Frontispiece: A spectacular pattern in Saturn's atmosphere masks the presence of awesome power.

NORMAN R. BERGRUN

Ringmakers
of
Saturn

The Pentland Press

Edinburgh
 © Norman R. Bergrun 1986

All rights reserved

Excerpts may be made freely in furtherance

of knowledge and understanding

First published in 1986 by

The Pentland Press Ltd
Kippielaw by Haddington
East Lothian EH41 4PY
Scotland

Printed and bound in Scotland by Clark Constable, Edinburgh and London Jacket
design by Ann Ross Paterson

Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 86-81530

ISBN 0 946270 33 3
 Dedicated
To All People
In Peaceful Quest of Knowledge
 The Author

NORMAN BERGRUN

Executive. Personal: Born August 4, 1921; Son of Theodore and Naomi Ruth Stemm
Bergrun (both deceased); Married Claire Michaelson; Father of Clark, Jay, Joan.
Education: B.S.M.E., Cornell University, 1943; L.L.B., LaSalle University (Exten-sion),
1955; Postgraduate Study, Stanford University, 1947; Continuing Education, Foothill
College, 1982. Military: Served in the United States Navy, 1944-46, attaining the rank of
Chief Specialist. Career: Executive, Bergrun Companies (Research, Engineering,
Construction, Properties); Thermodynamicist, Douglas Aircraft Company, El Segundo,
1943-44; Aero Research Scientist, NACA Ames Laboratory, 1944-56; Lockheed Missile
and Space Company, Van Nuys (CA), Supervisor Flight Test 1956-68, Manager Flight
Test Analysis 1958-62, Manager Test Plans and Direction 1962-63, Manager Re-Entry
Test Operations 1963-67, Staff Scientist Satellite Systems Applications 1967-69;
Director, Management Information Systems, Nielsen Engineering and Research, Mt.
View, California. Organizational Member-ships: American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Chairman San Francisco Section 1962, Regional Director 1963, Associate
Fellow; California Society of Professional Engineers, State Director 1973-74 and 1979-
83, Vice-President, 1986. National Society of Professional Engineers, National Director,
1975-76; California Space and Defense Council, 1982; Co-founder and Acting Chairman
of the Board, California Professional Engineering Center, 1986. Charter Member
Aviation Hall of Fame. Community Activities: Foreign-Student Host, International
Center for the Advancement of Management Education, Stanford University, 1964-67;
National Hearing on Noise Abatement and Control, Washington, D.C., 1971; Steering
Committee Member for Representative Charles S. Gubser, 10th District California, 83rd-
93rd Congress, 1960-74; California Space and Defense Council, 1982; Presi-dential Task
Force, 1982; Television Public Service Announcement, Holiday Project, 1981. Religion:
Stanford Memorial Chapel, Teaching Assistant, Youth Program; Member Chapel
Summer Choir, 1982; Foothill Evening Chorale, 1980-86 inter-denominational. Honors
and Awards: Engineer of the Year, California Society of Professional Engineers, Penisula
Chapter, 1978; Appreciation for Sustained Con-tributions Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, 1972; Extraordinary Service Award, National Management Association,
1968; Recognition of Distinctive Service, Institute of Aerospace Sciences, 1962;
Appreciation for Contributions to First Polaris Launching, Navy Department, 1960.

From Second Edition

Two Thousand Notable Americans

VII
 Preface
Presented herein are pictures of immensely large, enormously powerful
extraterrestrial space vehicles located in the vicinity of Saturn and its moons.
These photographic revelations are reinforced by, and are consistent with,
scientific data extending over centuries as far back as Galileo. The pictures have
been obtained by the author using simple, repeatable enhancement techniques
applied to publicly available NASA photographs from Voyager 1 and 2 flybys
of Saturn. Having been obtained by pre-scheduled flight programming, Voyager
photographs are scientifically unique in that they are strictly impersonal.
Identification of extraterrestrial vehicles, apparently possessing ancient
historical presence in the solar system, is a new discovery having many
ramifications. Attention, however, is focused on presenting factual infor-mation
which can be gleaned from the pictures. Cameras, being well-established
scientific instruments, provide direct data of the "Seeing-Is-Believing" variety.
Despite their straight-forward characteristic, actual photographs probably will
not establish conviction for everyone. For example, personal beliefs may
deleteriously impair the communication process. Not withstanding this
difficulty, effort has been exercised to enhance communication effectively
through use of supplemental illustrations. Burden-ing detail of enhancement
methodology, aerospace equations and technical jargon intentionally has been
omitted to favor simple, broadly compre-hensible language.
Considerable technical data have been published concerning Voyagers 1 and
2 on-board instrumentation results during the Saturn flybys. Interpre-tation of
the visual data presented poses no conflict with data from other on-board
instrumentation. In fact, all data are mutually compatible. Inter-estingly, the
visual data stand on their own without the need for other measurements
redundantly to attest to the accuracy of the analysis. A fundamental attribute of
any correct analysis is that it supplies answers to a wide spectrum of relevant
questions. When the physical nature of a problem is understood, a predictive
ability then ensues which enables achievement of new progress. Such
achievement can be expressed simply as a breakthrough.
Magnitude of the Saturnian breakthrough would appear to be substantial.
Saturnian space vehicles, strangely unusual in their great size and appearance,
introduce a new and unpredictable variable into affairs world-wide. Some
hitherto reported events are recounted in terms of vehicle capabilities with a
view toward postulating some concept of what the future portends. Compell-ing
reasons exist for obtaining a much more complete understanding of these
vehicles and the inferential superlative intelligence behind them.
Photographic enhancement has been accomplished by enlarging negatives
VIII
 PREFACE

with a microscope having recording and high-intensity lighting capabilities.

Self-developing positive film recorded the various selected images contained in
negatives. Copies of original photomicrographic recordings are the product of
professional film-processing services.
To recall, launch date for Voyager 1 is 5 September 1977 and for Voyager 2,
20 August 1977. Date of closest approach to Saturn is 12 November 1980 for
Voyager 1 and 26 August 1981 for Voyager 2. Without photography from these
flybys, the science story presented herein could not be told. Universality of
interest in the findings renders disclosures singularly through discipline-oriented
channels inappropriate. Further, absence of disciplinary-boundary constraints
permits discussion of humanistic concerns relevant to the findings which
otherwise would be omitted. This broad approach is expected to catalyze more
readily and more realistically the priorities which should be given to the many,
highly diverse, aspects of the subject matter.

IX
 Acknowledgments
NASA photographs are utilized from Voyager 1 and 2 flybys of Saturn and
from Ranger and Orbiter lunar-mapping spacecraft. Appreciation is ex-tended to
NASA for releasing this information to the public that others might study it.

Appreciation also is extended to my wife and life-long friend, Claire

Michaelson Bergrun, who supplied generous encouragement during all phases
of producing this book.
To Dr. Walter Vincenti, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at
Stanford University, special thanks are given for his valuable suggestions at the
final phase of the manuscript.
Clark Constable, noted for exceptional skills which have made it distinc-tive
over the centuries, is particularly recognized for continued pursuit of excellence.

Acknowledgment also goes to Edinburgh's Meg Ross for her untiring reading
and re-reading of the processed manuscript.
And finally, for his making everything come together speedily with gracious
Scottish hospitality and manner, the author extends heart-felt gratitude to
Douglas Law of Pentland Press.

x
 Contents
Part I
IMPEDIMENTS TO PROGRESS
Puzzlements of Saturn 3
Acclimation to Huge Immensity 6

Part II
THE SATURN STRONGHOLD
Saturn's Rings Explained 15
Electromagnetic Vehicles 26
A Massive Display of Power 34
Luminoids 43
Vehicle Recognition 49

Part III
OUTLYING BASTIONS
Dione Gives Up a Big Secret 61
Iapetus Mystery Unraveled 68

Part IV
GLIMPSE OF A BIGGER PICTURE
The Lunar Connection 81
A Perspective 89
Part V
SYNTHESIS
The Status 101
Epilogue 104
Bibliography 107
List of Plates 114

XI
 PART I

IMPEDIMENTS TO PROGRESS
 CHAPTER 1

Puzzlements of Saturn
Saturn has beguiled observers since the dawn of recorded history over
50 centuries ago. In earliest history, Saturn has been associated with
omens concerning both political and daily life. This situation changed
little until the beginning of the 17th century when Galileo and his
contemporaries, using telescopes, began systematic observations of
Saturn.
Seventeenth century observers documented a variety of shapes for
what are now known as Saturn's rings. Galileo himself pictured the
"rings" as solid circles, one on either side of the planet. Others pictured a
solid elliptical ring plane, but one containing unusual openings such as
circles and diamond shapes. Absence of rings also is recorded. Variance
among observers and the uncommon appearance of the rings have been
attributed to poor telescope quality in early days.
Poor telescope quality also has been cited for the wide range in ring-
plane thickness documented by various observers later in the 18th
century. Reported thicknesses range from 335 km (280 mi) to 16 km (10
mi). Whether Saturn had any rings at all continued to be questioned into
the 19th century. In a carefully timed observation, a definitive shadow
was expected to be cast on the ring plane by Saturn's moon, Titan; but no
perceptible shadow ever occurred. The observer, W. R. Dawes, carefully
concluded in 1862 that the rings must be inconceivably thin.
Near the end of the 18th century, luminous points were observed on
the edge of the ring plane. One of these is reported to have moved off its
position. None of the luminous points persisted very long (less than 16
hours), thereby negating the possibility of their being satellites. The
observer, William Herschel, postulated in 1789 that some sort of
unstable source must be responsible, such as an intense fire. Another
puzzlement has been the sighting of one arm of the ring when the other
arm could not be detected.
Luminous points continued to be reported by discriminating observers
into the 19th century. Again, satellites of Saturn had to be ruled out as
none could be located in the vicinity. The most astounding and now
famous observations of a light source came in the 20th
3
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

century on 9 February 1917. Two astronomers, Maurice Ainslie and

John Knight of Great Britain, observed the source independently.
Brightness of the source was so intense that Ainslie referred to the object
as a "star". The star traveled a straight-line course which, in effect,
subtended a chord across the ring system. Length of the chord was of the
order of 125,000 km (77,700 mi). Observed time to traverse this chordal
distance across the ring system was 1 hour and 40 minutes, making the
average velocity 21 km/sec (13 mi/sec). This value compares with an
average velocity for Voyager en route to Saturn of about 13.7 km/sec
(8.5 mi/sec). That is, the star was about 1 1/2 times faster. During the
observations when the star was in plain view, the light therefrom
appeared to be elongated. There was a strange aspect about the traversal
itself. Seeming to move through the ring plane without difficulty, the star
appeared to devour material ahead as it proceeded. Further, at no time
did the rings completely block out the radiating light.
Results from Voyager 1 have added new puzzlements. For example,
so-called "spokes" of light stretch across part of the ring system; the F
ring, which is positioned alone outside the main ring plane, contains
entwined strands or "braids"; intense electrical discharges similar to, but
much greater than, terrestrial lightning have been recorded; and Saturn's
moon Iapetus is about 10 times, or one order* of magnitude, brighter on
the sun-shadowed side than on the sun-exposed side.
Ring-plane thickness has been an exasperating frustration for almost
200 years. Voyager 1 did not shed any new light on the matter. Later,
Voyager 2 added mystery to the existing enigma when, on 26 August
1981, instrumentation indicated the effective ring-plane thick-ness to be
in the neighborhood of 1000 km (about 600 mi). This value is about
twice those reported at the turn of the 18th century, and over an order of
magnitude greater than measurements obtained during the onset of the
20th century. The problem is how to explain such a wide spread in
measurements of the same thing. Pressure mounts to recognize all ring-
thickness values as being approximately correct at the time obtained.
Such recognition, however, requires discarding a belief that 20th century
telescopes could yield vastly better gross ring-pattern definition than
18th century telescopes.
How is it possible for so many conscientious observer-analysts to
encounter so many blocks to progress? Part of the answer to this
question seems to be that preconceived ideas have been converted into
fixed ideas. Then, when new data are received which do not conform to
the fixed ideas, an impediment to progress is experienced. The reported
*An estimate of magnitude expressed as a power of 10.
4
 PUZZLEMENTS OF SATURN

variance in ring-plane thickness is a really good example. A pre-

conceived idea which tacitly has become fixed is that ring thickness
should be a constant, whereupon, variable thicknesses are intolerable. An
impersonal method for dispensing with unwanted measurements has
been to attribute variances plausibly to poor-quality telescopes.
Notwithstanding the tendency to dispose of untoward data, another part
of the answer to the question is that something in or about the data is
being overlooked. Oversight unobtrusively is convenient when fixed
ideas are being promulgated. However, oversight also can occur because
of presumptive expectations that confirmative new findings will be
obtained. Important facts have an uncanny tendency to remain obscure.
Correct explanations of Saturn's mysteries not only must be consistent
with flyby observations, but also they must agree with the general thrust
of findings by earlier observers. For example, 17th century observers
indicate that Saturn's present annular-ring system has not always been so
configured. On an absolute scale, 17th and 18th century telescopes
admittedly were not sophisticated. However, re-corded differences in
ring-system configurations were made with nearly equally
unsophisticated telescopes. Therefore, while minutiae concerning ring
shapes can be questioned, gross differences in form most likely are valid.
A valid explanation for ring configuration as seen by Voyager flybys
should be capable also of encompassing 17th, 18th and 19th century
observations. When a single causal mechanism explains several events,
the correct explanation almost certainly has been found. Conversely,
when a plurality of mechanisms is required to explain several events, the
correct explanation almost certainly has not been found. In the former
instance, no coincidences are required. In the latter instance, unlikely
coincidences are required. Existence of concurrent happen-ings, or a
multiplicity of sequential happenings, only can be hypothe-sized.
Introduction of coincidences into an analysis potentially is fraught with
error.
Though the facts developed herein resemble science-fiction fantasy,
impersonal photographs convey real-life non-fiction. Photographs and
illustrations, coupled with their captions and labels, provide a skeletal
framework of this scientific reference work. Pieces of the Saturn puzzle
are presented in an ordered manner. Consequently, the reader is urged to
proceed as though each chapter is a prerequisite to the subsequent one.

5
 CHAPTER 2

Acclimation to Huge Immensity

Incredibly large and powerful objects exist in the universe. As a class,
the largest and brightest single objects are star-like radio sources called
quasars. An example is quasar 3C-273, estimated to be about a light-
year* across and to produce energy equivalent to about 10 trillion suns.
This object is located so remotely that its signals, traveling at the speed
of light, require about 30 million centuries to reach earth. Indeed, the
universe is a place in which huge immensity abounds. Memory of this
characteristic is essential when shifting thought from familiar terres-trial
physical sizes to unfamiliar, extraterrestrial ones.
Being only about 1/1000 light-year across the outermost planetary
orbit, our solar system is small compared with the size of quasar 3C-273.
Yet spatially, the solar system is quite immense. For example, the
distance between the sun and its outermost planet Pluto is 3.7 billion
miles. Sunlight requires about 5 1/2 hours to journey there; and a
spacecraft traveling at only 34,000 miles per hour would require 1 1/4
decades to make the same trip. In the solar system, 9 planets orbit the
sun. These bodies are enumerated in Table I to illustrate comparative size
and position.
In Table I, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars comprise the inner-planet
group which orbits nearest the sun. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and
Pluto constitute the outer-planet group. An asteroid belt, not included in
the table, lies between the Mars-Jupiter orbits and serves to mark
separation between the two groups. Diameters of all the inner planets are
less than one percent that of the sun. Earth slightly out-ranks Venus in
size with a diameter of nearly 1/100 (0.92 percent) that of the sun.
Except for Pluto, all planets in the outer groups have diameters greater
than 3.6 percent of the sun's. Of all planets, Jupiter is the largest with a
diameter slightly exceeding 1/10(10.1 percent) that of the sun. Saturn is
second largest with a fractional comparative diameter of 1/11 (8.7
percent). An appreciation of the relative spacing of the planets with
respect to the sun can be obtained by noting time for sunlight to be
received. Inner planets receive light from the sun ranging

*Distance traveled by a particle moving at the speed of light for a year.

6
 ACCLIMATION TO HUGE IMMENSITY

TABLE I
Comparative Size and Position of Planets in the Solar System

from only 3 to 13 minutes (0.05 to 0.21 hours). In contrast, outer planets

receive light ranging from about 3/4 to 5 1/2 hours. As between Earth
and Saturn, the time differential for a light signal is almost 1 1/4 (1.32
minus 0.14) hours. This time corresponds to the shortest orbital distance
between the two planets of 8.55 (9.55 minus 1.00) astro-nomical units, or
794.3 million miles.
By earth standards, the approximate 800 million miles to Saturn is an
immensely large distance. Voyager 1 traversed approximately this
distance and took over 3 years and 2 months to do so. Voyager 2 on its
journey to Saturn traversed about 1.4 billion miles, a journey requiring
slightly more than 4 years. Historically, these accomplishments are
superb. However, limited speed and load-carrying capability of 20th
century spacecraft preclude extensive excursions in or beyond the solar
system. Significant improvement in this restricted ability to travel
extraterrestrially awaits the application of nuclear power to space flight-
propulsion systems.
Technological limitation is not the only impediment to space
exploration. There is also the problem of sustained economic support for
long, expensive space flights. These severe restrictions suggest strongly
that more should be expected from space flight than extensive data
generation. Data analyses are the key. Analyses must be directed
7
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

toward pin-pointing, in a timely manner, specific worthwhile objec-tives

for succeeding flights. A long wait, say 10 years, before data from a
flight are digested comprehensively, does not permit plans for
subsequent flights to benefit very much from prior experience. Apropos,
six years after launch, Voyager flights returned no compell-ing reasons
for undertaking further flights to Saturn or to any other part of the solar
system.
The purpose of this treatise is to demonstrate that compelling reasons
indeed do exist for urgent further exploration of Saturn and environs.
Therefore, let us focus now on the Saturnian complex and concentrate
attention there.
Since the Galilean period nearly 400 years ago, Saturn's most notable
feature has been its rings. These rings span 22 earth diameters and
extend on either side of the planet an equivalent of 1.13 Saturn
diameters. Sufficient consistency in plan-form of the ring plane has been
displayed over time such that designations could be assigned to various
regions. Starting from the outer edge of the ring plane and progressing
inward, four rings have been designated: A, B, C and D. A narrow
separation occurs in the outer extremity of the A ring called the Enke*
division, after the discoverer Johann Enke. The A and B rings are
considered non-contiguous, being separated by a space called the Cassini
division after the Italian-born French astronomer. The inner edge of the
B ring also constitutes the outer edge of the C ring. The D ring fills a
space from 1.1 Saturn radii to the inner edge of the C ring, a ring having
a so-called "crepe" texture. Additional radial designations are not
consecutive, owing to the chronological order of discovery. For example,
before Voyager 1, a faint ring located between about 3 and 8 Saturn radii
had been assigned the next alphabetical designation, E. Then Voyager 1
found two rings between the A and E rings. These latter two rings have
been designated F and G, with the F ring being innermost.
Photographic imagery from Voyager 1 has credited Saturn with 15
satellites, or moons. Voyager 2 added several more. Of the entire total,
only 8 are spherical bodies, the remainder all being irregularly shaped.
Enumerated in progressively outward orbital locations from Saturn, the
spherical satellites are: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan,
Iapetus and Phoebe. The first four, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys and
Dione, lie within the radial expanse of the E ring. Rhea, at 8.7 Saturn
radii, orbits closely outside the E-ring outer edge (8.0 Saturn radii).
Titan, Iapetus and Phoebe are quite remote, being at about 20,
*Also called by some authors the Keeler division or gap, for American astronomer, James E.
Keeler.

