Power Electronics
INVERTERS
2018 Dr. Francis M. Fernandez
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM
Inverter Classification
Classification of inverters based on wave shape
Square wave
Quasi square wave
Sine wave
Classification of inverters based on Input
Voltage source
Current source
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 2
Half bridge inverter
EDC
Switches S1 and S2 used
2 are gate commutated
devices such as BJT,
MOSFET, IGBT, GTO etc
EDC
2
S1 and S2 are turned on
alternately to produce
an ac voltage across the
load
Each switch is ON for
half time period (T/2) of
the desired frequency
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 3
Full bridge inverter
S1 and S2 turned on in the first half cycle (T/2)
S3 and S4 turned on in the second half cycle (T/2)
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 4
Full bridge inverter – R load
Two modes of operation:
Mode 1:
S1 and S2 are ON
Mode 2
S3 and S4 are ON
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 5
Full bridge inverter – RL load
Four modes of operation:
Mode 1: S1 and S2 are ON, Output +ve
Mode 2: D3, D4 conducts, Output -ve
Mode 3: S3 and S4 are ON, Output –ve
Mode 4: D1, D2 conducts, Output +ve
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 6
Full Bridge Inverter – Transistor Ratings
VCE ( 0 ) E DC
EDC
I T ( ave )
2R
E DC
I T ( peak )
R
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 7
Harmonics
Original square wave
Fundamental component
Third order harmonic
Fifth order harmonic
Seventh order harmonic
4 EDC
Fourier series for symmetrical square wave, e sin n t
n 1,3,5,.. n
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 8
Harmonics
4 E DC
Fourier Series, e sin n t
n 1, 3, 5,.. n
VL
2 2
Fundamental output voltage, E1 EDC
(rms) IL
ie. E1 0.9 EDC
th E1
n order output voltage, En
n
RMS value, E( rms ) E12 E32 E5 2 ...
1
2
2
1
Harmonic voltage, Eh En 2
E E1 2
2
0.4352 EDC
n 3,5,..
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 9
Harmonic Parameters
Harmonic factor for nth harmonic measures the individual harmonic
contribution
En
Harmonic Factor, HFn
E1
Total harmonic distortion is a measures of how different is the actual
waveform from its fundamental component
1
2
1 2 Eh
Total Harmonic Distortion, THD En
E1 n 3,5,.. E1
Harmonic factor is a measures of effectiveness in reducing unwanted
harmonics using filters
1
2 2
1 En
Distortion Factor, DF 2
E1 n 3,5,.. n
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 10
Comparison of parameters in
Half Bridge and Full Bridge Inverters
Full Bridge Half Bridge
E DC
Output voltage EO EDC EO
2
Fundamental 2 2 2 2 E DC
output voltage E1 EDC 0.9 EDC E1 0.45 E DC
2
Harmonic
output voltage Eh 0.4352 EDC Eh 0.2176 E DC
Peak breaking
voltage of switches
EBR EDC E BR EDC
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 11
Example
A single phase full bridge inverter is operated from 48 V battery and
supplying power to a 24 ohm load. Determine output power THD of
output and transistor ratings.
Solution:
E 2 482
RMS Power, P 96 W
R 24
VCE 48 V
E1 0.9 EDC 0.9 48 43.2 V
EDC
Eh 0.4352 EDC 0.4352 48 20.89 V IT ( peak )
R
48
Eh 20.89 2A
THD 48.36 % 24
E1 43.2
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 12
Cross Conduction or Shoot Through Fault
Normally the switches in the bridge
switch on in pairs – S1-S2 turn on
first and after they are off, S3-S4
turn on
Therefore the switches in the same
leg (say S1 and S4) may not turn on
at the same time
Due to turn off delay, incoming
device and outgoing device of the
same leg in the bridge conduct at
the same instant and short circuits
the DC source.
