considered to be the oven dry
weight of the sample.

 Significance of Moisture Content:

 Basic properties affected by moisture content include weight, dimensions and strength of
the wood.
 Moisture content may range from 0 % (Oven Dry wood) to greater than 200 % (a living
tree).
 Wood is a natural, fibrous material and it gains or loses moisture as changes occur in the
temperature and humidity of the surrounding air. For example: lumber located in a cool
Page 42 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

humid climate would tend to have higher moisture content thean if the climate was warm
and dry.
 This ability of wood to absorb or desorbs moisture is important in wood design since
moisture content affects the structural properties of wood.

11.5: Procedure:
 A specimen of wood is weighed then placed in an oven set at 100 °C for 24 hours.
 The oven dry sample is then weighed.
 The moisture content of the wooden sample is then calculated by the following formula:
Moisture Content (%age) =

Moisture Content (%age) = *100

Where, Weight of water (gram) = Weight of moist wood –Weight of oven dry wood

11.6: Observation and Calculations:

Sample Weight Of Sample Dry Weight Moisture Content
Gm Gm %age
1 580 565 2.654
2 745 735 1.36

11.7: Precautions:
 No overheating should be done while drying the sample in oven.
 Take the weight of wooden sample suddenly when removed from the sun.
 The wooden sample should not be painted one.

Page 43 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

Experiment # 12:
Determination of Specific Gravity of Wood
12.1: Standard:

ASTM D2395

12.2: Significance:
 Test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of wood and wood based
materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes,
shapes, and moisture content conditions.
 The specific gravity of wood gives an excellent measure of the amount of the wood gives an
excellent measure of the amount of wood substance present in a sample. Thus, it may serve
as a valuable indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of
the material, or the strength characteristics of a specimen or a species.
 It should be recognized that specific gravity varies between trees, within a tree, and between
species. Since the specific gravity of wood substance is practically constant for all species
(approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity values are indicative of
the amount of wood substance present.
 It affords a rapid and valuable method for selection of wood for specific uses.

12.3: Apparatus:
 Weighing Balance
 Metre Rod or Measuring Tape
 Drying Oven
 Test Specimen:
Oven dry weight of wood sample is easy to determine. Volume is the
problem. By immersing the specimen in water introduces minimal problem with
absorption, so for the specific gravity at dry moisture content, coat with wax or
something like polyurethane.

12.4: Related Theory:

Specific Gravity:

Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of density of the material to the density of water at 4 °C.

Gs =
Page 44 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

In our case,

Gs =

Gs =

Where,

Gs = Specific Gravity of Wood

𝜌wood = Density of wood calculated using the oven dry o know weight

𝜌w = Density of Water (1000 kg/m³, 1g/ml, 62.4 lb/ft³)

It is always important the volume moisture content basis on which the specific gravity is
measured.

12.5: Procedure:
 Determine the dimensions of the wooden sample and calculate wood sample volume.

 Take the weight of the sample and submerge sample and submerge sample in a graduated
cylinder and measure change in volume.

Wood block can be coated before submersion to eliminate water absorption by block.
Commonly, it is assumed no water absorption.

 Oven dry weight of the sample can then be measured by placing the sample in an oven,
then weighing.
 Now at the end, find out the density of the material.
 Find out the specific gravity of the sample as given by the above relation.

Page 45 of 46
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LAB

12.6: Observation and calculations:

Specific
Weight Of Density of
Sample Length Width Height Volume Gravity of
Wood Wood
Wood
Cm cm cm cm³ gm Kg/m³
1 22.5 12.4 1 279 545 1.95 1.95
2 30 5.5 2.5 412.5 830 2.01 2.01
3 25 7 2 350 730 2.08 2.08

Comments:
This experiment will help us to identify whether the kind of the wood is used for construction or
not. This will tells us about the strength of the wood and moisture quantity present in the wood .

Page 46 of 46