8
 ACCLIMATION TO HUGE IMMENSITY

(a) Rings

(b) Spherical Satellites

Plate 1: Rings and Spherical Satellites of Saturn. Radius of Saturn is 60,330 km (37,490 mi).
9
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

59 and 215 Saturn radii, respectively. Practically all irregularly-shaped

satellites occupy the zone between the A and G rings. Two of these,
1980S27 and 1980S28, are unique in that they orbit tightly astraddle the
F ring. This particular pair has been designated "shepherding" satellites.
Saturn's rings and spherical satellites are summarized pictorially in
Plate 1, parts (a) and (b). Part (a) shows the relative spacing of the rings
with their classical nomenclature. Part (b) shows spherical satellites in
their relative orbital spacing. Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea
and E ring are close to Saturn compared with the outer satellites Titan,
Iapetus and Phoebe. Considering the Saturn-system boundary defined by
the orbit of the outermost satellite Phoebe, the system diameter is 26
million km (16 million mi). Also equivalent to 0.17 astronomical units,
the system span measures about half the distance between the Sun and
the innermost planet Mercury (0.39 AU).
Saturn is an order of magnitude larger than Earth. Yet Saturn is
regarded with wonder and astonishment, not because of its large size, but
because of perplexity aroused over its dramatic rings. A widely held,
popular view is that ring divisions are always located in the same place.
This mythical view persists despite observational reports indicating
significant variability in ring-division location. An exem-plary case in
point is the Enke division. After Professor Enke's announcement
concerning discovery of a gap in the A ring, some observers could not
find the alleged separation at all. Others who succeeded reported the gap
located at various distances inboard of the A-ring outer edge. Distance of
the Enke gap inboard from the A-ring outer edge can be expressed non-
dimensionally as a fraction of the entire A-ring radial width. Fractional-
distance locations of the Enke gap inboard of the A-ring outer edge show
appreciable variation as follows: 0, 1/4, 1/3, 2/5 and 1/2. According to
these data, constancy of location within the A ring definitely is not an
attribute of the Enke gap.
There have also been indications of other variations in ring geometry.
Different ring-plane thickness values have been reported as well as
different values for width of the Cassini gap. Cassini gap-width variation,
as much as 33 percent, reflects time-variant radii for the fi-ring outer
edge and the A-ring inner edge. An impression is conveyed that latest
reported measurements purport to be the true ones when, in reality, all
might be quite nearly correct at time of observation. General reluctance
to accept variable ring-system geometry occurs because of apparent
failure to identify a physical mechanism suitable for produc-ing recurrent
change.
Presented in Plate 2 is a photograph of Saturn exhibiting circularly
10
 ACCLIMATION TO HUGE IMMENSITY

complete rings. The elliptical appearance of the rings is due to the angle
at which the ring plane is viewed. Near the ends of the major axis of the
ring ellipse, the Enke division can be identified by a short, dark arc. By
scaling the photograph along the ring major axis, the Enke division is
found located a fractional distance of 1/5 the A-ring width from the

Plate 2: Saturn, second largest planet in the solar system, exhibiting circularly complete rings.

ring outer edge. This value is at the low end of the historical range of
reported values.
Separation of the A and B rings by the Cassini division also is evident
in Plate 2. This division shows as a clear space across the face of Saturn,
then as a dark and broad continuous arc throughout the remainder of the
ring. Ratio of the A-ring breadth to the B-ring breadth scales 3 to 5. On
the same scale, Saturn is 21.6 units in diameter. For an equatorial
diameter of Saturn equal to 120,660 km, apparent width of the A and B
rings is about 16,750 km (10,400 mi) and 27,930 km (17,350 mi),
respectively. Distance of the Enke division from the A-ring outer edge is
calculated to be 3350 km (2080 mi). Obviously, large distances
11
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

photographically are compressed into an exceedingly small space. The A

ring illustrates well this high degree of compression. Width of the A ring
is equivalent to about an 18-hour non-stop jet flight between Montreal,
Canada and Melbourne, Australia. Yet in the photograph, this great
distance is represented by only 6/10 cm (1/4 inch). Mental cognizance
and retention of this high-compression characteristic during examination
of subsequent photographs is helpful to their comprehension.

12
 PART II

THE SATURN STRONGHOLD

 CHAPTER 3

Saturn's Rings Explained

Luminous sources at Saturn have been observed, notably by Herschel,
Knight and Ainslie. In one instance, a fiery source moved suddenly away
from the A-ring outer edge. In another unrelated instance a bright,
elongated source pursuing a straight-line course entered the A-ring outer
edge, traversed the Cassini division, and exited the opposite A-ring outer
edge. After these dramatic events, luminous sources did not become a
specific subject of inquiry as might be expected - that is, until this
analysis many years later.

Plate 3: A luminous source appears in the A-ring of Saturn.

15
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

A number of luminous sources appear in Voyager imagery. One of

these sources, located in the A ring, is documented in the photograph of
Plate 3. A pointer locates this source which appears as a small reddish-
orange spot. In the picture, the A and B rings readily can be identified;
and even some of the faint C ring can be distinguished. The Cassini
division, pointed to in the upper left corner of the picture, clearly is
formed by a separation between the A and B rings. Diagonally in the
opposite corner below the luminous source, a comparably formed
Cassini division is absent. The B-ring outer edge is complete. However,
between points (1) and (2), the A ring is nowhere to be seen. A segment
of the A ring appears strangely terminated across a chord of the entire
ring system. Absence of this ring segment is addressed subsequently.
Because of the shallow view angle of Saturn's rings in Plate 3, the
distance between points (1) and (2) appears very highly compressed. As
a result, the immense length of the ring-segment chord is not readily
comprehensible. To aid comprehension, Plate 4 conceptualizes the

Plate 4: Conceptualization of the incomplete A-ring in a polar view of Saturn's northern

hemisphere, using Earth as a comparable reference measure.

16
 SATURN'S RINGS EXPLAINED

incomplete A ring in a polar view of Saturn's northern hemisphere. Earth

profiles are introduced to provide a familiar reference measure. Line-of-
sight is perpendicular to the ring plane so that all rings appear in true
relative proportion. The length of the ring-segment chord is greater than
Saturn's diameter. This fact is illustrated by projection of parallel dotted
lines from Saturn to the chord. These dotted lines intersect the ring chord
within the cut-off segment of the A ring. The Enke division, placed at
2/5 the A-ring width from the outer edge, can be seen to intersect the
chord at nearly the same points as the projected dotted lines. The
distance subtended by the entire chord is equivalent to slightly over 10
earth diameters. Only about 6 earth diameters comprise the radial
distance from Saturn's surface to the A-ring outer edge. Other distances
also can be compared. For example, the radial span from the inner edge
of the A ring to the outer edge of the Enke division is about one earth
diameter. Span of the Enke division is expressed by a mere line width
inasmuch as this gap is only about 200 km (125 mi) across. Radial span
of the Cassini division is about 0.3 earth diameter. As before, Saturn's
diameter is 120,660 km (74,980 mi). Circled numerals cross-reference
the corresponding numerals shown in Plate 3.
When the photograph of Plate 3 is enlarged in the vicinity of numeral
(1), the information of Plate 5 is obtained. In Plate 5, efflux from along

Plate 5: Efflux from along the length of a slender body, exhausting at both ends, generates the A-
ring.
17
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

the length of a slender body exhausting at both ends generates the A ring.
The luminous source seen near numeral (2) in Plate 3 appears at the left
edge. Inspection of Plate 5 indicates that a slender body is orbiting
clockwise and, in doing so, deposits a wide trail. This trail, which can be
recognized as the A ring without the Enke division, is generated by
efflux emanating from nearly the entire length of the body. While most
of the efflux is generated along the top, some also appears to begin
underneath and along the body sides in the form of streamers. These
streamers pass over the side toward the right, proceed above the body
and contribute to the A-ring trail. Presence of exhaust flames from each
end of the body and the bulgy appearance of the streamers as they pass
over the body suggest a circular cross-section for the body. A light
source, somewhat greater in diameter than the body, is positioned below
the right end. This source is attached to the body with inter-connecting
emissions turning to an orange-red arc along the top edge.
Emissions from the body can be viewed collectively as creating a net
force on the unit. According to one of Isaac Newton's laws of motion,
forces can occur only in action-reaction pairs. The reaction of the body
to the action of the emissions is to move the body, presumably in a
direction so as to complete the ring. This physically inherent mobile
capability is justification for calling the body a vehicle*. The ratio of
apparent body length to thickness, called apparent fineness ratio, is about
13 to 1.
Absolute dimensions corresponding to fineness ratio 13 can be
estimated. Consider that the vehicle lies along the chord identified by
numeral (1) in Plate 4, and that the vehicle extends from the A-ring inner
edge to the Enke-division inner edge. By scaling the illustration in Plate
4, the body length is found to be about 0.3 Saturn diameter, or about
36,200 km (22,500 mi). This length corresponds to about 3 earth
diameters. Based on a 13 to 1 fineness ratio, the body diameter can be
deduced to be 2785 km (1730 mi). This distance is about the same as the
airline distance from San Francisco, California to St. Louis, Missouri on
the Mississippi River. Such an immense propulsive body implies a space
engine possessing unheard-of capacity and capability.
When the photograph of Plate 3 is enlarged in the vicinity of numeral
(2), the information of Plate 6 is obtained. In Plate 6, a second slender
vehicle forms an A-ring trail which includes a luminous source. This
source is the same one identified in Plates 3 and 5. Breadth of the source
is estimated to be about half the distance between the A-ring inner edge
and the Enke-division inner edge. This sizing places the breadth of the
*See Appendix.
18
 SATURN'S RINGS EXPLAINED
luminous source at about 5600 km (3480 mi). This distance is slightly
over 1 1/2 times the diameter of earth's moon and about the same as the
airline distance between New York and London. The large magnitude
attests to the vast energy powering the engine of the slender space
vehicle.
Projecting from beneath the luminous source in Plate 6 is a wire-like
arm which curves upward into the foreground toward the left. At

Plate 6: A slender vehicle forms an A-ring trail which includes a luminous source.

about 1/3 of its length from the bottom, the arm has a bulge in it. This
bulge appears to be a doughnut-shaped formation, or toroid through
which the arm passes. Presence of a toroid indicates that the arm is acting
as a conductor carrying electricity. Such an indication is given because
physically a circular conductor of electricity has, in cross section,
magnetic-field lines consisting of concentric circles (i.e., circles with a
common center). Magnetizable matter caught in such a field will align
itself concentrically with the conductor and collectively assume a
toroidal shape. Diameter of the conductor is in the neighborhood of 350
km (220 mi). Length is of the order of 4000 km (2500 mi). Without this
arm, maintenance of the luminous source probably would be impossible.
Scaling the vehicle in Plate 6 yields an apparent fineness ratio of about
13 to 1, the same as for its companion vehicle in Plate 5. Orientation of
the trails from both vehicles suggests that the two are moving toward one
another, apparently on a collision course. A
19
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

collision would not occur, of course, were the vehicles in different planes
or were one to surrender its position to the other. Preference is for the
latter. Excluding bulb luminous sources, Plates 5 and 6 tend to show that
vehicle diameter is an approximate measure of thickness of the A ring at
inception. For the time frame shown then, maximum ring thickness
inferentially would be of the order of 2785 km (1730 mi). Obviously, at
large distances from the vehicle, at the ring edges and for old trails, the
ring would be expected to be much thinner and more diffuse.
Plates 3, 5 and 6 confirm the early observations of moving luminous
sources by Herschel, Knight and Ainslie. Herschel is credited with a
source of variable luminosity, possibly of a fiery character. Knight and
Ainslie reported a luminous source as bright as a star. Both descrip-tions
fit acceptably well that which is discerned from the three plates. An
additional commonality exists between the Knight-Ainslie event and the
two vehicles in Plates 5 and 6. Specifically, the chordal path of the
Knight-Ainslie moving source is the same chordal element defined by
the location and orientation of the two vehicles. Whether these chords
are in the same approximate position around the ring is beyond the scope
of this inquiry.
Plates 5 and 6 reveal that width of the Cassini division occurs neither
accidentally nor with exact repeatability. The reason is that the basic
spacing depends upon the radius at which a mobile vehicle orbits with
respect to the B ring. Even though this orbital radius might be constant, a
substantial degree of variability in character of the trailing flux can alter
the radial location of the inner edge of the A ring. Also, the extent of flux
emission along the length of a vehicle can influence the width of the
Cassini division. These possibilities for differences explain the variability
in measurements by different observers over the years. Fairly narrow
tolerances, astronomically speaking, on the radius of the B-ring outer
edge and the A-ring inner edge have led observers to conclude that the
Cassini division is a true gap. That the Enke division is a true gap has
been doubted because of its apparent absence from time to time.
Actually, the Enke division is formed in the same manner as the Cassini
division and in this sense, the Enke gap is just as true a one as the Cassini
gap.
Plate 7 shows formation of the Enke division. In the plate, the A and B
rings as well as the Cassini division can be recognized. Once again, a
vehicle is found depositing an orbital trail. Efflux emanating primarily
from the radially outboard 2/3 of body length is responsible. Clearly,
were the vehicle located at a slightly shorter radius, the gap would be
lessened. Widths reported for the Enke division range from approxi-
20
 SATURN'S RINGS EXPLAINED

mately 200 to 320 km (125 to 200 mi). Nominally, this gap width is
equivalent to a variation in orbital radius of only about 1/4 of one
percent. The implication is that orbital radius of vehicle position is set
very precisely in order to have a gap produced. Inspection of the vehicle
reveals numerous jets issuing from many different positions around and
along the body. A fan of three jets appears to form the

Plate 7: Formation of the Enke division.

inboard part of the trailing efflux. Each jet appears to consist of a series
of bulbous swellings. Such swellings are indicative of the form of
electricially charged flows known as pinched plasmas. Length of the
vehicle appears to be about 10 times its diameter. A dark jet crossing the
body near the left end makes the vehicle appear as though there are two
sections aligned longitudinally. In reality, the vehicle is integrally one.
An attempt at sizing yields an apparent length of about 4700 km (2900
mi) and a diameter of 470 km (290 mi). Diameters of issuing jets are of
the order of 0.1 to 0.2 body diameter, or about 47 to 94 km (29 to 58 mi).
Numerous photographs have been examined with special attention
being given to the outermost region of Saturn's A ring. The search
produced another vehicle at the outer edge of the Enke gap. This second
vehicle, shown in Plate 8, substantiates the process by which the outer A
ring and the Enke division are formed. In the plate, the Cassini division,
the entire breadth of the A ring and the Enke division can be
21
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

discerned. The outer annulus of the A ring, defined by the Enke division
and the A-ring outer edge, again is found to consist of a trail deposited by
a slender vehicle. As before, efflux emitted from around and along the
body is the source of the trail. Were the same profuse efflux to occur
completely along the vehicle length, little separation

Plate 8: A second vehicle substantiates the process by which the outer A-ring and the Enke division
are formed.

would prevail between the new trail and the older, inner A-ring deposits.
Geometry of the trail and vehicle radial location produces an Enke
division whose centerline is located inboard from the A-ring outer edge
about 1/5 the A-ring width. Apparent fineness ratio of the vehicle is 13 to
1 as compared with 10 to 1 for the vehicle of Plate 7. Sizing yields a
length of about 5200 km (3200 mi) and a diameter of 400 km (250 mi).
While the two vehicles roughly are comparable in magnitude and quite
similar in certain respects, they also have differences. A notable
difference is that the instant vehicle seems to
22
 SATURN'S RINGS EXPLAINED

have a longitudinal exhaust whereas the previous one very definitely

does not. Differences in length and longitudinal body-flux distribution
lead to a difference in width of the Enke division. For the shorter vehicle,
Enke-division width is about one percent of the distance between the A-
ring inner and outer edges. For the longer vehicle, the Enke gap width is
about 6 percent of A-ring width. Nominal values reported are in the
range of 1 1/2 to 2 percent. A conclusion is reached that the A-ring outer
annulus can be constructed with vehicles having different lengths and
emission patterns. Therefore, the Enke gap can be located almost
anywhere, or not at all, within the A ring depending upon length and
positioning of the vehicles forming the inner and outer annuli. In view of
this possibility, the difficulty of early observers in pin-pointing a single
radial location for the Enke division is now readily understandable.
Inability to obtain unanimous opinion for ring thickness is also
explained.
Formation of the Cassini division might be expected to follow a
development pattern similar to the Enke division. Specifically, a vehicle
should exist which spaces the B ring inboard of the A-ring inner edge so
as to form the Cassini division. That this expectation is realistic can be
shown by Plate 9. In this plate, a partially developed ring system is
shown exhibiting a cylindrical vehicle positioned across the B ring. An
apparent included angle of about 30 degrees is formed by two

late 9: Partially developed ring system exhibiting a transversely positioned cylindrical vehicle i
the B-ring.
23
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN
imaginary lines having a point of intersection on the ring's outer edge.
One line is the vehicle longitudinal axis and the other, a line
perpendicular to the outer ring edge (i.e., a radial line) at the point of
intersection. Body angularity less than 90 degrees with respect to the
radial direction indicates that the vehicle occupies a slewed position
within the ring. A slewed position is consistent with that observed for
vehicles located in the inner and outer A-ring annuli.
In Plate 9, ends of the B-ring vehicle are labeled. At the left end, a
short length of axial exhaust is detectable. An implication is that
condensed and solidified exhaust products are the primary con-stituents
of the C ring. At the right end, the axial exhaust stream can be identified
passing through the A ring. Penetration of the stream through the A ring
vaporizes in-path material and renders the ring discontinuous. Also at the
left end, three bulbous jets of matter are ejected. Towards the right end,
three more bulbous jets emerge from a small common area. Quite likely
all the bulbous jets are pinched plasma formations inasmuch as the
presence of substantial heat in exhaust products is indicated. Emissions
at other body locations are identified in the plate. All the ejected matter,
except for the right-end bulbous jets, provides intimate substance and
texture to the B ring. The right-end jets rise above the vehicle, form an
arch and connect with the A ring. Apparent fineness ratio of the body is
in the neighborhood of

Plate 10: Emitting vehicle stationed outside the A-ring encompasses the F-ring location.
24
 SATURN'S RINGS EXPLAINED

13 to 1. Rough sizing places vehicle length at about 29,500 km (18,300

mi) and the diameter at 2250 km (1400 mi).
That vehicles do not confine themselves only to positions in the A and
B rings is illustrated by Plate 10. Shown in the plate outside the A ring is
an emitting slender body positioned near the F-ring location. Axial
exhaust appears to emanate from the body ends, locations of which are
identified. Issuing from topside at the right end of the vehicle is a long
streamer which extends leftward toward the A ring. This long streamer
and the axial emissions are primary contributors to a massive cloud
which forms in the vicinity of the vehicle. Secondary con-tributors are
jets discharging laterally (not labeled). Highest cloud density occurs
below the A ring near the right edge of the photograph. This occurrence
suggests a long axial exhaust emission which, owing to very elevated
temperature, requires a considerable distance before the constituents
reach the cloud-forming condensation point. Lowest cloud density
occurs below the body, attesting to the comparative minor nature of
lateral and downward emissions. Intermediate cloud density is displayed
between the trailing streamer and the A ring. In the vacuum of space
where the environmental pressure is practically zero, a cross-flow can
occur only because of an electrical pressure difference between two
points. An electrical pressure differential causes elec-tricity or electrons
to flow from the higher pressure to the lower one. These flowing
electrons necessarily must come from a highly ionized volume of matter,
an obvious source of which is the vehicle. This situation again points to
the reasonable presence of pinched plasma formations. Overall cloud
breadth is estimated to be of the order of 3 earth diameters. Apparent
fineness ratio of the vehicle is about 12 to 1.
In summary, the A and B rings are formed by slender mobile vehicles
trailing massive efflux. The Cassini division and the Enke gap within the
A ring are created simply by definite radial spacing of the respective
formative bodies. The C-ring and the F-ring formations apparently
depend upon the presence of a nearby vehicle. At birth, the A and B
rings appear to have electromagnetic properties. In view of the gener-
ating mechanism, heretofore confusing variations in observational results
now become explicable.