This fault damages both the devices
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 13
Cross Conduction or Shoot Through Fault
A solution for cross conduction
fault is to introduce a dead band
or delay between the trailing
edge of the gate input of
outgoing device and the leading
edge of the gate input of
incoming device
Dead band should be longer than
the turn off time of the inverter
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 14
3-Phase Inverter
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
A Three
EDC
B Phase
C Load
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
Load configurations
A
R R
B
R
C
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 15
3-Phase Inverter
180° conduction
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
EDC
A
B 2
Edc
C 3
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
1
1
E DC Edc
3 3
Connection during first interval
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 16
3-Phase Inverter
180° conduction
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
EDC
A
B 2
Edc
C 3
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
1
2
E DC Edc
3 3
Connection during second interval
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 17
3-Phase Inverter
180° conduction
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
EDC
A
B 2
Edc
C 3
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
1
Incoming Conducting Edc
Interval 3
Device Devices
1 S1 5,6,1
2 S1 6,1,2
3 S3 1,2,3
4 S4 2,3,4
5 S5 3,4,5
6 S6 4,5,6
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 18
Features of 180 degree conduction
Conduction period for each switch is 180°
Three switches conduct at a time
There is possibility of cross conduction if a
dead band delay is not deliberately
introduced.
Phase voltages are six step waves
Line voltages are quasi square waves
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 19
3-Phase Inverter
120° conduction
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
EDC
A
B
C
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
Edc
2
Connection during first interval
N Edc Edc
2
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 20
3-Phase Inverter
120° conduction
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
EDC
A
B
C
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
Edc
2
Connection during second interval
N Edc Edc
2
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 21
3-Phase Inverter
120° conduction
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
EDC
A
B
C
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
Edc
2
Connection during third interval
N Edc Edc
2
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 22
3-Phase Inverter
120° conduction
S1 D1 S3 D3 S5 D5
EDC
A
B
C
S4 D4 S6 D6 S2 D2
Edc
2
Incoming Conducting
Interval
Device Devices
1 S1 6,1
2 S1 1,2
3 S3 2,3
Edc Edc
4 S4 3,4
2
5 S5 4,5
6 S6 5,6
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 23
Features of 120 degree conduction
Conduction period for each switch is only 120°
Only two switches conduct at a time
Two switches in the same leg of bridge have
inherent dead band of 60° and there is no
possibility of cross conduction
Phase voltages are quasi square waves
Line voltages are six step waves
Edc
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 24
Parallel Inverter
SCRs can be used as switch, simple
forced commutation is possible
L
When T1 is turned on, the transformer
is energised in one direction and the
capacitor C is charged with a voltage
of 2EDC
EDC T1
When T2 is turned on capacitor
voltage is applied to T1 in reverse
C direction and commutates it; the
capacitor C is charged with a voltage
of -2EDC
T2 T1 is turned on again forcing T2 to
turn off and the cycle repeats
Higher output voltage is possible by
suitable transformer turns ratio
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 25
Voltage Control with Pulse Width Modulation
Single Pulse width Modulation
Consists of a pulse with
variable width in each half cycle
width varies from 0 to π
Multiple Pulse Width Modulation
Is an extension of single PWM and
uses several equidistant pulses in
each half cycle
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse width is a sinusoidal function
of angular position of the pulse in a
cycle
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 26
Single Pulse PWM
Carrier
Wave
Comparator
Square
Wave
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 27
d
Single Pulse PWM 2
3
2
2
1
2d 2
RMS value of output voltage, V VDC
4 VDC
Peak value of nth harmonic, Vonm sin nd
n
When pulsewidth is 120, d 60
4 VDC
Then peak value of 3rd harmonic, Vo 3m sin 3 60 0
3
This implies, when the pulse width is 120°, third harmonics will be eliminated
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 28
Multiple Pulse PWM
Carrier
Wave
Comparator
Square
Wave
Np = number of
1
pulses in a
Np P 2
half cycle
RMS value of output voltage, V VDC
P = pulse width
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 29
Sine PWM
Vr
Modulation Index, MI
Vc
where Vr is the peak of
reference wave and Vc is the
peak of carrier wave
There will be low order
harmonics when MI is
greater than 1
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 30
Typical MOSFETS
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 31
Typical IGBTs
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM 32