25
 CHAPTER 4

Electromagnetic Vehicles
Mobile capability and prevalence of slender vehicles introduce a
distinct possibility that similar units might exist beyond the F-ring
region. Further, presence of a vehicle is likely whenever rings appear.
Such likelihood is in consonance with the explanation for the A and
B rings. Specifically, a vehicle-ring coupling exists because exhaust
products and body efflux supply ring constituent material. This coupling
characteristic renders the expansive E ring, positioned roughly between 3
and 8 Saturn radii, a highly suspect candidate for additional activity.
Orbiting within this 5-radii wide annulus are Saturn moons, Mimas,
Enceladus, Tethys and Dione. Rhea orbits outside the E ring at 8.7 Saturn
radii. Conceivably, any of these moons might be shadowed by one or more
of the massive and powerful slender vehicles.
Fortuitously, Voyager 1 obtained a photograph of Saturn which
captured images of most of the aforementioned moons. This photo-
graph, presented as Plate 11, shows Saturn, five Saturnian moons and an
unexpected luminous image. Named clockwise starting at the upper
right, the moons are: Titan, Enceladus, Mimas, Rhea and Dione. The
luminous image lies between Dione and Rhea. Superficially, this image
would appear to be a moon-like object comparable in size to its adjacent
companions. Logically, a question arises as to the validity of this image.
Is the image an artifact of processing, or does it indeed represent the
image of a real object?
Indications are that the image is that of a real object. Mimas and
Enceladus are only about half the size of Dione and Rhea; yet these two
moons show clearly. This observation, in absence of any specifically
cited photographic malfunction, mitigates against a processing artifact.
Position identification of Titan, Mimas, Enceladus, Dione and Rhea is
consistent with later known positions of these moons. However, the
position of the luminous image between Dione and Rhea does not
coincide with the calculated location of Tethys, the only possible moon
candidate. Were Tethys in fact within the camera field-of-view, this
moon ought to be visible inasmuch as its size is comparable to Dione and
Rhea. Because Plate 11 is devoid of visual
26
 ELECTROMAGNETIC VEHICLES

Plate 11: Saturn, five Saturnian moons and an unexpected luminous image.

depth, graphic pictorialization is helpful to gain further understanding of

the luminous image.
By scaling Saturn and its rings in Plate 11, a facsimile can be
constructed in which clarifying detail of the ring plane can be provided.
Results are presented in Plate 12. This plate pictorializes the luminous
image in positional relationship to Saturn, the A, B and E rings, six near
moons and their orbital paths. Boundaries of Plate 11 are shown by
dashed lines. Calculations place Tethys about 2/10 the straight-line
distance between Dione and Rhea, and in an orbital path whose radius
definitely is shorter than that for the image. Discrepancies in both radial
and angular positions of Tethys with respect to the image would indicate
that the image indeed is not Tethys. Because Tethys and Dione are very
nearly equal in diameter (1050 and 1120 km respectively), a reason
should exist for obstruction of Tethys' appearance in Plate 11. Certainly,
this obstruction can not be caused by Tethys' two small companions
whose largest dimension is of the order of 35 km and which, moreover,
follow the same orbital path. Also, little likelihood exists of mistaking
the companions for the luminous image because of their exceedingly
small size. Conclusive insight regarding the true
27
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Plate 12: Pictorialization of luminous image in positional relationship to Saturn, the A, B and F.
rings, six near moons and their orbital paths.

nature of the image and surroundings rests finally on revelations of

micro-photographic details of the region enclosed by the dotted lines.
Note that the dotted-line enclosure excludes Dione and that it does
include the calculated position for Tethys. Also observe that Rhea is
included at the extreme left, just outside the E ring.
Micro-photographic details of the region shown in Plate 12 are
presented in Plate 13. This enlargement of the luminous image in Plate
11 reveals a nearby slender vehicle within the E ring. Were the picture
three dimensional, the body would be seen tilted out of the plane of the
paper at an angle of about 45 degrees. The one visible end of the body
and the exhaust therefrom are labeled in the picture. The other end lies
obscured behind a luminous jet which projects laterally leftward from
the body. Emissions issue in knotted rolls both above and below the
lateral jet. These rolls develop an expansive labyrinth giving the E ring a
cloudy appearance. The labyrinth below the lateral jet serves as a
connection to the image. A second connection is created by emissions
from the body. Specifically, below the forebody, this connection is
28
 ELECTROMAGNETIC VEHICLES

established through two nearly concentric toroids interconnected radially

with roll segments, like spokes of a wheel. One of these spokes connects
with the upper edge of the luminous image. This spoke, the two toroids,
and a central hub are identified in the plate. Presence of toroidal
formations is considered indicative that the emissions have
electromagnetic properties. The two different connections between the

Plate 13: Enlargement of luminous image revealing a nearby slender vehicle within the E-ring.

body and image become paths by which a potential difference, or

voltage, can be delivered remotely to a point in space. When the termini
of the paths are sufficiently close to permit current flow, a luminous arc
could be produced as suggested by the photograph. Were the current
path, perchance, to be through and around some intermediate object,
conceivably that object might become highly illuminated.
In view of the physical environment surrounding it, the luminous
image certainly cannot be a photographic artifact. This conclusion,
however, calls for a reason why Tethys is not apparent in the picture.
The reason is that proliferous efflux from the vehicle blocks Tethys from
view. However, whether the image in the plate is, or is not, Tethys really
need not be resolved conclusively. The important emerging fact is that
all moons in the E ring can, at some time, be within immediate range of a
vehicle capable of large-scale electromagnetic influences. Also,
consistent with findings concerning formation of Saturn's other rings, the
E ring is caused by a vehicle spewing matter.
29
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

For further examples which demonstrate the electromagnetic character

of slender vehicles, attention is invited to Saturn itself. Plates 2 and 3
illustrate that Saturn's outer atmosphere has distinct lati-tudinal
stratification extending from pole to pole. These strata can be viewed as
thick planar rings, of varying diameters, centered vertically atop one
another north to south. This multi-layer ring concept of the outer
atmosphere carries the idea that strata might be vehicle related. In this
context, presence of slender vehicles in Saturn's atmosphere would be a
reasonable expectation. Easy identification, however, is thwarted
because clouds (emissions) tend to obscure the sources being sought.
This difficulty, though, can be circumvented. Plate 14 presents a sector
of the southern hemisphere of Saturn showing cloud strata, a curious
luminous point, location of a lightning source and a slender vehicle. In
the plate, the luminous point occurs below a dark slender object, axially
aligned with an overhead latitudinal cloud stratum. This isolated body is
labeled a vehicle because it has an apparent fineness ratio of about 13 to
1, and also because it evidences emissions. At the horizon left of the
vehicle, a lightning source and a lightning location is indicated. The
source, a small "tick" protruding into space, can be discerned upon close

Plate 14: Sector of southern hemisphere of Saturn showing cloud strata, a luminous point, location
of a lightning source and a slender vehicle. (Non-optimum exposure for overall picture
favors the dark region at planet horizon).
30
 ELECTROMAGNETIC VEHICLES

scrutiny. Lightning streaming from the source is faint and hence difficult
to distinguish. However, the intent at this juncture merely is to call
attention to event locations. Imagery is clarified in the enlar-gements of
Plates 15 and 16 used for subsequent discussions.
Plate 15 presents an enlargement of the luminous point in Plate 14.
The purpose of the instant plate is to illustrate that the luminous point

Plate 15: Luminous point of Plate 14 essentially is an arc light whose apparent power source is a
remote vehicle capable of generating paths carrying electricity.

essentially is an arc light whose apparent power source is a remote

vehicle capable of generating paths carrying electricity. The vehicle
along with a couple of its emissions are identified in the upper left
corner of the picture. From the lower left end of the vehicle, a very long,
slender element projects from each side. This element, labeled a bi-
lateral projection, in turn issues other projections along itself. Several of
these secondary projections lead to the luminous point. Connected to the
point are a number of radial filaments which variously connect with the
projections. The result is that the luminous point becomes a center of
mis-matched electrical potentials; and illumination is generated in much
the same manner as for an arc light. Light diameter at the converging
intersection of electrical paths is estimated to be in the neighborhood of
45 to 50 km (28 to 31 mi). Distance from the originating source of
potential appears to be of the order of 500 km (310 mi). A characteristic
of arc light is high thermal
31
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN
temperature. Temperature of arc lights employing earth technology is
limited chiefly by the melting temperature of the electrodes (analogous
to filaments) which supply potential differential. For carbon elec-trodes,
this limit temperature is about 3700 degrees Celsius (6700 degrees
Fahrenheit). Even this modest temperature is adequate to melt most
solids indigenous to earth. The luminous-point filament elec-trodes, in
all probability, develop much higher temperatures. Because the isolated
luminous point of light implies a current flow, which in turn implies a
magnetic field, the conclusion is reached that the source vehicle and
surroundings are electromagnetic in character.
Plate 16 presents two lightning bolts in and above Saturn's cloud tops.
This photograph is an enlargement of Plate 14 in the area labeled
"lightning location" and "lightning source". To improve visual
orientation, the picture has been inverted so that dark space occurs in the
upper half of the frame and a small section of Saturn in the lower

Plate 16: Two lightning bolts appear in and above Saturn's cloud tops. Photograph is an
enlargement of Plate 14 in the area labeled "lightning location".
32
 ELECTROMAGNETIC VEHICLES

half. In the discussion of Plate 14, the terminology "tick" protuberance

has been used in referring to the lightning source. This plate reveals that
adjoining points (1) and (2) really constitute the "tick" pro-tuberance.
The lightning location is clarified in that a lightning bolt emanates from
point (1), and another is connected contiguously to point (2). Length of
the upper lightning bolt is estimated to be of the order of 400 km (250
mi). Length of the lower bolt is of the order of 350 km (220 mi), for a
total length of 750 km (470 mi). Bolt diameter is in the neighborhood of
10 to 12 km (6 to 7 mi). Power to energize this impressively long path to
luminous visibility can be traced to a cylindrical vehicle positioned
directly below the lower lightning bolt. Helpful clues regarding
vehicular presence are two "wishbone" shaped filaments, the spread
ends of which straddle the cylindrical body. Point
(2) locates the tip of the larger wishbone filament and point (3), the
smaller. Lateral spread in each of these filament pairs helps establish the
body breadth and also the orientation of the longitudinal axis, shown
added in the plate. One end of the body appears to lie to the left of the
lower lightning bolt about 3 bolt-widths away. Highlighting the left end
is a luminous "exhaust stack" having a rounded leading-edge profile
which presents an elliptical face. An elliptical end face is consistent with
an angular view of the longitudinal axis for a body having a circular
cross section. The right end of the vehicle is considered to lie centrally
beneath a U-shaped cloud bisected by a small roll cloud. Inferentially,
the bottom tip of the lower lightning bolt would appear to originate from
a port in the side of the vehicle. Upon port exit, ejecta rise up across the
body surface, then turn rightward to bridge points (3) and (2). Flow
continues into pivotal point (1). At (1), the lightning-bolt direction
changes abruptly to the left, traverses a sinuous path and then fades to
completion at point (4). Point (4) lies at a distant secondary projection
on the left arm of the bi-lateral projection. A simple explanation for the
progression and sustenance of the lightning bolt is that successively
smaller electrical potentials prevail sequentially along the course.
Progressively reduced potentials would cause ejecta originating from the
port to arc to points (3), (2), (1) and (4), respectively. These lightning
bolts have some resemblance to terrestrial lightning, but they are far
more immense in both length and breadth. This immenseness implies an
intense magnetic field having substantial far-reaching effect in terms of
reacting with other existing fields. Many strange shapes might occur
because of such interaction. A propulsive body capable of creating such
an environment, indeed, apprropriately is called an electromagnetic
vehicle.

33
 CHAPTER 5

A Massive Display of Power

Saturn investigations for years have portrayed the ring system as
comprised of primordial matter. The utter idea that the rings might be
quite young is uncomfortable to primordial advocates because a key
assumption is placed in jeopardy. Previous chapters have pictured
several different electromagnetic vehicles actually depositing the A and
B rings (Plates 5, 6 and 7). These fortuitous pictures say not only that the
ring material is quite new, but also that continuous regeneration can
occur. Conversely, ring extinction by vaporization is a realistic
possibility. Vaporization could result consequentially from the im-
mense, high-temperature luminous, mobile forms which can be
generated. Exemplary forms are a fire ball larger than earth's moon
(Plate 6) and a lightning stroke almost as long as the State of California
(Plate 16). Yet still, these displays of power are fairly modest.
One of the most massive displays of power is a large-scale disruption

Plate 17: A colorful, large-scale narrow-band disruption in Saturn's rings extending across the entire
ring system.
34
 A MASSIVE DISPLAY OF POWER

in Saturn's rings extending across the entire ring system. This

dramatically colorful display, presented in Plate 17, gives the rings an
appearance of being shifted rightward within a narrow band. A
discontinuity band, such as this, is rare in photographs of the A and B
rings. Hence the phenomenon likely is aperiodic and of fairly brief
duration - perhaps days, or even hours. In addition to the multi-colored
band, very narrow parallel markings can be seen extending chordwise
across the rings in several locations. Further, two luminous sources
appear in the right-hand sector of the rings. One is positioned in the
Cassini division above the discontinuity band, and the other is located
just below the band in the A ring. Noteworthy, too, is the completely
filled Cassini gap. Usually, this gap appears mostly as empty space. An
astounding 218,000 km (136,000 mi) is spanned by the colorful band,
roughly the equivalent of 17 earth diameters. Band width is in the
neighborhood of 3000 km (1850 mi), equivalent to about 3/4 the
distance across the continental United States. Contained within the
narrow rectangular area across the rings is an area of about 670 million
square kilometers (approximately 260 million square miles). Thus, the
affected region exceeds the total surface of the earth, which is about 510
million square kilometers (197 million square miles). Obviously, a
disturbance of such great magnitude requires immensely enormous
energy. Insight concerning the physical situation in and near the
discontinuity band is provided by subsequent plates presenting
enlargements embracing localities at points labeled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Presence of electromagnetic vehicles on the right side of the ring
system in Plate 17 is clued by two luminous sources. Plate 18 identifies
these sources and pinpoints vehicles contributing to the apparent ring
shift and to a filled Cassini gap. Involved are at least 5 vehicles,
locations of which are numbered (1) through (5). These are discussed in
numerical order.
Of the five vehicles just mentioned, the first is positioned in the outer
edge of the A ring. A substantial length of the visible body is subtended
between the dual pointers of label (1). Toward the end, a wishbone
filament can be identified straddling the body similar to those in Plate
16. Emissions from vehicle (1) feed the nearby luminous source.
Another vehicle, labeled (2), pokes its nose slightly up out of the Cassini
gap. Body ejecta and the luminous source hide all the body aft of the
nose and also fill the Cassini gap. Each side of the vehicle (2) ejects a
lateral emission, heretofore termed a bi-lateral projection in discussion of
Plates 15 and 16. This projection extends completely across the A and B
rings, a distance of the order of 42,000 km (26,000 mi). Below the bi-
lateral projection, a blue- colored niche exists on the
35
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

inner edge of the B ring. This angular niche is delineated by two skewed
linear elements. One element is a vehicle, labeled (3), positioned at the
upper left corner of the niche. The other element is a secondary
projection, A-B, originating at a distant vehicle labeled (4). Vehicle (4).
located in the A ring near the top edge of the picture, generates a
leftward lateral projection from which the secondary emerges near B.
The vehicle and the terminal end of the projection colorfully interact to
create the angular niche. The interaction creates the impression that the
B-ring inner edge locally is shifted toward the right.
Label (5) in Plate 18 directs attention to a cylindrical vehicle whose
nose is located in the Cassini gap. From above and below the nose, ejecta
form an occluded division between the A and B rings. Plate 19, an
enlarged view, reveals vehicle and ejecta detail and shows com-ponents
of the A-ring discontinuity, the apparent ring shift and a luminous
source. All these interconnected events are occasioned by the

Plate 18: Luminous sources provide clue to presence of electromagnetic vehicles as a causative
mechanism for a filled Cassini gap and an apparent ring shift.
36
 A MASSIVE DISPLAY OF POWER

Plate 19: Vehicle and ejecta in the Cassini gap in relation to an A-ring discontinuity, apparent ring
shift and a luminous source.

presence of an electromagnetic vehicle. A two-pointer label locates the

vehicle with respect to the B ring and the Cassini gap. Within the spread
of these pointers measured along the top element, about 2 body
diameters of length appear in dark color. About another body diameter of
length can be discerned covered with a mantle of cloudy efflux.
Vehicular angular position is such that efflux from the top and bottom of
the nose fills what normally would be the open Cassini division, or gap.
Axial exhaust, whose diameter measures about 1/2 that of the body, is
projected into the A ring and creates a blue area there. A rope-like
appendage, or tongue, is attached beneath the nose. Above the nose, a
stream of ejecta trails aftward and separates the A and B rings. This
streamer consists of 5 interconnected nodules*, labeled (1) through (5).
Each nodule grows a lateral trunk, the five
Nodular streams are characteristic of pinched-plasma flows and have electromagnetic
Properties.

37
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

being designated by letters (a) through (e) to match nodules (1) through
(5), respectively. Upper trunk (e) causes the discontinuity in texture of
the A ring. Trunks (c), (d) and (e) develop 3 colorful branches which
extend beyond the A ring and provide the appearance of a local ring
shift. Trunk (a) is connected directly to the luminous source. Branches of
trunks (c), (d) and (e) also are connected to the luminous source. Branch
connections are made by an intermediate straight-line element labeled a
transmission line. Between the end of the transmission line and trunk (a),
a luminous arc is drawn. This arc, or luminous source, is about the size
of earth's moon. Structural manipulation of the A ring and development
of such a large luminous source convey the sense of tremendous power
inherent in the vehicle.
On the left side of the ring system in Plate 17, there are no luminous
sources to signal the presence of electromagnetic vehicles. However,
findings from Plate 19 reveal that a completely filled Cassini gap is a
positive indicator. An enlarged view has been made of Plate 17 in the
vicinity of location-label (3). This view, introduced as Plate 20, shows
the apparent ring shift and band discontinuities in relation to two
electromagnetic vehicles in the Cassini gap. Picture orientation has been
rotated clockwise 90 degrees to facilitate feature recognition. One
vehicle is labeled (1), and the other (2). Each nose position is indicated
by a pointer. Both vehicles have substantial angle-of-attack with

Plate 20: Apparent ring shift and band discontinuity in relation to two electromagnetic vehicles i
the Cassini gap.

38
 A MASSIVE DISPLAY OF POWER

respect to the ring plane, perhaps as much as 30 degrees. Consequently,

the aft end of each is below the ring-plane surface and, therefore, not
identifiable directly. Unique emissions, or ejecta, along the body length
confirm vehicular presence in the Cassini division.
At the nose of vehicle (1) in Plate 20, a unilateral projection extends
leftward to demarcate the base of the niche in the A ring. About a body
diameter left of the nose, a perpendicular columnar jet rises and extends
to the edge of the A ring where it disappears. This jet is labeled a
secondary projection as it originates from a primary uni-lateral
projection. The two projections provide the horizontal and vertical
boundaries of the niche which, impressionistically, appears as a local
shift of the ring. Cassini-gap filler substances are produced for the most
part by various emissions along top elements of the vehicle body. Nose
ejecta also contribute. One of the sources of filler substances is a
hemispherical unit, or "turret" located about 2 body diameters aft of the
nose. Other sources are nodular streamers which are discharged directly
from the body surface. Two such streamers, a large and a small one, are
identified in the plate. The base of the larger one is positioned about 4
body diameters aft of the nose. The smaller one starts slightly aft of the
larger one. Contributing nose ejecta take the form of a knotty curvilinear
jet, or tongue, which protrudes from the bottom of the nose. A secondary
projection is emitted vertically downward from this tongue and causes
the right-hand discontinuity across the B ring.
Vehicle (2) in Plate 20 is similar physically to (1) in that a tongue, a
turret and nodular streamers appear in comparable locations. A uni-
lateral projection also occurs, except that it is further aft, originating at
the base of nodular streamers. Slightly outboard of the body, a
downward secondary projection develops from the uni-lateral pro-
jection to which other body side-emissions contribute. The two
downward secondaries supply the discontinuity boundaries of the
apparent band shift. Cross flow directly connects the secondaries above
the uni-lateral projection. Below, the uni-lateral projection itself
interacts with the two secondaries to create somewhat of a diagonal
flow. An additional element associated with vehicle (2) is a junction
located at the B-ring inner edge, functioning as a terminator for the uni-
lateral projection. Having planar sides, this junction is tremendously
interesting. Planar shapes can be constructed with electro-potential
fields, but only with appropriate field combinations. Hence, such
combinations are not likely to occur by chance. Infer-entially, applied
intelligence would seem to be required.
Examination of the discontinuity boundaries shown in Plate 20,
specifically at the B-ring inner edge, leads to further discoveries. These
39
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Plate 21: Braided strands, a braiding unit and cross flow between discontinuity boundaries at the B-
ring inner edge.

discoveries, presented in Plate 21, become evident upon enlarging the

region labeled (4) in Plate 17. Plate 21 reveals braided strands, a braiding
unit and cross flow between discontinuity-band boundaries. Creating
these discontinuity boundaries is the familiar pair of secondary
projections originating at an electromagnetic vehicle in the Cassini
division (Plate 20). The projections, labeled (1) and (2), have about equal
diameters and are spaced on centers about 6 diameters apart. Attached to
the side projection of (1) is a pair of tightly braided strands (a) and (b).
These strands are not connected to the side of projection (2) in the same
manner as for projection (1). Instead, a connection is made to a stubby
protuberance thereon. Distributed around the protuberance, or braiding
unit, are individually attached strands comprising braided strands (a) and
(b). While these separate strands appear quite narrow in the picture,
actual width is about 90 km (56 mi). Considering that the originating
source may be as much as 45,000 km (28,000 mi) distant, such flow is
quite remarkable. Issuing from the end of projection (1) are two
filaments (a) and (b). One, (a), is positioned near the upper part of the
terminal face; and the other, (b), is located centrally. End-flow filament
(b) forms an arch between projections (1) and (2). Cross flow between
the projections occurs because of a relative potential difference. Arching
is due to the potential causing reorientation of the initial flow direction.
40
 A MASSIVE DISPLAY OF POWER

Remaining to be examined is the central part of the ring system

designated as region (5) in Plate 17. This region, exhibited in Plate 22,
shows that B-ring emissions become C-ring constituents. In the plate,
secondary projections (1) and (2), and end-flow filaments (a) and (b) are
the same as previously identified in Plate 21. Similarly, the bi-lateral
projection is the same as identified in Plate 18. Confirming Plate

Plate 22: B-ring emissions become C-ring constituents.

21, end-flow filament (b) connects with secondary projection (2).

Filament (a) can be seen for the first time to extend about midway across
to the opposite B-ring edge. Near the mid point, M, the flow arches back
to a point, P, at the B-ring inner edge, analogous to the return of filament
(b) to projection (2). The re-entrant flow element from point M is
labeled filament (c). Emissions from filaments (a), (b), (c), the bi-lateral
projection and other points along the B-ring inner edge fill the entire
central ring system. Lying adjacently within the B ring the emissions
comprise the region commonly designated the C ring. However, no inner
edge exists to delineate a boundary between the C and D rings. For this
particular sighting, therefore, the D ring must be considered non-
existent. C and D rings have been observed in the past, and undoubtedly
will continue to be observed in the future. this plate indicates that their
occurrence is dependent upon electro-magnetic vehicles in the ring
system. Specifically, the rings are related to vehicle positioning and
degree of emission activity.
41
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Plates 17 through 22 demonstrate pointedly the massive power of

electromagnetic vehicles. That this power can produce significant effects
at extremely remote distances also is demonstrated. Addition-ally, two
luminous sources, each about the size of earth's moon dramatize an
apparently simple vehicular capability, albeit an awe-some power in the
accustomed framework of human beings. Align-ment and positioning of
vehicles on the left side of the ring system is found to be distinctly
different from that on the right side. Yet, the narrow discontinuity band
across the entire ring system is aligned quite in a straight line. Restated,
several independent events acting in concert are required to create the
linear, uniform-width discontinuity band across the tremendous span of
chordwise opposite rings. Ordinarily, only a single causative agent is
dominantly responsible for an event. Here, however, at least 7 powerful
agents of like kind are involved. In this situation, intelligent coordination
would appear to be a more reasonable presumption than a chance
occurrence of numerous simultaneous events. Even were the band
caused by a single exception-ally large unit, the discontinuity band can
be regarded as something of a big show. After all, the band is not at all a
prevalent feature of the Saturnian ring system. Indeed, attention paid
here may be the first directed specifically to this phenomenon. Viewed
then as a rare show of power, the uniquely colorful band probably holds
the distinction of having been constructed deliberately. This likelihood is
enhanced by the finding that the A and B rings, in fact, are constructed.
Formation of the cross-system band and generation of the A and B rings
both imply that indigenous to electromagnetic vehicles is a portentous
controlling power.

42
 CHAPTER 6

Luminoids
With the single exception of the F ring, each of Saturn's rings exhibits
great breadth. In comparison with the other rings, the F ring is but a
narrow trace. Uniquely circumscribing the A ring, this disparate ring
commands curious attention in terms of its properties and origin. Some
understanding of the F ring is afforded by the next four plates,
23 through 26. Introductory Plate 23 shows a non-uniformly lumin-
escent F ring in positional relation to A-ring components and
shepherding satellite. Specifically, the A-ring components are the inner
and outer Enke rings and the separating Enke gap. Separating the F ring
and the A-ring outer edge is a distance of about 3700 km (2300 mi),
labeled (d). Distance (d) is nearly the same as the width, (w), of the
outer-Enke A ring (3200 km or 2000 mi). In terms of earth traverses,
(d) and (w) are roughly the same distance as an airline flight between
Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles, California. Breadth of the F ring,
(e), is about 70 to 100 km (40 to 60 mi), or about 1/3 the Enke-gap
width. At the left, a shepherding satellite marks a segment, A, of the F

23: Non-uniformly luminescent F-ring in positional relation to A-ring components and a

shepherding satellite.
43
 (b) Region (2), plate 23
Plate 24: Segments of F-ring close-up showing that luminosity derives from emissively
active core material.
 LUMINOIDS

ring having pronounced luminosity. Around the ring to the right of A,

luminosity fades gradually until the ring is punctuated with a short,
bright, widened segment left of (1). Right of (1), a break in the ring
occurs at B. Following this break, a pattern of variable luminosity
continues along the ring to the right. Maximum brightness is achieved at
the segment labeled C, even though a shepherding satellite is not present
and the ring is discontinuous. Therefore, some sort of excitation
mechanism exists, other than shepherding satellites, to produce variable
luminosity along the F ring.
To learn about the origin of the F-ring luminosity, the regions labeled
(1) and (2) in Plate 23 have been examined. Plate 24 depicts segments of
the F ring close-up showing that luminosity derives from emissively
active core material. Part (a) presents a segment at region (1) and part
(b) shows a segment at region (2). At region (1), the finite segment has a
clumpy, but untwisted core. In contrast, the contin-uously tapered
segment at region (2) has a helical core as though composed of two or
more entwined strands. Both regions exhibit stubby, luminous emission
jets. Some of the emissions act collectively to produce areas of intense
brightness, or incandescence. Plates 24(a) and (b) disclose that the F ring
consists of a high-energy train of material, neither everywhere
continuous nor everywhere of uniform cross section. This type of
irregularly-shaped emissive material, for convenience, shall be referred
to subsequently as luminoids.
An external energy supply would seem to be required to sustain the
high level of luminous output of the luminoids. That at least part of this
energy might be supplied by the A ring is disclosed in Plate 25. Plate 25
presents the non-uniformly luminescent F ring of Plate 23 exposed to
reveal interconnections between the F ring and the A-ring outer edge.
While numerous inter-ring connections are present, two of the more
distinct ones are pointed out in a region along the A-ring outer edge
where filaments cross. Edge filaments are a product of various
electromagnetic vehicle outputs which, as already has been found,
extend throughout the ring system. Functional compatibility of the A
and F rings leads to a realization that the F ring is not an isolated entity.
Rather, the F ring is an integral formation in the overall ring system.
An F-ring photograph, printed popularly in publications to illus-trate
the phenomenon of braiding, supports the concept that the ring indeed is
vehicle related. Braiding being the extraordinary phen-omenon focused
upon, concern has not been directed heretofore toward possible
existence of other, importantly coupled information. A photograph of
this braided F ring, exposed to bring out latent
45
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Plate 25: Non-uniformly luminescent F-ring of Plate 23 exposed to reveal inter-connections between
the F-ring and A-ring outer edge.

background information, is introduced in Plate 26. Plate 26 shows a

braided F ring coupled together with a large object. That part of the
object which lies within the picture extends completely across the frame,
up to a height (x) from the bottom edge. A relatively light color, in
contrast to the upper background, delineates the area just described. That
the light area is in fact an object is assured by the presence of two
concentric circles whose center, (o), lies on strand (l). These circles are
indicative of a circulatory magnetic field around center (o). Addi-
tionally, surface patterns and shading suggest that the top horizontal
element lies farther away than the element along the bottom edge.
Further, strand (2), is straighter above the surface-departure point, (a),
than below it. The greater curvature of strand (2) between the point of
origin and departure point (b) suggests a rounded surface. If this rounded
surface is taken to be a circular profile, its radius would be about equal
to the distance labeled (x). Half-diameter (x) is about seven times greater
than the width, (w) of the F ring. When (w) is taken conservatively to be
about 100 km (60 mi), diameter of the object would be 1400 km (870
mi), very nearly half the diameter estimated for the vehicle of Plate 5.
Strand (3) in Plate 26, when traced toward the object, is found to
disappear behind (1) such that its surface departure-point occurs at
46
 LUMINOIDS

Plate 26: Photograph of braided F-ring exposed to reveal a large coupled object.

point (b). Foreground strand (1) departs at (c), essentially at center (o) of
the concentric circles. Spatial separation of the strand departure points
sets up the initial condition which leads to braiding. Once departed, the
strands tend to entwine owing to the inherent magnetic fields attendant
with constituent luminoidal emissions. At least for the one case of Plate
26, luminoid strands originate from a very large, quiescent object.
Knowledge of the specific luminoid source cannot be determined with a
high degree of resolution because of paucity of data. There are, however,
several highly suspect vehicle components quite capable of producing
the F-ring trail of luminoids. An obvious component is the nose section
of a vehicle when protruding sufficiently beyond the A ring. While the
nose section of a vehicle is somewhat more active compared with its rear
section, activity near the nose could be quite sufficient to generate
luminoids (Plates 7 and 8). Luminoids also might be generated from
vehicular axial exhaust products, separately or in conjunction with tip
matter from trailing body streamers. Moreover, this latter mechanism is
compatible with activity between the F ring and the A-ring outer edge
(Plate 25).
47
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

From the foregoing discussion, a tentative conclusion is drawn that

components of orbiting electromagnetic vehicles generate the F-ring trail
of luminoids. Because these vehicles can travel about and position
themselves, a further conclusion is drawn. Luminoids might be ex-pected
to be found elsewhere in the Saturnian satellite system, albeit not
necessarily active or in ring form.

48
 CHAPTER 7

Vehicle Recognition
Evidence is 100 percent positive that propulsive vehicles generate the
inner- and outer-Enke A rings of Saturn. Presence of these units is made
fortuitously clear in Plates 5 through 8. Ordinarily, emissions are so
profuse and chameleonic in character that recognition is rendered quite
difficult. Recognition also is hindered by different modes of vehicle
operation which produce strangely diverse appearances. In absolute size,
these mobile bodies are unearthly large. However, in terms of typical
Voyager photographic fields of view, frontal body images are close to
being imperceptibly small. Feature recognition, therefore, is in part a
developed skill of geometric perception in relation to surroundings.
Cognitive skill is deterred when one has never performed the exercise of
examining and correlating numerous photographs. Lest this deterrent
have caused difficulty in relating to reality of size, this chapter shall
approach earlier subject matter from a different viewpoint. Then,
consideration will be given to two close-ups of Saturn which will
provide information transitional to subsequent chapters.
Three distinctly different sizes of vehicle appear in Plates 5 through
9. The smallest generates the outer-Enke A ring and the next size larger
generates the inner-Enke A ring. During ring formation, hot axial
exhaust is directed into the Enke and Cassini gaps tending to clear them
of matter. The largest of the three vehicles is long enough to extend
almost across both the A and the B rings (Plate 9). Ratio of length to
diameter for all is in the neighborhood of 13 to 1. Given the premise that
the small and intermediate units together generate the A ring, a fair
inference is that a single larger vehicle similarly might generate the B
and C rings. A single vehicle is inferred because no gap exists between
the B and C rings. If these observations really are true, then it follows
that ring size must be a fairly good measure of vehicle size.
That, indeed, ring and vehicle size are related intimately is illustrated
by Plate 27. In the figure are shown three fineness-ratio 13 vehicles
having multiple unit sizes of 1, 2 and 4. These sizes closely satisfy the
Planar dimensional requirements for forming the A, B and C rings. In
49
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Plate 27: Three fineness-ratio 13 vehicles having multiple unit sizes of 1, 2 and 4 closely satisfy tin-
planar dimensional requirements for forming the A, B, C and D Saturnian rings. View is
perpendicular to the ring plane.
50
 VEHICLE RECOGNITION
the polar view shown in the figure, the bottom element of each vehicle is
a line, which, when extended, perpendicularly intersects an extended
Saturnian equatorial diameter. Intersections of these line pairs mark
points of tangency of the vehicle body-element lines (extended) with
respect to ring-gap boundaries. For example, the tangent point for
Vehicle I is at the Enke gap; for Vehicle II, it is at the Cassini gap; and
for Vehicle III, it is at the surface of Saturn.
Vehicle sizes I, II and III fairly accurately portray the vehicles to the
scale revealed by Plates 5 through 9. Vehicles I and II are seen in Plates
5 through 8 at about the same relative location with respect to the rings
as shown in figure 27. Vehicle III in Plate 9 assumes a position across
the A and B rings more like that depicted by the dashed lines in the
figure. When 12,669 km (7874 mi) is taken as the unit length, Vehicle II
is twice the size of I; and Vehicle III is twice the size of II. Vehicle
lengths in terms of Earth's equatorial diameter are 0.99, 1.99 and 3.97,
respectively. Even Vehicle I, the smallest, is large in that its length is
almost the same as Earth's diameter. Vehicle III is much more immense.
A circular disc having the same cross-sectional area as Vehicle III would
cover the United States coast-to-coast, and extend from the south-
western shore of Hudson Bay, Canada to Matzalan, Mexico.
Intermediate-size Vehicle II (1949 km diameter) has a frontal area which
compares favorably with the size of Saturnian satellite Iapetus(1460
km).
Other basic cognitive features concern the countenance presented by a
vehicle as it orbitally moves around Saturn. Plate 28 shows a simplified
electromagnetic vehicle in different attitude angles at two positions
during formation of the inner-Enke A ring. These two positions are
labeled (1) and (2).
In position (1), the vehicle presents side and bottom profiles in polar
and equatorial views, respectively. In the polar view shown, the vehicle
assumes a skew angle of 15 degrees. Vertex of this skew angle lies on
the bottom longitudinal body element at the furthermost point forward.
The skew angle is formed by two lines which pass through the vertex:
one line is the bottom element whose extension is tangent to the inner
adjacent ring and also perpendicular to a Saturn radius extended to the
point of tangency (dashed lines); the other line is tangent at the vertex to
the inner ring being formed as well as perpendicular to a Saturn radius
drawn to the vertex (solid lines). In effect, the initial angle at which a
leading-edge nose streamer trails back over the body of the orbiting
vehicle is equal to the skew angle. To maintain constant width of the
inner-Enke A ring, then, a vehicle must continue in orbit holding a
constant 15-degree skew angle. A larger skew angle implies a wider
51
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

ring. Thus, differing measurements by various observers for inner- and

outer-Enke A ring widths can be accounted for by variation in skew
angle by these ring-forming vehicles.
In position (2), the vehicle presents top and side profiles in the polar
and equatorial views, respectively. Again, the same 15-degree skew

Plate 28: A simplified electromagnetic vehicle in different attitude angles for two orbital positions
during formation of the inner-Enke A-ring.
52
 VEHICLE RECOGNITION

angle is shown as for position (1), but orientation of the streamers with
respect to the ring plane has been changed. Instead of the streamers
being placed in the ring plane when the vehicle is in an attitude of zero
degrees with respect to the ring plane, the streamers are now placed there
with a different body attitude. To attain this condition, the vehicle first
must be rolled clockwise 90 degrees. In this position, the streamers shoot
up and out of the ring plane. To get them back in, the tail end must be
lowered so that the body is inclined 15 degrees to the ring plane. When
this is done, streamers are made to flow into the ring plane.
Vehicle countenance in flight attitudes portrayed by positions (1) and
(2) poses different identity situations. For example in flight attitude (1), a
vehicle virtually would be unrecognizable when follow-ing in the dense
wake of another. However, when a new ring is being formed, in a polar-
oriented view the ring will assume a cut-off appearance commensurate
with the orbital skew angle. Thereby, identity readily is established. For
either of these two situations, Plate 28 illustrates that an equatorial view
alone will provide little cognitive assistance. In flight attitude (2),
vehicle presence is fairly easy to establish. The reason is that the nose
protrudes slightly beyond the location of the furthest-forward trailing
streamer. Though little of the body can be seen in a top view, a partial
revelation does not mean that the rest is not there. In the equatorial view
of Plate 28, a vehicle exhibits a large profile when in the attitude of
position (2). Therefore, one could think that detection might be easy.
Unfortunately, cloudiness from lateral body emissions tends to hide
everything. Nonetheless, mere identity of a single recurring feature, such
as the nose, may lead to observation of other new features and modes of
operation.
Possible new features and modes of operation are offered for
consideration in Plates 29 and 30. Both plates contain close-ups of
Saturn, and attract attention mainly because of their being dramatic-ally
colorful. Order in the color patterns prompts examination for potential
latent information.
In Plate 29, a dark-blue latitudinal stripe in Saturn's atmosphere
emanates from an object identifiable as a probable electromagnetic
vehicle component. Located at the upper left edge of the picture, this
object is found surrounded by an azure-blue glow. Emission character,
shape and positional attitude suggest the presence of an electro-magnetic
vehicle, only the extreme end of which is observable. Atop the object,
stubby emissions point outward at angles slightly different from one
another. These different pointing angles impute an underly-ing curved
surface. Surface curvature further is confirmed by a circular
53
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Plate 29: A dark blue latitudinal stripe in Saturn's atmosphere emanates from an object identifiable
as a probable electromagnetic vehicle component.

orifice which appears elliptical because of being viewed sideways as

well as frontally. Between the orifice and stubby emissions, a section
transitional to a larger body diameter is consistent with diverse emission
pointing angles. A small toroid located at the base of the exhaust orifice
attests to the electromagnetic character of the im-mediate locality. Below
the toroid and orifice, a hose-like appendage or tongue projects
longitudinally. Adjacent to the toroid, two arched azure-blue plumes are
emitted from the tongue surface. These plumes contribute to the regional
glow. Further down, plume generation becomes quite profuse and
enlarges the glow. At the edge of the azure-blue region, plumes can be
seen to braid and knit themselves into a tight mass. This mass, which
forms a long continuum of the tongue, appears as a stripe in Saturn's
outer atmosphere. The stripe is placed longitudinally whereas the body's
longitudinal axis is displaced considerably from the latitudinal. Attitude
adjustment to accom-modate placement of exiting matter is typical for
electromagnetic vehicles (Plates 18 and 28). Indications are that the
object pictured probably is the exposed nose of an electromagnetic
vehicle.
54
 VEHICLE RECOGNITION

A second close-up of Saturn containing surprisingly important

information is the frontispiece, reprinted as Plate 30. Plate 30 reveals
salient features of an operational electromagnetic vehicle. A com-ponent,
(1), is identifiable readily as the nose orifice. Extending from below the
orifice is a long, tightly twisted tongue, (2) The top longitudinal-profile
body element, (3), is perceptible for a short distance aft of the nose.
Location of the bottom longitudinal-profile body element is obscured
inasmuch as a solid band of under-body emissions, (4), exhausts where
this element otherwise would appear. The distance between these two
locations establishes an approximate body diameter, (5), and permits
estimation of trailing-end location.

1. Nose orifice 7. Body-attached streamers 13. Braided roll

2. Tongue 8. Bi-lateral projection 14. Outer streamers
3. Top body element 9. Branch streamers 15. Nodules
4. Underbody emissions 10. Annulus 16. Terminal emissions
5. Body diameter 11. Secondary streamers 17. Wake
6. Trailing end 12. Luminous sources

Plate 30: Salient features of an operational electromagnetic vehicle.

55
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

When a 13 to 1 fineness ratio is used for length estimation, the trailing-

end, (6), lies just beyond the furthest aft body-attached streamer, (7).
Back at the nose a bi-lateral projection, (8), can be identified extending
on each side. Branch streamers, (9), rise from this projection and flow
centrally to form a large overhead annulus, (10). Secondary streamers.
(11), flow into this annulus from in- and out-board of the body. Aft of
the annulus two luminous sources, (12), are sustained above the body.
These sources are components of a complicated network of filaments.
Starting at the cylindrical body, filaments rise upward and form a long
braided roll, (13). This roll, in turn, emits filaments which contribute to
the luminous sources. Filaments exiting from the sources complete an
electrical path upon termination at outer-boundary trailing streamers,
(14). The electromagnetic character of these phenomena is affirmed by
presence of nodules, (15), on streamers just aft of the annulus. These
nodules, being visual properties of pinched plasmas, are indicative of
electromagnetic interactions.
Determination of absolute size is precluded because of uncertainty in
reference-dimension accuracy. However, a body length equal to one
earth diameter can be assumed per findings of Plate 27. For this
situation, the annulus outside diameter is about equal to the diameter of
Earth's moon; and the luminous-source diameters are about 1/3 this size.
Length of body lateral projections appear to reach at least a body length,
if not farther. The projections in the picture extend outboard such that
their terminal emissions, (16), form a well-defined latitude boundary on
Saturn. Between the body and terminal emissions, body projections
leave wakes of matter, (17), along their entire lengths. Literally, rivers of
electrically charged matter flow from the entire body and affect vast
areas. By any worldly standard, this display of organized power is
profoundly awesome.
Plate 30 has afforded an opportunity to discuss properties of an
operational electromagnetic vehicle, but only generally. Now, the front-
end section will be addressed specifically to emphasize detail.
Accordingly, Plate 31 introduces a rendering of the front-end appearance
of the electromagnetic body pictured in Plate 30. In the order discussed,
the following are labeled for ready identification: (1) cylindrical body;
(2) axial exhaust; (3) bi-lateral projection; (4) under-body emissions; (5)
nose tongue; (6) nose trailing streamer; (7) branch trailing streamer; (8)
body trailing streamers; (9) nose peripheral emissions; and (10) streamer
collector.
A cylindrical body, (1), emits a faint axial exhaust flame, (2), of
probable extremely high temperature. Diameter of the exhaust orifice is
about 1/2 body diameter. Aft of the nose about a body-diameter
56
 VEHICLE RECOGNITION

1. Cylindrical body 6. Nose trailing streamers

2. Axial exhaust 7. Branch trailing streamer
3. Bi-lateral projection 8. Body trailing streamer
4. Underbody emissions 9. Nose peripheral emissions
5. Nose tongue 10. Streamer collector
Plate 31: Front-end appearance of an electromagnetic vehicle as rendered from Plate 30.

distant is located a bi-lateral projection, (3). This projection might be

likened to wings on an airplane. Below the projection is positioned a
lengthy bank of under-body emissions or flame jets, (4). In frontal view,
these jets would extend radially outward from beneath the body at a
probable angle of about 45 degrees. Immersed in, but extending out of,
the flame bank is a tightly entwined tongue, (5). The length of the
tongue is at least 2 body diameters and has capability within itself to
project emissions or plumes. Atop the body nose just aft of the axial
exhaust flame, a bulbar pinched streamer, (6), flows upward and aft.
57
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Other streamers, (7) and (8), also flow aft. Streamer (8) starts at the
body; but streamer (7) commences from a lateral projection. Streamer
(6) shows an ability to branch directly forward. At the nose ahead of the
foreground lateral projection, a small jet (9), is emitted which jumps or
"shorts" to the projection. This phenomenon illustrates the presence of
different electrical potential (voltage) levels and demon-strates the
mechanism that governs flow paths. Also in this same vicinity, numerous
small radial emissions occur around the exhaust cowl. The hub labeled
(10) acts as a collector to coalesce beginning streamers. Coalescence
forms an embryonic streamer which ultimately bursts forth.
In this chapter, cylindrical propulsive bodies of approximate fineness
ratio 13 have been pictured with lengths ranging from 1 to 4 earth
diameters. The bodies and lateral projections spew matter at elevated
temperature and high electrical potential in an orderly, understandable
manner. Because of the natural propensity for emis-sions to seek the
least path of resistance to attain a lower potential, all objects having a
lower relative potential are subject to electromagnetic inter-action in
some degree. How influential it is, of course, depends upon the distance
between the electromagnetic components and the object. Clearly, hot
parts of a vehicle could leave imprints on large solid objects, as though
branded. Saturn's rings exhibit some of the many residual forms which
ejected matter can take. Because of their mobility, vehicles can be
expected to appear almost anywhere. A signature of former presence
would be unique, solidified objects of appreciable size and differing
shapes. Ejecta of different colors equate to different substances, or
compounds. Interestingly, water in vapor, liquid or solid state most likely
is a major and prolific exhaust product. This assertion is based upon
indications that Saturn's great rings are composed of water ice. Vastness
of range in vehicular capability further is indicated by large-scale
formation and huge, sustentative luminous sources.

58
 PART III

OUTLYING BASTIONS
•
 CHAPTER 8

Dione Gives Up a Big Secret

Saturn has revealed itself as an inconspicuous habitat for ultra-
powerful machines. Machines always have a purpose. All require inputs.
Then by an intermediate process, all yield outputs. Outputs consist not
only of the intended products or services but also of refuse. As the
Saturnian ring system so well illustrates, refuse can be seen much more
readily than the producing sources. Dione also falls into this same
pattern.
On Dione, a luminescently active landscape can be identified. Plate 32
shows this topographical activity. Specifically, over about 250 km (150
mi) of its landscape near the horizon, Dione displays a narrow, hazy-
white elevated-surface band, (1), profusely emitting blue ejecta, (2). This
illuminated band appears to rise above the plain topography

1. Elevated-surface band 5. Large lumps

2. Blue ejecta 6. Penumbra
3. Cylindrical shapes 7. Umbra
4. Angular shapes 8. Colored illumination

Plate 32: Luminescently active landscape on Dione.

61
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

in the foreground by nominally 7 km (4 1/2 mi). One part of the band

consists of shapes approximating cylinders, (3), staggered in position
abreast and crosswise of one another. Another part contains angular
shapes, (4). Foreground topography appears to consist of the same
substance as the elevated band. However, emissions are not so
pronounced; and the surface presents softer contours as though large
lumps, (5), had fused together while in a malleable state. Beyond the
penumbra,* (6), well into the umbra, (7), where a solid shadow should
occur, a spot of multi-colored illumination, (8), appears. In this
completely shadowed region, the wall side of any crater is too low to
intercept sunlight and cause reflection. Inferentially, the active
topographical area stretches afar. A conservative estimate is 73,000
square kilometers (28,000 sq mi). In comparison, terrestrial topo-
graphical coverage of naturally illuminated areas is miniscule. Further,
the diameter of Dione is only about 1/11 that of earth. Clearly, the
luminescent phenomenon on Dione has no earthly counterpart.
Subsequent considerations substantiate this observation.
To investigate landscape detail, a microphotograph has been made of
Dione's narrow-band illuminated topography. This photograph, Plate 33,
discloses numerous emissions emanating from many

1. Tree emission 4. Lifting emission

2. Re-entrant emission 5. Floating body
3. Toroid
Plate 33: Dione's narrow-band illuminated topography showing various types of emissions.
*A region partially illuminated by the sun.
62
 DIONE GIVES UP A BIG SECRET

irregularly-shaped surfaces. These emitting surfaces are similar to those

characterizing matter in the F ring. This occurrence is puzzling in that
Dione presents mostly a starkly barren face packed with craters. Then, in
sharp contrast, active material resembling an F-ring section appears on
its periphery. Were this active material of volcanic origin, each emission
would assume a parabolic trajectory as spewed matter gravitated toward
Dione's surface. However, terrestrially familiar trajectory profiles do not
occur. Instead, most emissions are like trees,
(1), in that they simply terminate at some height above the surface.
Others labeled re-entrant emissions, (2), connect with nearby objects. A
few uniquely distinguish themselves by forming classical electro-
dynamic toroids, (3). Still others act as lifting emissions, (4), to support
an otherwise floating body, (5). Because of similarity with the F ring,
Dione's elevated electromagnetic band raises doubt as to its being
indigenous. Earlier considerations have indicated that the F ring results
from products discharged by electromagnetic vehicles. Hence, there is
rationale for suspecting that the active material on Dione is not
indigenous. Conceivably, appropriately positioned vehicles may deposit
the material. Further inquiry into this ambiguity is focused upon
peripheral space adjacent to the circumferential surface of Dione. First,
the narrow-band topography is probed for additional informa-tion. Then,
a critical look is taken of a hemispherical sector of Dione which
encompasses the same topography.
Presented in Plate 34 is Dione's narrow-band illuminated top-ography
evidencing widespread emissive ectivity. This plate encom-passes
exactly the same field of view as preceding Plate 33. However, a longer
exposure time has caused new images to emerge. Unfortunately,
previously well-defined areas have turned white and lost detail from
over exposure. Despite this difficulty, the floating body, (1), (labeled
(5) in Plate 33), remains identifiable. Above (1) is positioned a
truncated pyramidal superstructure, (2) on the side of which a toroid,
(3), is attached. An electro-filament, (4), extends from the side and
reaches upward into space. Across the dark space to the left a cylindrical
body, (5), having a ratio of span to diameter of about 8, is
asymmetrically disposed about a circular object, (6). Another toroid,
(7), is located just to the right of the circular object. These identifica-
tions raise a question of what lies hidden farther above the surface of
Dione. Faint light markings, (8), indicate that other activity indeed does
exist at a considerable distance away. Remote activity is in-congruous
with the concept that Dione's illumination is indigenous. Suspicion is
aroused that energy may be flowing into Dione inasmuch as the satellite
can be regarded as being at low, or ground electrical
63
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

1. Floating body 5. Cylindrical body

2. Superstructure 6. Circular object
3. Toroid 7. Toroid
4. Electro-filament 8. Light marking
Plate 34: Dione's narrow-band illuminated topography evidencing widespread emissive activity.

potential. Nearby presence of an electromagnetic vehicle could supply

the required energy. Evidence supporting this notion would be expected
to embrace a large surface area. After all, vehicles have size superiority,
and their ultra-high-energy projections span long distances.

Scant perspective of Dione's illuminated topography is provided by

the micro-photographs of Plates 32 through 34. This constraint compels
scrutiny of the macro-photograph which yielded the three micro-photos.
Plate 35 presents macro-views of Dione showing curvi-linear surface
markings and duality in hemispherical lighting. Part (a) provides
photographic identifications and part (b), pictorial inter-pretation aids.
Some of the craters on Dione have been assigned names. Those to
which reference will be made are, in part (a): (1) Aeneas; (2) Dido; (3)
Romulus; (4) Remus; (5) Magus; and (6) Latigus. In the upper quadrant
at the periphery, numerous rays curve inland from the moon's edge.
These rays, numbered (7) through (11), comparatively are lighter in
color than the surface. Blue emissions, (12), are the same ones presented
in Plate 33. More blue emissions, (13), serve to unite these rays
conceptually as a family.
64
 (a) Photographic identifications

(b) Pictorial interpretation aids

Aeneas; 2, Dido; 3, Romulus; 4, Remus; 5, Magus; 6, Latigus; 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, Surface rays;
12 and 13, Blue emissions.
Plate 35: Macro-views of Dione showing curvi-linear surface markings and duality in surface
lighting.
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Part (b) illustrates sun-ray orientation which causes the observed

penumbra in part (a). In the sun-lit hemisphere, however, all shadows
cast by terrain elevations are not aligned directionally with sun rays.
Consistency in directional alignment should prevail when the sun is the
only external source of light. In particular, craters (1) through (6) contain
shadow orientations inconsistent with sun-ray direction. Dashed lines are
drawn in the direction opposite the shadows to diagram probable
spurious light paths. Intersection of line pairs suggests the possibility of
nearby secondary light sources, (a), (b) and
(c). Extrapolation of curved surface rays (7) through (11), indicated by
solid lines, produces a companion common point, (d). These results tend
to indicate that some sort of elongated source of light is positioned
abreast of Dione.
To reveal details of the suspect region of Plate 35(b), resort has been
made to a composite photograph. Its purpose is to capture all available
surrounding spatial detail while preserving Dione's topographical clarity.
This macro-scopic composite,* Plate 36, shows Dione amidst an
impinging electromagnetic flow field. Readily identifiable is a
luminescent filament pair, (1). These filaments generate a thick
orthogonal filament, (2), which extends past Dione on the right. A
central filament, (3), passes between filament pair (1) and Dione,
continues around Dione and at (4), makes a Y- connection. Filaments (1)
and (3) issue from a source at (5).
Highest electrical potentials, of course, exist at the source of
filamentary emission. Diminution in potential occurs along filaments as
distance from source increases. Inasmuch as Dione is at or near ground
potential, cross-flow currents can be expected between filaments and
surface. Locations having shortest electrical paths are where the cross-
flow phenomenon most readily can occur. Specifically, two such places
at the horizon are the equatorial and south-polar regions. Cross-flow
paths, (6), indeed are found near the equator. Other cross-flow paths, (7),
also occur in the south-polar region. In between, surface markings are
interpreted as extensions, (8), of cross-flow paths.
Above the surface of Dione on the left (north), a large opaque toroid,
(9), claims filament (3) as its central axis. Unfortunately, this toroid
partially obscures source detail. Appearances are that the source, (10),
has an elliptical profile within which filaments issue from
*For the composite, a detailed image of Dione has been superimposed on an overall (macro-
scopic) view exposed extensively to enhance background. Extensive exposure whitens and slightly
enlarges the image of Dione. Upon over-laying the clear image on the white one, a narrow whiter
border appears circumferentially.
66
 DIONE GIVES UP A BIG SECRET

1. Filament pair 7. Polar cross-flow

2. Orthogonal filament 8. Cross-flow extensions
3. Central filament 9. Opaque toroid
4. Y-Connection 10. Filament source
5. Filament source 11. Toroidal filaments
6. Equatorial cross-flow

Plate 36: Macro-scopic composite view showing Dione amidst an impinging electromagnetic flow
field.

a turbulent surface. Small-diameter filaments from the source feed the

toroid. Toroidal filaments, (11), in turn impinge upon the surface of
Dione. Noticeably greater surface illumination in the northern quadrant
compared with the southern quadrant may be attributable to this ring.
Indications are that widespread surface modification is being
experienced by Dione.
Presence of a nearby electromagnetic vehicle satisfactorily can
explain Dione's observed situation. Specifically, an appropriately
positioned vehicle has capability to encompass Dione with an electro-
potential (electromagnetic) field. Numerous body lateral projections and
branches are available to sustain this encompassing field as Plate 30 so
aptly shows. Matter spewed by these components is available for
deposit. Indeed, Dione has given up a big secret. That mobile bodies of
high electrical potential can entrap and disfigure celestial bodies has
implications of unforeseeable magnitude.

67
 CHAPTER 9

Iapetus Mystery Unraveled

Thirteen A-ring diameters distant from the center of Saturn pinpoints
the orbital radius of Iapetus. Discovered by Cassini in 1671 Iapetus has
been enigmatic from the very beginning of its recorded history. During
the two years following discovery, Cassini found Iapetus to be invisible
for months at a time. His observations indicated that the satellite would
appear only in some parts of its orbit, and not at all in others. He
concluded that, during the moon's passage around Saturn, various
exposed faces exhibited considerably different reflec-tivities. Cassini
held to his position for about 30 years when, to his dismay, he found
Iapetus visible within a "forbidden" region. About a century later, Sir
William Herschel took the view that the discoverer's original position
was the only one possible. However, Cassini's skepticism is meritorious
in light of more recent data. American Professor Edward E. Barnard, in
1889, reported sudden disappear-ances of Iapetus while engaging in ring
translucency observations. Further, in 1913, Harvard advocated more
study of Iapetus because some observations had revealed sudden and
large, irregular brightness fluctuations. Attempts to explain Iapetus must
contend with these horns of an historical dilemma.
Plate 37 shows Iapetus exhibiting dichotomous facial topography
adjacent to an active zone populated with circular and elongated light
sources. Topography of Iapetus poses a scientific puzzlement in that two
abruptly different surface compositions exist side by side. Water ice is
thought to compose the light region, (1). The dark region, (2), is
postulated to be a reddish-brown carbonaceous material akin to asphalt.
Ice and asphaltic material indeed do have widely different surface
reflectivities. With constant reflectivities, Iapetus could appear
consistently visible in certain orbital sectors and invisible in others, as
Cassini first surmised. However, Harvard's data indicate that surface
reflectivity definitely does not remain constant. To the contrary,
reflectivity is unpredictably quite variable. Identification of a suitable
mechanism to explain any variability is a confounding problem.
Volcanic action is rendered quite improbable inasmuch as a gradual
admixture transition, (3), exists between the light and dark regions.
68
 IAPETUS MYSTERY UNRAVELED

1. Iceous region 5. Isolated light source

2. Asphaltic region 6. Quiescent zone
3. Transition region 7. Active zone
4. Light sources

P
late 37: Iapetus exhibiting dichotomous facial topography adjacent an active zone populated
elongated light sources.
with circular and

Characteristically, volcanic flows have sharply cut-off edges. On the

other hand, identification of an external mechanism for depositing
dichotomous substances is equally perplexing. Topography created by
meteor impacts is not an adequate model because there are no radial
rays emanating from circular areas which might be interpreted as
craters. Clearly, some new mechanism is called for.
In addition to the dichotomous surface of Iapetus in Plate 37, there are
also intriguing nearby light sources, (4). Circular and elongated, these
sources are numerous; and their zonal distribution is biased. Except for a
single source, (5), none lies within a quiescent zone, (6), formed by
extending boundaries of the obtuse dark region, (2). Light sources being
nearly exclusively confined to one active zone, (7), indicate a possible
correlation with the iceous and asphaltic regions. This situation might be
likened to Dione in that electromagnetic light
69
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

1. Cylindrical body 7. Quiescent zone

2. Nose end 8. Underbody emissions
3. Tongue 9. Radial links
4. Isolated light source 10. Roll filaments
5. Large light sources 11. Roll filament source
6. Active zone
Plate 38: Composite photograph of Iapetus showing illumination by, and a peripheral
linking to, an electromagnetic vehicle.

sources can selectively brighten particular topographical regions,

per Plate 36.
As with Dione, enhancement of peripheral space around Iapetus is
necessary in order to disclose what comprises the environs. Again,
superimposed images are employed to capture available spatial detail
while preserving topographical clarity. Results are exhibited in Plate
38. This composite* photograph records Iapetus illuminated by, and
peripherally linked to, an electromagnetic vehicle. Its cylindrical body,
(1), is positioned horizontally across the top of the picture. Body
*For reasons already noted with respect to Dione in Plate 36, a white edging appears
circumferentially around Iapetus.
70
 IAPETUS MYSTERY UNRAVELED

diameter is estimated at 1000 km (620 mi). Illumination in the upper left

corner reveals the nose end, (2). Protruding below the nose is a long
tongue, (3), which extends past Iapetus along the left picture border.
Except for isolated source (4), all the large light sources, (5), are
included within the heretofore defined active zone, (6). The quiescent
zone, (7), shows signs of activity, but of a different nature.
In Plate 38 profuse underbody emissions, (8), extend aft of the tongue
a distance of at least 2 body diameters. Underbody emissions and the
nose tongue are positioned essentially at right angles to one another. In
effect, these two active components frame Iapetus into a corner. This
corner-framing effect creates topographically an ap-proximate three-
quarter hemispherical sector of exceptional bright-ness. Shielded from
tongue and underbody-emission radiation, the remaining sector is darker
and appropriately shaped to reflect the corner framing. At the periphery
of the white three-quarter region on Iapetus, tongue and underbody
emissions form radial links, (9). At the periphery of the dark sector, the
surface pattern extends into space. Inspection of the sectoral periphery
reveals roll filaments, (10), which connect with an adjacent slender-body
filament source, (11). Radial links and contrasting sectoral topography
are a manifestation of vehicle activity. With an electromagnetic vehicle
operating on Iapetus, Cassini's and Harvard's exceptional observations
are quite under-standable.
Iapetus has a diameter of about 1460 km (900 mi). Envelopment of
such a large body by electromagnetic-vehicle emissions and appen-
dages has ramifications of extreme importance. To augment illus-trative
detail, a montage* of localized micro-photographs has been assembled
covering the entire photograph of Plate 37. This photo-graphic endeavor
is exhibited in Plate 39. The montage shows Iapetus subjected to an
electro-potential field created by an electro-magnetic vehicle. Six items
appearing in Plate 38 are re-identified for orientation purposes: (1)
cylindrical body; (2) nose end; (3) tongue; (4) underbody emissions; (5)
roll filaments; and (6) roll-filament source. Additional items identified
subsequently serve to identify formation of an electro-Potential (current-
voltage) field.
Commencing at the side of the cylindrical body a projection, (7) is
evident along the right side of the picture. Sprouting from this body
projection is a long branch, (8), which connects with the tongue near the
lower left corner of the montage. A sub-branch, (9), turns out to be the
roll-filament source, (6), previously identified. Though of smaller
* Use of a montage enables exposure time to be adjusted locally for the negative density of the
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

1. Cylindrical body
7. Body projection
2. Nose end
8. Branch projection
3. Tongue
9. Sub-branch projection
4. Underbody emissions
10. Streamlines
5. Roll filaments
11. Current lines
6. Roll-filament source
12. Singular point

Plate 39: Micro-photographic montage showing Iapetus subjected to an electro-potential field created by an
electromagnetic vehicle.
 breadth, another manifestation of branches from the body projection are
streamlines labeled (10). A streamline possesses the same electrical
potential along its entire length; and various streamlines have different
levels of potential. Current flowing from one potential level to another
takes the shortest route. The result is that current lines, (11), arrange
72
 IAPETUS MYSTERY UNRAVELED

(a) Current paths (b) Streamlines

1. Sphere profile 4. Stagnation streamline

2. High-voltage source 5. Up-stream singularity
3. Low-voltage source 6. Down-stream singularity

Plate 40: Electro-potential flow field for a conducting sphere located between bi-level voltage
sources.

themselves perpendicularly to equal potential lines. One streamline

terminates at the surface of Iapetus. At this termination point, a localized
flow stoppage occurs and energy is released. Singular point, (12), is
such a point wherein flow around Iapetus experiences adjustment
electrically as well as physically. Heretofore, this singu-larity point has
been identified in Plates 37 and 38 as an isolated light source.
Uniqueness of this particular source is attributable to its special relation
to the electro-potential field around Iapetus. Other light sources are
vehicle related and identify localized regions at which voltage
adjustments are occurring.
A model approximating an electro-potential field around Iapetus can be
calculated from equations governing ideal fluid flow past a sphere. These
equations are also the same ones which describe an analogous electrical
flow field around a sphere. Plate 40 pictorializes an ideal electro-potential
flow field for a conducting sphere located
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

between bi-level voltage sources. Part (a) depicts the current paths and
part (b), the streamlines or equi-potential* lines as they are sometimes
called.
In Plate 40, a cross-section of a conducting sphere, (1), is located
between a high-voltage source, (2), and a low-voltage source, (3). In part
(a), electrical current travels from the high-voltage source (top) to the
low-voltage source (bottom). In traveling from high to low potential, the
obstructing sphere induces the current paths to bend Some current paths
pass through the sphere as indicated by dashed lines. Those paths which
enter and exit do so perpendicularly to the circular profile. In part (b),
streamlines are shown moving from right to left. Curvature of the
streamlines is such as to accommodate the circular profile and the
straight-line sources (2) and (3). The stagnation streamline, (4), on the
axis of symmetry terminates at the circular profile. This terminal locates
the up-stream singularity point, (5), also known as a stagnation point.
Another singularity point, (6), exists on the down-stream side for the
ideal-flow condition assumed. In high-velocity real flow, though,
turbulence prevails on the down-stream side preventing formation of
coherent streamlines and a second stagnation point.
Electrical-current paths and equi-potential paths exist concurrently
and occur orthogonally. That is, the two types of paths simultaneously
occur mutually perpendicular to one another. Plate 41 illustrates a
network of current and equi-potential paths calculated for ideal flow in
front of a sphere. Flow proceeds toward the sphere, (1), from the right as
indicated by the direction of the equi-potential paths, (2). All potential
paths pass by the sphere. The streamline on the axis of symmetry, (3),
becomes the sphere boundary commencing at the stagnation or
singularity point, (4). In contrast, only those current paths, (5) forward of
the stagnation point pass by the sphere. All other current paths, (6),
immediately downstream of the stagnation point enter the sphere
radially. Intersections of current and equi-potential paths form a network
of distorted squares and rectangles. A small, unique stagnation region,
(7), is formed forward of the stagnation point. This region is bounded by
the sphere, two streamlines astride the axis of symmetry, and two current
paths. One current path is aft of the stagnation point and enters the
sphere. The other is forward of this singularity point and does not enter
the sphere. Within the region there is a concentration of energy
corresponding in location to the isolated light source labeled (4) in Plate
38. Further, the network of distorted
*Equi-potential is a short form of the words "equal potential" and means that a sing streamline
is at the same potential along its entire length.
74
 IAPETUS MYSTERY UNRAVELED

1. Sphere profile 5. Non-entering current paths

2. Equi-potential paths 6. Entering current paths
3. Axis of symmetry 7. Stagnation region
4. Stagnation point

Plate 41: Network of electrical current and equi-potential paths calculated for a sphere in ideal flow.

rectangles and squares resembles analogously located actual ones

displayed by Iapetus in Plates 38 and 39.
Additional information can be deduced about Iapetus. Plate 42
illustrates Iapetus constrained by the forward electro-potential field of
an electromagnetic vehicle as rendered from Plates 38 and 39.
Constraint physically is quite real in that substantial forces are present in
the field. For example, streamline flow, (1) from the right forces
75
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

1. Streamline flow 3. Vehicle body

2. Tongue 4. Underbody emissions

Plate 42: Illustration of Iapetus constrained by the electro-potential field of an electro-magnetic

vehicle as rendered from Plates 38 and 39.

Iapetus toward the left (white arrow); but tongue, (2), prevents lateral
movement (black arrow). In the vertical direction, Iapetus is pushed
away from the vehicle body, (3), by underbody emissions, (4), (black
arrow). This push is balanced by an opposing force generated by the
asymmetrical flow (white arrow). Balanced forces maintain Iapetus at a
steady position relative to the vehicle. However, were forces
unbalanced, the satellite would drift into a different orbit. Though
orbital-path changes have not been cited over long-term observations of
Iapetus, a vehicle mechanism for moving the satellite nevertheless does
exist.
Exposure of Iapetus to the electro-potential field illustrated by Plate
42 will leave divers surface scars when the field disappears. The tongue,
for example, will leave a long, broad depression with spidery edges.
76
 IAPETUS MYSTERY UNRAVELED

Turbulent flow and electrolytic* action over the surface will produce
deposits, the composition of which derives from emitted vehicle
products. Most pre-existing topographical prominences within the flow
will undergo severe erosion. Depending upon circumstances,
prominences might assume streamlined shapes from coherent flow or
peculiar forms due to turbulence. Electrical-current entry and exit areas
will be marked by craters whose interiors are pitted from stray
subordinate fingers of current. Dominantly, however, prolonged
application of heat from the tongue and underbody emissions will, in
time, melt the surface. Evidence of current-formed craters and other
formations will be erased and, in turn, the surface will be left smooth.
Observers of Iapetus have wondered how the iceous region, being
shadowed from the sun, can be so intensely bright. They have wondered
how the iceous surface can change so abruptly into a radically different
asphaltic composition. They have wondered about unexpected flashes of
light, large variations in surface reflectivity and sudden disappearances
from view. The mystery is resolved completely and satisfactorily by the
nearby presence of an active electromagnetic vehicle.
*Chemical decomposition by the action of electric current.

77
 PART IV

GLIMPSE OF A BIGGER PICTURE

 CHAPTER 10

The Lunar Connection

Dione and Iapetus both have been subjected to the burning fury of
visitation from an electromagnetic vehicle. Each has experienced
topographical structuring caused by various emissions which these high-
potential units possess. In the case of Iapetus, structuring can be deduced
to be much more than a surface phenomenon. In being subjected to the
observed electro-potential field, electrical currents enter Iapetus,
converge within the interior, then exit. Surface-distributed entry currents
combine to reach a large magnitude near the center. Consequently, a
situation is established wherein considerable heating of the core occurs,
perhaps to the extent of producing a molten constituency.
Simultaneously, a situation also is created whereby ex-traneous material
is shedded at the surface as current shafts enter the satellite. This latter
situation is supported by photographic observa-tions of dark material on
the periphery of Iapetus where current paths have been found to enter.
Besides deposits, visitations are evidenced by a wide assortment of
surface scars. Most familiar are craters of widely ranging diameters.
Other scars are in the form of rills, ridges and thermo-set areas having
surfaces of indistinct features. Dione exhibits mostly distinct craters, rills
and ridges whereas Iapetus displays a dimpled surface with indistinct
features. Differences can be attributed to the particular vehicle
component creating the scar and the amount of attendant heating. For a
given electromagnetic vehicle, the maximum diameter for a round scar
(e.g., a crater) would be a size approximating vehicle body diameter.
Because these spacecraft have long-range cruise capability, any solar-
system body becomes a suspect candidate for having experienced
visitations.
A generalized scientific concept must fit circumstances other than the
particulars from which it derives. Additional situations involving Saturn
and environs act mainly to augment particulars. Moreover, available
topographical imagery is rather sketchy and too wanting in overall detail
for demonstrating application using other Saturnian satellites. Earth's
moon, on the other hand, enjoys the most complete and highly detailed
mapping of all the celestial bodies. Furthermore,
81
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

remote independency exists with respect to the Saturnian complex

Consequently, earth's moon makes an ideal candidate with which to test
the concept of vehicle-created surface scars.
Of all the lunar scars, those of Mare Orientale or Eastern Sea rank
among the most spectacular and noteworthy. This lunar feature is not
familiar to most earth inhabitants because of its unfavorable location

1. Visibility limit 4. Center pit

2. Outer ridge 5. Glazed surface
3. Inner ridge 6. Radial markings

Plate 43: Mare Orientale as portrayed on an official NASA moon globe.

82
 THE LUNAR CONNECTION

for viewing. Specifically, Mare Orientale sits astride the western limit of
moon visibility from earth, with only eastern ridges of its huge basin
barely exposed to sight. Compound surface scars can be compre-hended
best by viewing them in global perspective. As an aid, Plate 43 presents
Mare Orientale as portrayed on an official moon globe.* The central
region consists of two concentric, near-circular ridges stretch-ing bi-
laterally across the western visibility limit, (1). The outer ridge,
(2), has a diameter of about 965 km (600 mi); and the inner ridge, (3),
has a diameter of about 550 km (340 mi). These ridges surround a center
pit, (4), whose breadth is of the order of 240 km (150 mi). Photographic
mosaics of the area reveal that this pit is a deep hole, and not a smooth
continuum of a broad basin. The floor of the hole is reported to contain
patches of dark basaltic material. Additionally, the mosaics show a
glazed surface, (5), around the eastern periphery. Radially disposed
markings of rills and ridges, (6), occur on the northern and southern
sides. In the north and south, these radial markings are found within an
included angle of about 100 degrees. In the east and west though, radial
markings definitely are absent within the remaining angular area.
Instead, different markings prevail. Incomplete radial symmetry negates
meteor impact in that a hit should produce full-circle radial splash
marks.
Surface scars and markings on celestial bodies long have been used as
indicators of earlier events. Typically, craters have been cited as
evidence that meteors, or showers of meteors, have impacted in
prehistoric times. Thus, scars and markings are, in themselves,
informational data; and interpretation of their geometry and contents has
become acceptable practice. Now, let us examine Mare Orientale
without preconceived notions regarding its formation, and permit the
configuration to speak for itself.
Plate 44 presents a configuration interpretation of lunar markings at
Mare Orientale utilizing an official NASA moon globe. In the plate,
region (1) delineates the central hole, and circles (2) and (3) the inner
and outer ridges, respectively. Rook Mountains is the name which has
been given to the inner ridge and Cordillera Mountains, to the outer
ridge. Line (4) circumscribes the southernmost exhibit of radial
markings. This exhibit is separated by a serpentine strip, (5) which
terminates at the south pole about 1600 km (1000 mi) distant. Another
interpretation in pattern occurs at the southern extremity of the
Cordillera Mountains. There, a short section of mountain range
Manufactured by the Geographical Globe Division of Meredith Corporation, Chicago, Illinois,
this globe simulates lunar topography as depicted by photography from various NASA circumlunar
missions.

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1. Central hole 6. Oblate ellipse

2. Inner ridge 7. Pinched flow
3. Outer ridge 8. Eastern ear
4. Southern radials 9. Western ear
5. Serpentine strip 10. Secondary marking

Plate 44: Configuration interpretation of lunar markings at Mare Orientale utilizing an official
NASA moon globe.

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 THE LUNAR CONNECTION

deviates significantly from a circular contour. Accordingly, the outer-

ridge circle can be described as having a "trough" in it due to this
deviation. An "inverted trough" is formed above by small rills and ridges
between the inner and outer ridges. The resulting enclosure, which
approximates an oblate ellipse, (6), encompasses surface which is
relatively smooth compared with surface outside the oblate en-closure.
Due north of the outer ridge, a bulbar band of terrain, (7), is outlined
longitudinally by two undulating lines. Terrain between these two lines
exhibits surface features which change rather abruptly across the
boundaries. For example, there are radial markings terminating just
inside the boundary line on the right; on the left, there is a smooth
rippled surface changing to a pitted one; and in the middle, there are
numerous closely-packed and overlapped craters. This localized
admixture of non-homogeneous surfaces suggests that simultaneous
events of common origin are needed to produce the topography shown.
A physical mechanism which could create the bulbar-shaped region
portrayed in Plate 44 is an overlying impinging high-temperature
pinched-plasma flow. Centrally within band boundaries, closely-packed
and overlapped craters would be formed by electrical-current arcs which
jump repeatedly from the pinched-plasma flow to ground (i.e., to the
surface). That the central region should be most cratered is consistent
with this area being the shortest electrical route between the impinging
flow and the surface. Adjacent to the eastern and western sides of the
outer ridge, the terrain displays a knurled character and includes some
small rills and ridges. Propitious location of this latter terrain with
relation to the Mare basin "facial" outline suggests the terminology
"eastern ear", (8), and "western ear" (9). Unenclosed markings, (10),
consisting of rills, ridges, rivulets and small craters in tandem, radiate
outward and upward from these ears. All patterns heretofore described
reasonably are interpretable as being family-related with respect to the
Mare central hole and basin.
Collectively viewed in perspective, composite diagnostic markings of
the Mare Orientale moonscape pictorially describe an elementary frontal
image of an electromagnetic vehicle. Reality of the extraordin-arily
broad Mare Orientale vehicle-caused imprint can be compre-hended with
visual assistance from a combination model of moon and vehicle.
Plate 45 shows a model electromagnetic vehicle and a NASA official
moon globe co-scaled and positioned to illustrate formation of Mare
Orientale as developed pictorially in Plate 44. The nose end of the
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1. Central hole 6. Oblate ellipse

2. Inner ridge 7. Bulbar region
3. Outer ridge 8. Western ear
4. Southern radials 9. Secondary markings
5. Serpentine strip

Plate 45: An electromagnetic vehicle and a NASA moon globe co-scaled and positioned to illustrate
formation of Mare Orientaie.

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 THE LUNAR CONNECTION

vehicle model appears at the right positioned to have center-to-center

alignment with the Mare Orientale hole and basin. Body diameter, to the
scale of the lunar globe, is 965 km (600 mi). This small-scale model is a
highly simplified replica of the vehicle identified near Iapetus in Plate
38. Component-item details have been sculptured to simulate those
suggested by imagery of Plates 30 and 38. Direct correspondence
between specific lunar-surface areas and particular vehicle compon-ents
becomes apparent when the two bodies are co-aligned as shown. Table II
correlates individual Mare Orientale surface-area elements, pictorialized
and delineated in Plate 44, with their respective formative vehicle
components.

TABLE II
Correlation of Specific Mare Orientale Lunar-Surface Areas with
Formative Components of an Electro-magnetic Vehicle as Depicted by
180 mi/inch Scale Models
Item Mare Orientale Formative
No. Area Element Vehicle Component
1 Central hole Axial-exhaust flame core
2 Inner ridge Axial-exhaust outside diameter
3 Outer ridge Body diameter
4 Southern radials Underbody emissions
5 Serpentine strip Tongue
6 Oblate ellipse Nose peripheral plasma
7 Bulbar region Pinched-plasma nose streamer
8 Western ear Nose peripheral plasma
9 Secondary markings Body side emissions

In addition to the preceding 9 major items of matching surface and

body configuration, some minor items also fall into place. For example,
random crater formations within any lunar surface-area element can arise
from spurious electrical currents which arc from vehicle to surface. Also,
numerous tiny craters can be pierced by branches from constituent
strands comprising larger currents. Patches of "foreign" material can be
deposited in various topographical patterns by electro-chemical
processes due to presence of an electro-potential field. Further, intense
heat from the axial-exhaust core can explain an apparent glazed surface
which surrounds the central hole. Thus, wide-scope consistency prevails
concerning formative character-istics of Mare Orientale. Broad
consistency, such as found here, usually is a mark of correct analysis.
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Ancient lunar presence of an electromagnetic vehicle at Marie

Orientale can resolve other perplexities concerning the moon. One of
these perplexities is that a significant magnetic field, according to
evidence, must have existed on the moon about 3 to 4 billion years ago
Interestingly, the age of Mare Orientale independently has been pegged
at about 3 to 4 billion years. Discovery that the unorthodox sectorial
illumination of Iapetus is attributable directly to the presence of an
encompassing electro-potential field leads to a tentative conclusion about
the long-extinct lunar magnetic field. Specifically, the con-clusion is
reached that the moon has, at some time, experienced the same treatment
as Iapetus. According to Plates 44 and 45, an identifiable time at which
the moon has undergone magnetizing influences is from an
electromagnetic vehicle while forming Mare Orientale. Co-supportive
ages of Mare Orientale and ancient lunar magnetism inferentially age-
dates the mechanism responsible. Specifi-cally, the conclusion can be
drawn that electromagnetic vehicles themselves have been around for a
long time - at least 3 to 4 billion years.
That electromagnetic vehicles are connected anciently to lunar
formations distinctly opens a strong possibility of a past intimacy with
earth. Implications to this effect already have been signaled by terrestrial
rocks which date back to about the same birth date as Mare Orientale. A
lunar connection with electromagnetic vehicles neither abrogates nor
conflicts with data obtained from moon-orbiter mis-sions and landing
excursions. This integral posture is much more substantial than concepts
which explain prehistoric data only for narrow circumstances.

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 CHAPTER 11

A Perspective
Existence of extraterrestrial space vehicles of enormous size and
power is a fact, the significance of which is difficult to grasp, let alone
assess. Departing now from the tedious fact-development process, this
chapter stands back and takes a philosophical look at findings.
In the foreground is an immediate question, "Are there extra-
terrestrial beings?" A short answer is, "Probably". All photograph
negatives examined by the author have revealed no direct evidence of
beings. However, a strong implication that extraterrestrials do exist
arises from electromagnetic vehicles being positionable. A source of
intelligence is required to accomplish stability and control for position-
ing. This observation is a fall out from noting that the inner and outer
diameters of Saturn's A, B, and C rings have remained substantially, but
not identically, the same over a period of years. From a design
viewpoint, electromagnetic vehicles represent ultra-superlative
achievements in nuclear physics, aeronautics, astronautics,
magnetohydrodynamics and engineering. Inferentially, such attain-
ments only could be achieved by a long-term, goal-oriented, non-self-
destructing society.
Electromagnetic vehicles possess obvious devastational capabilities
which might evoke fear and anxiety in some people. These discomfort-
ing emotions can be alleviated upon realization that these powerful
vehicles have been around for many, many centuries; and the human
race still continues. In terms of a clear and present danger, man-made
nuclear bombs pose more of an immediate large- scale threat to human
life. In contrast, an apparent long-term commitment by electro-magnetic
vehicles to the continuance of the human life chain is comforting.
To anticipate, though, a perpetually unmarred status quo in the
character of our earthly habitat is really an unreasonable expectation. To
illustrate, a sudden change in the surface of the Earth occurred 30 June
1908. On this day, a violent thunderous explosion rocked an area near
Tunguska in Central Siberia, USSR. Twelve hundred square miles
became devastated. Small villages and wildlife disappeared during this
blast. A large forest was flattened. According to eye-witness
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 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

accounts, a flaming cylindrical object was sighted in the vicinity just

prior to the explosion. After years of intensive study and scientific
research, a firm conclusion has been drawn that the devastation had been
caused by an aerial nuclear explosion. Supporting this conclusion is the
Hiroshima nuclear-bomb destruction which produced a surface-
devastation pattern similar to that recorded at Tunguska. Some scientists
go farther with an assertion that the devastation had been caused by an
extraterrestrial spaceship which exploded. After all nuclear bombs had
not been invented at the time of the 1908 explosion; and furthermore,
they submit, there were eyewitnesses.
The Tunguska story affirms the existence of cylindrical vehicles and
their nuclear character. This affirmation is quite important in that science
now harbors bona fide repeat observations of these ultra-high-energy
units in the solar system. A concentrated presence of them appears at
Saturn, thereby introducing the interesting speculation that the planet
serves as an operational base.
Ultra-superlative intellect is implied by the existence of these highly
sophisticated electromagnetic vehicles. Not only do these units demon-
strate mastery of nuclear power and massive electro-potential force
fields, but also they show an ability to modify extensive surface areas of
large celestial bodies. Indeed, a realistic possibility is raised that good-
sized celestial bodies can be moved about. These capabilities clearly
place the human race at a comparative disadvantage. To cite a practical
example, the Tunguska explosion demonstrates that an electromagnetic
vehicle, should it elect to strike a densely populated area, could inflict
massive human termination. While wide-spread catastrophic destruction
in the past may have occurred, such as that which wiped out the
dinosaurs, presently a compassionate policy of forbearance seems to be
in effect.
Forbearance of catastrophic destruction does not imply forbearance of
lesser destruction. That is, narrowly spread destruction might be
occurring continually. Several possibilities present themselves. Quite
conceivably, electromagnetic vehicles could be generators of tornadoes
and hurricanes. In certain instances, inexplicable, sudden, intense fires
also might be attributable to these space-craft. A likely simple example
is transformer fires at the top of power poles. A much more subtle
possibility might be electromagnetic alteration of human body tissues
inasmuch as electrical fields attendant with vehicles can extend over
thousands of miles. Of these possibilities, weather is the easiest with
which to relate.
With the advent of television, various components of weather have
become common knowledge. For example, continental high- and low-
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 A PERSPECTIVE

temperature distributions, hot- and cold-air masses or fronts, barometric

pressure variations, and dynamic cloud formations have become
terminology familiar to most newscast viewers. Wind, rain, snow,
humidity, lightning and thunder showers are explained using the
aforesaid terminology. Weather terminology permits dialogue con-
cerning what is transpiring, but it does not get to the root of weather
inception. Were weather inception understood, weather would be
predictable. As is well known, weather is not predictable. Despite all the
technical dissertations and theories over the years, inception of Earth
weather remains a mystery.
At least part of Earth's weather no longer is a mystery. A new weather
component termed "dry lightning" has crept quietly into weather
descriptions. Prior to invention of this term, lightning had been
associated only with the presence of cloud formations. This situation has
changed. Lightning is being reported in clear blue sky absolutely devoid
of clouds. Thus, lightning in waterless sky is called dry lightning.
Categorically, illuminated electrical currents around Iapetus qualify as
dry lightning in that these currents occur in absence of water clouds.
Saturnian lightning shown in Plate 16 also qualifies. Interestingly,
electrical currents of Iapetus and Saturnian lightning bolts are generated
by electromagnetic vehicles. These findings support a proposition that
dry lightning in Earth's atmosphere is a proximity indicator of one or
more of these powerful bodies.
Electromagnetic vehicles might be viewed as superimposing their
weather-making influences upon Earth's inherent weather compon-ents
or alternatively, as weather instigators. Both concepts are regarded as
posing no conflict with weather-model efforts. Rather, knowledge of
vehicle presence can aid modeling efforts. For example, a reason
becomes available for adding or subtracting energy in order to secure a
global heat balance. Measured shrinking of the Antarctic ice cap is a
case in point. Heretofore, a heat source has not been available to account
for known melting. Long-term addition of heat by vehicular sources
opens new avenues for modeling weather and global heat balance.
On each extremity of Saturn's rings, cylindrical bodies have been
photographed spewing emissions. These emissions assume com-plicated
patterns while contributing compositional material for the rings. A time-
varying appearance of Saturn's disc is a natural consequence of this
process. The B ring and inner- and outer-A rings are separate entities
because different vehicles fabricate these rings, intervening spaces, such
as the Cassini and Enke divisions, are safety-
buffer regions to preclude vehicle collisions. Therefore, nothing needs
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 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

to "scoop out" these divisions in order to create open space. Indeed the
Cassini and Enke gaps may contain something or nothing at all
depending on whether emissions are permitted to intrude.
A number of vehicles have been identified within Saturn's ring disc In
a sense, Saturn's disc can be considered a huge, polluted parking lot or
rendezvous, for extraterrestrial spacecraft. Density and thickness of this
pollution can vary considerably according to the number of craft present,
their positioning and modes of operation. Presence of electromagnetic
vehicles near other planets is intimated by a finding of rings, the
signature left by exhaust and emission products persisting in orbit. These
sophisticated pollutants trigger a realization that man-made products and
processes may not be the sole cause of Earth's dirty atmosphere. For
example, electromagnetic vehicles might provide a partial answer
regarding why acid rain sometimes occurs in regions having no
terrestrial acid-rain-making capabilities. Quite possibly, a challenging
new era may lie ahead concerning governmental man-agement efforts to
maintain environmentally clean air.
During the flyby of Saturn and its moons, Voyager 1 observed 15
satellites. Except for one, Titan, these satellites have been identified as
being covered with water ice, either wholly or partially. Water ice even
is postulated to be a major constituent of Saturn's rings. Such
extraordinary prevalence of common ice is quite significant. Icy Iapetus
is a case in point, as positive identification has been made of a
cylindrical vehicle positioned nearby. This situation justifies an assertion
that the icy surface may be a result of water having been generated by an
electromagnetic vehicle and shaped later in a frozen state by directed
heat applications. Ice-skate-rink smoothness could be attained by heat
application from suitable body components such as axial exhaust flame.
Icy constituency of Saturn's satellites possibly indicates that Earth
obtained its polar ice caps by extraterrestrial means.
Some scientists claim that Earth is progressing into another ice age.
Others note definite increases in global mean sea level and receding
glaciers and claim a significant warming trend which has caused massive
discharge of melted polar ice. In observing these global changes, a
reduction in Earth's rotational velocity also has been detected. Only
three-fourths of this reduction in angular velocity can be accounted for.
It is conceivable that the other one-fourth might be accounted for by a
cylindrical vehicle flying within Earth's magnetic field. Such flight
would give rise to electromagnetic drag operating on the craft. Then, in
accordance with the Newtonian principle that for every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction, a drag on Earth's
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 A PERSPECTIVE

rotation is imputed. Once again, a new variable exists which possibly

might fill a gap in scientific thought.
Electromagnetic vehicles represent extreme, ultra-high technology.
Earth has nothing remotely comparable with which to compete. So far,
development of a competing technology is not an obviously compelling
need. What is compelling, however, is the need for a much deeper and
broader understanding. To illustrate, on 22 September 1979 a U.S.
satellite recorded a bright flash aloft between South Africa and
Antarctica. After prolonged analysis of the data, federal laboratories
concluded that the satellite saw a nuclear blast. During the study, the
high-level White House blue-ribbon analysis committee ultimately
became divided into believers and non-believers. Believers think that
data from the event match known signatures of nuclear blasts. Non-
believers think that some natural event induced the satellite to make an
erroneous report. Both groups can be correct when the blast is attributed
to action by an electromagnetic vehicle. A potentially grave hazard is
posed. Specifically, an international nuclear exchange inadvertently
could be triggered by nuclear events originated by an extraterrestrial
third party. Electromagnetic vehicles will hold the balance of power for
centuries to come. Lest extraterrestrial interlopers unsuspectingly induce
nuclear warfare, a unified world should be a matter for serious
consideration. Moreover, catastrophic extinction of the human race is a
realistic threat which needs to be addressed.
Researchers have established that Earth has experienced catas-trophic
large-scale life extinctions about every 26 million years. One of these
extinctions, that of dinosaurs, is theorized to have been caused by impact
of a huge meteor striking Earth. Other possibilities are a comet or an
electromagnetic vehicle. Had Comet 1979 XI, de-tected by U.S. Navy
satellite F-78-1, hit Earth instead of the sun on 30 August 1979, a
catastrophic extinction no doubt would have occurred. Close inspection
of the before-collision photographs suggests a long body having
emissions closely resembling those pictured in Plates 7 and 8!
Comets actually may be directed electromagnetic vehicles traveling at
high speed. This assertion is supported by a satellite picture of Comet
IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983). One equilibration is that the nucleus of this
comet can be construed to have a fineness ratio of about 12 to 13.
Another equilibration is that the nucleus possesses features similar to the
body shown in Plate 6. To wit, part of the slender-body nucleus is
intensely white, and the remainder a darker color. Moreover, other
comets, specifically Kohoutek (1973-74) and Bennett (1970) can be
interpreted as an electromagnetic vehicle projecting a fire-ball ahead
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 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

of the body. As has been shown, electromagnetic vehicles have fire-ball

generating capability. These bodies most certainly are suitable
mechanisms for causing catastrophic extinctions, with an attendant
possibility that their missions are controlled. Collisions may not be a
necessary condition for catastrophe; a near-miss might well be sufficient.
Planetary rings are an indicator of past, or current, presence of
electromagnetic vehicles. Jupiter and Uranus both are known to have
rings. The sun has been discovered to have a ring of globular matter
surrounding it. Our own asteroid belt is a ring. Even a ring around the
solar system is believed to exist. Discovery of others practically is a
certainty. For example, no surprise should occur if planetary nebula
NGC 6781 were found to emanate from, and be a property of, a superbly
large electromagnetic vehicle. This concept poses no conflict with the
notion that the nebula ring results from radial expansion of matter from a
central source.
Jupiter, Uranus and NGC 6781 are far away. Therefore, one might
submit that events at such remote places have no importance to human
beings. Maybe. Though also far away, activity at the sun more readily is
acceptable as a concern. An example might be that some solar flares are
highly correlatable with anomolous terrestrial weather. Generally, any
major interference with solar functioning, such as by object 1979 XI,
operates temporarily to alter Earth weather. These occasions are marked
on the sun by abnormal electrical-field patterns which interact with those
of Earth. Anomolous sun activity, by triggering weather changes, in turn
can occasion severe down-stream socio-economic impacts.
Electromagnetic vehicles also may operate quite remotely from the sun,
yet directly exert significant physical effects on Earth. Severe
thunderstorms, tornadoes, flooding, droughts and certain types of fires
all might be symptomatic. Even less obvious might be subtle effects
exerted on the human body by innocent exposure to focused electro-
potential fields.
Photographic data recorded impersonally by satellite stand on their
own without having to doubt a human photographer. No need exists for
a protective requirement that several independent cameras witness the
same thing as a condition precedent to credibility. For a sighting of an
unidentified flying object, an analyst may require three or more
observers of the same object as a condition precedent to credibility-
Information output, though small and tending toward high quality, still is
inadequate compared with hard data provided by remotely procured
photographs. Unidentified flying objects (UFO's) being on a soft data
base incomparable with a hard base for the electromagnetic
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vehicles (E.M.V.'s) reported herein, they necessarily must be, and are,
excluded from discussion.
As a practical matter, technical discussion of UFO's virtually is never
possible even with absolutely valid information. The fact is that there
are, and there always will be, UFO's. The reason simply is that
substantially all witnesses are equipped inadequately to describe or
interpret what they see in terms of a physical discipline. Consequences
of this limitation can be illustrated by an hypothetical early 1940's
scenario. In this scenario, a German pilot and an American pilot are
flying adversarial combat missions against one another. Piloting the first
operational jet-powered airplane, the German forces the American into
escape maneuvers. Fortuitously returning from the engagement, the
American reports to headquarters that he had encountered a UFO. He
substantiates his position by stating that the high-speed object matches
nothing he had been briefed on or taught to recognize. His account
documents that the object had no propellers. He notes that engine-driven
propellers are the only known method for sustaining aerial flight. The
point is that insufficient information is available to the pilot for resolving
identity. In contrast, identity of the propeller-less object quite likely
would have been resolved as a jet-powered airplane had the encounter
been experienced and reported by Sir Frank Whittle. Sir Frank is the
Englishman knighted in 1948 for his invention of the jet engine.
That identification and resolution capability lags behind developed
knowledge is exemplified by the first-jet-airplane scenario. This lag is
substantiated by the 1908 Tunguska, Siberia explosion. Terrible
destruction of the land, extraordinary human-tissue burns and wide-
spread obliteration of wild life could not be explained at first.
Knowledge gained years later from the 1945 Hiroshima explosion shed
light on a myriad of puzzlements. Similarity of topographical destruc-
tion in the two events clinches conviction that the Tunguska blast came
from a nuclear explosion aloft. Terrestrial nuclear-explosion knowledge,
coming as it did 37 years later, inescapably pinpoints the source to one
of extraterrestrial origin.
Though the Tunguska analysis is substantial and thorough some
scientists, without cause, choose not to recognize the conclusions. By
doing so, in effect they position themselves to promulgate their own
party line. Substituting for years of painstaking investigation, an
unsubstantiated allegation is made that the Tunguska event results from
impact of a huge meteor. A meteor impact simply does not fit all known
facts sufficiently well to render the allegation credible. This incongruent
situation serves to focus attention on a possible need to
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 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

interrogate vigorously perpetuated explanations for certain aspects of the

solar system and the universe. Repetitious publication tends to cause
unqualified explanations to become accepted without challenge The role
of science, starting with Copernicus and Galileo, has been to ascertain
physical truth. This long-standing scientific approach should continue to
be pursued. Pursuance of the approach may lead to devaluation of
personal property, such as that represented by publica-tions; but
unfortunately, such abrogation is a hazard of the scientific process of
correcting and updating understanding.
M ore aeronautical history of the 1940's will serve to illustrate some
lessons pertinent to advancing state-of-the-art in astronomy and
aerospace science.
A theory exists which says that a physical body can never reach the
speed of light because an infinite force is required. The same theoretical
argument was made for airplanes relative to the speed of sound in the
1940's. Aerodynamic theory holds that for a finite wing inclined in an
airstream, lift and drag approach infinity near the speed of sound. With
drag infinitely large, "breaking-the-sound-barrier" theoretically is
impossible because, again, an infinite force is required.
Despite a theoretical limit on the speed of flight in air, Frank Whittle
believed that were sufficient finite force applied to an object, it would
move faster than the speed of sound. Application of Sir Frank Whittle's
jet engine to airplanes confirmed this belief. The same contention that
Sir Frank made for exceeding the speed of sound also can be made for
exceeding the speed of light. After all, the basic electromagnetic
equations are identical to the aerodynamic equations, except for
magnitude of the constants of proportionality. In this context, the speed
of light simply is a reference speed analogous to, and greater in
magnitude than, the speed of sound. Speed of light is very close to six
orders of magnitude greater than the speed of sound under standard
atmospheric conditions.
Considering the evidenced ultra-high nuclear technology, flight
speeds for E.M.V.'s greater than the speed of light technically is a
realistic expectation. Successful operational achievement is keyed
fundamentally to development of a low-weight engine in relation to the
propulsive force delivered. This development is exactly the same one Sir
Frank Whittle attained on behalf of supersonic flight. With supersonic
flight as a comparable historical precedent, superlumenal flight
definitely should be regarded as being within the domain of reality.
Potential reality of superlumenal flight permits ideas to be con-sidered
which heretofore have been excluded. For example, the
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universe is believed to contain much more mass than can be accounted

for visually. A simple explanation might be that the "missing" mass has
superlumenal speed and, therefore, cannot be seen. The situation can be
considered analogous to an observer being unable to hear a supersonic
airplane approaching. In this aerodynamic analogy, a mass indeed is
present; but in terms of a sonic reference, the mass is "missing".
Presence of electromagnetic vehicles in the solar system introduces
likelihood for analogous similarities in the universe. When an enlight-
ened attitude is taken toward E.M.V.'s advancement of not only the
Sciences but also the Arts and Humanities appears to be filled with new
excitement.

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 PART V

SYNTHESIS
 CHAPTER 12

The Status
Frontiers of knowledge are endless. While knowledge has carried the
world far in generally favorable directions, only a short segment of the
exciting frontiers has been explored. Electromagnetic vehicles, because
of their huge size and powerful electrical capabilities, are in a far-out
class of their own. Consequently, they must be regarded as an ultra-force
which transcends race, creed, color, national boundaries and forms of
government. Implicitly, Earth is granted conditions for sustenance of life
by the grace of an identifiable superior power. Conversely, this same
power has definite capability to reduce Earth suddenly to a barren waste
land like the moon.
An emotion frequently expressed by astronauts on returning to Earth is
a feeling that Earth is a very special place. Yet there are those who are
willing to risk terminating Earth's special processes - processes which
have taken billions of years to attain. The trend is dangerous and
foolhardy.
Already an extraterrestrial nuclear explosion aloft has been demon-
strated at Tunguska USSR, and perhaps again in 1979 near South Africa
and Antarctica. That electromagnetic vehicles are real and awesome can
be attested to by the author from a sighting experience backed up by
photography and collaborative witnesses. The now confirmed presence
of an extraterrestrial nuclear power poses a hazard never contemplated
heretofore. Specifically, an extraterrestrial in-terloper could initiate a
nuclear blast which might well be confused by concerned terrestrial
nuclear powers for an adversative first strike. A nuclear exchange would
ensue mistakenly, resulting in catastrophic destruction on Earth. The risk
of nuclear exchange between terrestrial adversaries is escalated
hazardously because of this unpredictable interloper capability. Unless
nuclear warfare is abandoned, the task of preserving Earth and its
inhabitants becomes enormously difficult technically besides being
inordinately costly.
A concept which widely pervades the scientific literature is what
might be termed "dogmatic Darwinism". This expression connotes
single-minded tenure to only the concept of evolution. Make no mistake,
change and hence "evolution" has occurred and still is
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occurring. Electromagnetic vehicles have played, and continue to play a

role in effecting change. Electromagnetic vehicles, however, also create.
They create rings of different types and compositions. They create
satellite surfaces, such as that of Iapetus. Is there any reason to think
creation stops at this impressive level of achievement? Not at all Just
around Saturn, there are fairly ideal chemical broths containing life-form
building blocks. Dry-lightning strikes from electromagnetic vehicles
should be able to initiate life-form chemical reactions. Hence it can be
reasoned that the two concepts, evolution and creation, are both correct.
Although inanimate creation has been shown, animate creation has
not. Extraterrestrial life forms have yet to be positively identified though
their presence is implied. Owing to the strange character of
electromagnetic vehicles, communicative language is likely to be
obscure as well as subtle. Obviously, a data base needs to be developed
which is oriented specifically toward pin-pointing extraterrestrial life.
The SETI (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) land-based-receiver
project is a cognitive start in this direction. Monitoring equipment,
however, is geared technologically to identify intelligence signals at the
sophisticated human level. Hopefully, signals from higher-than-human-
intelligence sources will neither bypass nor slip undetected through the
selected filters.
Many excursions into space by the USA have been made with broad,
exploratory flight objectives. Consequently, except for entertainment,
the public has not been able to identify specific benefits from huge tax-
dollar expenditures for space flights. In turn, space programs then are
criticized for diverting funds from allegedly needed humanistic projects.
Reluctance to fund open-end space exploration is not likely to change.
Critically needed is a space program designed especially to define
functions served in the solar system by electromagnetic vehicles. Their
role with respect to Earth and its populace should be given particular
attention. For example, the source of terrestrial lightning should be
understood physically rather than accepted piously as a fathomless
property of Nature.
Electromagnetic vehicles most likely originate outside the solar
system. Hence, new avenues of inquiry can be considered concerning
observed phenomena in the universe. The universe is laden heavily with
nuclear energy; and apparently some societal intelligence has mastered
its application on a large scale. Accomplishments include massively
large engines, controlled nuclear fusion, planetary-satellite surface
modification, lengthy transmission of huge electrical currents, and
immensely high-power electro-potential fields.
102
 THE STATUS

Large-scale events almost beyond comprehension are taking place in

the universe. Saturn, its rings and moons, is a definite hub of activity
within the solar system. Because Saturn is relatively close to Earth, this
region is focally a good one to monitor. Adequate monitoring might
prove difficult owing to the highly-charged and nuclear character of the
environs. Further, a question is raised whether humans in proximity will
be tolerated by electromagnetic vehicles. Past events, notably the
Tunguska explosion and a collision of a large body with the sun, pose
questions of serious concern to everyone. All in all, compelling reasons
are present for outmoding war and re-directing all war-related effort
toward the preservation of humanity.

103
 CHAPTER 13

Epilogue
Telemetry from Voyager 2 on its outward journey through the solar
system shows that planet Uranus has a number of rings. One of the
published photographic transmissions indicates that the rings are formed
mechanistically the same as for Saturn. The ring-makers even lie within
the ring at about the same angle as the ones shown for Saturn.
Interestingly too, the Uranus moon, Miranda, has a combination of
geological land forms found separately on various moons of Saturn.
Unusual terrain forms include square corners, nestled circular grooves,
parallel straight-line grooves, and regions evidencing former viscous
flow. Craters still are being explained by meteor impacts; but
unorthodox terrain patterns simply do not fit this time-worn theory!
Neither do these patterns fit conventional geological concepts. In
contrast, strange surface shapes and contours and recent modification
thereof readily are explicable in terms of observed electromagnetic
vehicle capabilities.
Presence of electromagnetic vehicles (E.M.V.'s) in the outer solar
system forces attention on an extraordinary potential hazard of manned
space flight not considered heretofore. E.M.V.'s can be expected to pose
an extreme hazard to manned space flight in the vicinity of Saturn and
Uranus, and probably even as near to Earth as Mars. Some pictures of
Mars suggest visitations by E.M.V.'s The massive power of E.M.V.'s
means neither that humans absolutely should forgo space flights, nor
that a Mars landing should never be undertaken. However, known
presence of E.M.V.'s serves a substan-tial warning to space travelers at
least to stay their distance. Failure to heed this warning could result in
catastrophe and emotional un-pleasantness much worse than that which
resulted from the explosion of space-shuttle Challenger.
As precursors to committing humans to remote space, the special
jurisdiction claimed by E.M.V.'s should be ascertained. Meanwhile, all
nations of the world should unite to meet the challenges and
opportunities that these prodigious forces present.

104
 Appendix
Equating a "body having physically inherent mobile capability" to the
term "vehicle" possibly may be considered as too abrupt a step in
nomenclature development. The potential problem lay in various
connotations for the word. Multiple connotations do not lead to a
focused idea concerning what is meant.
To illustrate, an automobile has inherent mobile capability; and
reference to an automobile as a vehicle is quite common. On the other
hand for example, an ape also has inherent mobile capability; but
reference to an ape as a vehicle is uncommon in the sense that an
automobile is a vehicle. That the former is inanimate and the latter
animate is not the intended distinction. The significant distinction is that
an automobile does not occur directly in Nature, whereas an ape is
regarded as a direct product of Nature.
For purpose of the subject matter, the term "vehicle" is meant to be
something not occurring directly in Nature, but rather something
occurring as a by-product of Nature. Early introduction of "vehicle" as a
descriptor is considered by the author to be, at worst, premature but not
an inaccurate usage.
The reason for the belief in descriptor accuracy is independent of the
non-personal photographic evidence presented herein. In 1971, the
author had the exciting experience of having sighted and photo-graphed
a mobile slender body fitting the specific properties of the two bodies
shown later in Plates 5 and 6. This sighting at the time was experienced
by the author's wife and daughter. Through binoculars, this body
appeared to be large and incorporated fine aerodynamic features at the
fore and aft exhaust ends. That is, the ends did not terminate squarely
cut-off as would result when a pole is sawed in two. Rather, the ends
were rounded much the same as are cowls of jet-engine intakes. Bulbar
streamers were emitted from locations along the body. Control over
these streamers was demonstrated by the modula-tion of their activity,
and also by introduction of additional streamers which moved with
definite periodicity.
Drawing upon many years of aerospace experience, the author has no
reservation about labeling the sighted body a vehicle. The
105
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

numerous and unique properties of the sighted vehicle also are evident
variously in the micro-photographs presented. Until more research is
performed to demonstrate otherwise, the bodies discussed in Plate 3 and
subsequently shall be considered vehicles rather than objects of Nature.

106
 Bibliography*
Books

David Morrison, Voyages to Saturn (NASA SP-451, U.S. Government Printing Office,
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Bevan M. French, The Moon Book (Penguin Books, New York, 1978).
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John Baxter and Thomas Atkins, The Fire Came By - The Riddle of the Great Siberian
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S. V. Dresvin, Physics and Technology of Low-Temperature Plasma (Moscow, USSR
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Norman R. Bergrun, Tomorrow's Technology Today (Academy Press, Cupertino, CA,

1972).
Robert L. Johnson, The Story of the Moon (Meredith Corporation, Chicago, 1969).
Franklin Miller, Jr., College Physics (Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York,
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Peter van de Kamp, Elements of Astro-mechanics (W. H. Freeman and Company, San
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A. F. O'D. Alexander, The Planet Saturn - A History of Observations, Theory and
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Arthur I. Berman, Astronautics - Fundamentals of Dynamical Astronomy and Space
Flight (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961).
George P. Sutton, Rocket Propulsion Elements (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
1956).
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H. Glauert, The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory (Cambridge at the University
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Sir Horace Lamb, Hydrodynamics (Dover Publications, New York, 1945).
Elliot G. Reid, Applied Wing Theory (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York,

107
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Reference Books

Information Please Almanac, Atlas and Yearbook, Edited by Ann Golenpaul (Informa-
tion Please Almanac, New York, 1977).
Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, Edited by Joseph L. Morse and William H.
Hedelson. Vol. 8, Electricity, pp 423-439 (Funk and Wagnalls, Inc., New York,
1972).
The World Almanac and Book of Facts, Edited by Luman H. Long (New York World-
Telegram, New York, 1966).
Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, Victor L. Streeter, Editor-in-Chief (McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York, 1961).
Mechanical Engineers Handbook, 4th edition, Edited by Lionel S. Marks (McGraw-Hill
Book Company Inc., 1941).
Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 7th edition, Archer E. Knowlton, Editor-
in-Chief (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1941).

Periodicals

Science (The American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, Washington

D.C.).
D. R. Davis et al., 'Saturn Ring Particles as Dynamic Ephemeral Bodies' (Vol.
224, No. 4650, 18 May 1984) pp 744-746.
H. A. Zebher and G. Leonard Tyler, 'Thickness of Saturn's Rings Inferred from
Voyager 1 Observations of Microwave Scatter' (Vol. 223, No. 4634, 27 January
1984) pp 396 and 397.
Eugene M. Rasmusson and John M. Wallace, 'Meteorological Aspects of the El
Nino Southern Oscillation' (Vol. 222, No. 4629, 16 December 1983) pp 1195-
1202.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Neptune Ring Fades Again' (Vol. 222, No. 4621, 21 October
1983) p 311.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Where Was the Moon Eons Ago?' (Vol. 221, No. 4616, 16
September 1983) p 1166.
Roger Lewin, 'What Killed the Giant Mammals?' (Vol. 221, No. 4615, 9 September
1983) pp 1036-1037.
D. D. Bogard and P. Johnson, 'Martian Gases in an Antarctic Meteorite?' (Vol.
221, No. 4611, 12 August 1983) pp 651-654.
Philip H. Abelson, 'Large-Scale Extinctions' Vol. 220, No. 4592, 1 April 1983)
P9 .
Richard A. Kerr, 'Orbital Variation - Ice Age Link Strengthened' (Vol. 219, No.
4582, 21 January 1983) pp 272-274.
Jack J. Lissauer, 'Saturn's Rings' (Vol. 218, No. 4572, 5 November 1982) p 521.
Carl Sagan, 'Extraterrestrial Intelligence: An International Petition' (Vol. 218,
No. 4571, 29 October 1982) p 426.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Planetary Rings Briefing: New Outer Rings for Saturn?: The F
Ring Becomes a Little Less Baffling; Spokes, SKR and SED - A Connection.;
The Uranian Rings Get Stranger and Stranger' (Vol. 218, No. 4569, 15 October
1982) pp 276-277.

108
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Richard A. Kerr, 'Planetary Rings Explained and Unexplained' (Vol. 218, No.
4568, 8 October 1982) pp 141-143.
R. S. Westrum, 'Explaining Meteorites' (Vol. 217, No. 4563, 3 September 1982) p
884.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Saturn Briefing: Caged Argon: A Clue to the Birth of Titan;
Rings, Rings, What Makes the Rings? Lightning on Saturn or Ring Discharges?
What Battered the Satellites of Saturn?' (Vol. 216, No. 4551, 11 June 1982) pp
1210-1211.
R. Ganapathy, 'Evidence for a Major Meteor Impact on the Earth 34 Million Years
Ago: Implications for Eocene Extinctions' (Vol. 216, No. 4548, 21 May 1982) pp
885-886.
P. G. Kamoun et al., 'Comet Enke: Radar Detection of Nucleus' (Vol. 216, No.
4543, 16 April 1982) pp 293-295.
P. J. Michaels et al., 'Observations of a Comet on Collision Course with the Sun'
(Vol. 215, No. 4536, 26 February 1982) Cover photograph and pp 1097-1102.
Reports on Voyager 2 Flyby of Saturn (Vol. 215, No. 4532, 29 January 1982).
(1) E. C. Stone and F. D. Miner, 'Voyager 2 Encounter with the Saturnian
System', pp 499-504.
(2) B. A. Smith et al., 'A New Look at the Saturnian System: The Voyager 2
Images', pp 504-537.
(3) A. L. Larse et al., 'Photopolarimetry from Voyager 2: Preliminary Results on
Saturn, Titan and the Rings', pp 537-543.
(4) R. Hanel et al., 'Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager
2', pp 544-548.
(5) B. R. Sandel et al., 'Extreme Ultraviolet Observations from the Voyager 2
Encounter with Saturn', pp 548-553.
(6) G. L. Tyler et al., 'Radio Science with Voyager 2 at Saturn: Atmosphere and
Ionosphere and the Masses of Mimas, Tethys and Iapetus', pp 583-558.

(7) N. F. Ness et al., 'Magnetic Field Studies by Voyager 2: Preliminary Results

at Saturn', pp 558-563.
(8) H. S. Bridge et al., 'Plasma Observations Near Saturn: Initial Results from
Voyager 2\ pp 563-570.
(9) S. M. Krimigis et al., 'Low-Energy Hot Plasma and Particles in Saturn's
Magnetosphere', pp 571-577.
(10) R. E. Vogt et al., Energetic Charged Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere:
Voyager 2 Results', pp 577-582.
(11) J. W. Warwick et al., 'Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from
Voyager 2 Near Saturn', pp 582-587.
(12) F. L. Scarf et al., 'Voyager 2 Plasma Wave Observations at Saturn', pp 587-
594.
M. Mitchell Waldrop, 'The Puzzle That Is Saturn' (Vol. 213, No. 4514, 18
September 1981) pp 1347-1351.
M. Mitchell Waldrop, 'Saturn Redux: The Voyager 2 Mission' (Vol. 213, No.
4513, 11 September 1981) pp 1236, 1237 and 1240.
Phillip H. Abelson, 'Voyager Mission to Saturn' (Vol. 212, No. 4491, 10 April
1981) p 125.
Reports on Voyager 1 Flyby of Saturn (Vol. 212, No. 4491. 10 April 1981).
(1) E. D. Miner, 'Voyager 1 Encounter with the Saturnian System', pp 159-162.

109
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN
(2) B. A. Smith et al., 'Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science
Results, pp 163-191.
(3) S. P. Synnott et al., 'Orbits of the Small Satellites of Saturn', pp. 191-192.

(4) R. Hanel et al., 'Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from

Voyager 1', pp 192-200.
(5) G. L. Tyler et al., 'Radio Science Investigations of the Saturn System with
Voyager 1: Preliminary Results', pp 201-206.
(6) A. L. Broadfoot et al., 'Extreme Ultraviolet Observations from Voyager 1
Encounter with Saturn', pp 206-211.
(7) N. F. Ness et al., 'Magnetic Field Studies by Voyager 1: Preliminary Results
at Saturn', pp 211-217.
(8) H. S. Bridge et al., 'Plasma Observations Near Saturn: Initial Results from
Voyager 1', pp 217-224.
(9) S. M. Krimigis et al., 'Low-Energy Charged Particles in Saturn's
Magnetosphere: Results from Voyager 1', pp 225-231.
(10) R. E. Vogt et al., 'Energetic Charged Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere:
Voyager 1 Results', pp 231-234.
(11) D. A. Gurnett et al., 'Plasma Waves Near Saturn: Initial Results from
Voyager 1', pp 235-239.
(12) J. S. Warwick et al., 'Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from
Voyager 1 Near Saturn', pp 239-243.
Eliot Marshall, 'Navy Lab Concludes the Vela (Satellite) Saw a (Nuclear) Bomb'
(Vol. 209, No. 4460, 29 August 1980) pp 996-997.
Reports on Pioneer Flyby of Saturn (Vol. 207, No. 4429, 25 January 1980).
(1) J. W. Dyer, 'Pioneer Saturn', pp 400-401.
(2) A. G Opp, 'Scientific Results from the Pioneer Saturn Encounter:
Summary', pp 401-403.
(3) J. H. Wolfe et al., 'Preliminary Results on the Plasma Environment of
Saturn from the Pioneer 11 Plasma Analyzer Experiment', pp 403-407.

(4) E. J. Smith et al., 'Saturn's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere', pp 407-410.

(5) J. A. Simpson et al., 'Saturnian Trapped Radiation and Its Absorption by

Satellites and Rings: The First Results from Pioneer 11, pp. 411-415.

(6) J. A. Van Allen et al., 'Saturn's Magnetosphere, Rings and Inner Satellites',
pp 415-421.
(7) J. H. Trainer et al., 'Observations of Energetic Ions and Electrons in Saturn's
Magnetosphere', pp 421-425.
(8) W. Fillins et al., 'Trapped Radiation Belts of Saturn: First Look', pp 425-
431.
(9) D. L. Judge et al., 'Ultraviolet Photometer Observations of the Saturnian
System', pp 431-434.
(10) T. Gehrels et al., 'Imaging Photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn', pp 434-439.

(11) A. P. Ingersoll et al., 'Pioneer Saturn Infrared Radiometer: Preliminary

Results', pp 439-443.
(12) D. H. Humes et al., 'Impact of Saturn Ring Particles on Pioneer 11*. pp
443-444.
110
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
(13) M. H. Acuna and N. F. Ness, 'The Magnetic Field of Saturn: Pioneer 11
Observations', pp 444-446.
(14) A. J. Kliore et al., 'Vertical Structure of the Ionosphere and Upper Neutral
Atmosphere of Saturn from Pioneer Radio Occulation', pp 446-449.
(15) J. D. Anderson et al., 'Pioneer Saturn Celestial Mechanics Experiment', pp
449-453.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Rings Around the Solar System' (Vol. 206, No. 4414, 5 October
1979) pp 38-40.
R. H. Thomas, 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Present-Day Thinning and Holocene
Retreat of the Margins' (Vol. 205, No. 4412, 21 September 1979) pp 1257-1258.

Astronomy (Astromedia, Kalmbach Publishing Co., Milwaukee, WI)

Richard Berry, 'Uranus: The Voyage Continues' (Vol. 14, No. 4, April 1986) p 10.

Edward J. Ciaccio, 'Atmospheres' (Vol. 12, No. 5, May 1984) pp 6-22.

Michael A. Sposito, 'A Conversation with Astronaut Joseph Allen' (Vol. 12, No.
4, April 1984) p 24.
Robert Burnham, 'IRAS and the Infrared Universe' (Vol. 12, No. 3, March 1984) pp
6-22.
Jeffrey K. Wagner, 'The Sources of Meteorites' (Vol. 12, No. 2, February 1984) pp
6-16.
Michael Carrol, 'A New Mission to Saturn' (Vol. 11, No. 12, December 1983) pp 6-
15.
David Morrison, 'Return to the Planets: A Blueprint for the Future' (Vol. 11, No.
9, September 1983) pp 6-15.
Donald F. Robertson, 'Mystery Gap' (Vol. 11, No. 6, June 1983) pp 60-61. David
Swift, 'Voyager: Technological Totem' (Vol. 11, No. 1, January 1983)
pp 24-26.
Jack R. Schendel, 'Looking Inside Quasars' (Vol. 10, No. 11, November 1982) pp 6-
22.
Francis Reddy, 'Backtracking the Comets' (Vol. 10, No. 8, August 1982) pp 6-17.
Edward J. Ciaccio, 'Landscapes of the Solar System' (Vol. 10, No. 7, July 1982)
pp 6-23.
Van Kane, 'The Little Big Missions' (Vol. 10, No. 5, May 1982) pp 16-17.

The Planetary Report (The Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA.)

Jeffrey Taylor, 'Moon Rocks' (Vol. 4, No. 2, March/April 1984) pp 4-6. Thomas R.
McDonough, 'The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)'
(Vol. 3, No. 2, March/April 1983) p 3.
Paul Horwitz, 'Searching for Signals from Extraterrestrial Civilizations' (Vol. 3, No.
2, March/April 1983) pp 4-5.
Samuel Gulkis and John H. Wolfe, 'The NASA SETI Program' (Vol. 3, No. 2,
March/April 1983) pp 6-7.
John Spencer, 'The Viking Legacy' (Vol. 11, No. 5, September/October 1982) pp
12-14.
Richard J. Terrille, 'Return to the Rings' (Vol. 1, No. 6, October/November 1981)
pp 4-5.
111
 RINGMAKERS OF SATURN

Von R. Eshleman and G. L. Taylor, 'Radio Science at Saturn' (Vol. 1, No. 6

October/November 1981) pp 6-7.
Michael C. Malin, Ice Worlds' (Vol. 1, No. 4, June/July 1981) pp 8-10.
Dennis Matson, 'Gallery of the Moons' (Vol. 1, No. 2, February/March 1981) pp 6-
7.
Jeffry Cuzzi, 'Saturn's Rings; A Voyager Update' (Vol. 1, No. 2, February/March
1981) pp 8-10.
David Morrison, 'The Mysteries of Saturn' (Vol. 1, No. 1, December 1980/ January
1981) p 4.

Sky and Telescope (Vol. 59, No. 4, April 1980).

'Pioneer Saturn Pictorial', pp 292-293.
'Saturn Sightings', p 296.

Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA (Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1969).

Homer J. Stewart, 'Lunar Exploration-The First Decade Raises More Questions
Than It Answers', pp 32-36.
Harold C. Urey, 'The Contending Moons', pp 37-41.
Harold Masursky, 'Lunar-Exploration Targets', pp 42-49.
Albert Hibbs, 'Surveyor Results', pp 50-63.
J. E. Conel, 'What the Rangers Revealed about Lunar Geology', pp 64-68.

Lectures

Center for Space Science and Astrophysics

Peter Goldreich, 'The Dynamics of Planetary Rings' (7 November 1983), Physics
Lecture Hall, Stanford University, California.

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, (AIAA)

Astronaut Rusty Swiekert, 'Experiences in Orbital Flight' (10 May 1984), San
Francisco Section, Sunnyvale, AIAA, California.

News Presentations

Campus Report
Diana Diamond, 'Scientists Discover Saturn Rings To Be Amazingly Thin
(Stanford University, California, 25 January 1984) p 1.
Joel Shurkin, 'Saturn's Rings Are Made of Red Ice, Says Latest Study' (Stanford
University, California, 25 August 1982) p 7.

The Stanford Daily

'"El Nino" - The Century's Unequaled Natural Catastrophe' by the Los Angeles
Times. (Stanford University, California, 19 August 1982) p 2.
112
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
San Jose Mercury News
John Noble, New York Times, 'Scientists Baffled by Earth's Cycle of Extinction
Every 26 Million Years' (San Jose, California, 12 December 1983) p 8A.

KQED-TV Channel 9 San Francisco

'Voyager 2 at Saturn', 26 August 1981 (closest approach).
'Voyager 1 at Saturn', 12 November 1980 (closest approach).

*This bibliography has been compiled in accordance with 'Hart's Rules for Compositors
and Readers at the University Press, Oxford', thirty-eighth edition, completely revised
1978 at the Oxford University Press.

113
 List of Plates
1. Rings and spherical satellites of Saturn. Radius of Saturn is 60,330 km (37,490 mi).
(a) Rings
(b) Spherical satellites
2. Saturn, second largest planet in the solar system, exhibiting circularly complete
rings.
3. A luminous source appears in the A-ring of Saturn.
4. Conceptualization of the incomplete A ring in a polar view of Saturn's northern
hemisphere, using Earth as a comparable reference measure.
5. Efflux from along the length of a slender body, exhausting at both ends, generates
the A-ring.
6. A slender vehicle forms an A-ring trail which includes a luminous source.
7. Formation of the Enke division.
8. A second vehicle substantiates the process by which the outer A-ring and the Enke
division are formed.
9. Partially developed ring system exhibiting a transversely positioned cylindrical
vehicle in the B-ring.
10. Emitting vehicle stationed outside the A-ring encompasses the F-ring location.
11. Saturn, five Saturnian moons and an unexpected luminous image.
12. Pictorialization of luminous image in positional relationship to Saturn, the A, B and
E rings, six near moons and their orbital paths.
13. Enlargement of luminous image revealing a nearby slender vehicle within the E
ring.
14. Sector of southern hemisphere of Saturn showing cloud strata, a luminous point,
location of a lightning source and a slender vehicle. (Picture exposure has been made to
favor dark region at planet horizon.)
15. Luminous point of plate 14 essentially is an arc light whose apparent power source
is a remote vehicle capable of generating paths carrying electricity.
16. Two lightning bolts appear in and above Saturn's cloud tops. Photograph is an
enlargement of plate 14 in the area labeled "lightning location".
17. A colorful, large-scale narrow-band disruption in Saturn's rings extending across the
entire ring system.
18. Luminous sources provide clue to presence of electromagnetic vehicles as a
causative mechanism for a filled Cassini gap and an apparent ring shift.
19. Vehicle and ejecta in the Cassini gap in relation to an A-ring discontinuity, an
apparent ring shift and a luminous source.
20. Apparent ring shift and band discontinuity in relation to two electromagnetic
vehicles in the Cassini gap.
21. Braided strands, a braiding unit and cross flow between discontinuity boundaries at
the B-ring inner edge.
22. B-ring emissions become C-ring constituents.
114
 LIST OF PLATES
23. Non-uniformly luminescent F ring in positional relationship to A-ring compon-ents and
a shepherding satellite.
24. Segments of F-ring close-up showing that luminosity derives from emissively active
core material.
(a) Region (1), plate 23
(b) Region (2), plate 23
25. Non-uniformly luminescent F-ring of plate 23 exposed to reveal inter-connections
between the F-ring and A-ring outer edge.
26. Photograph of braided F-ring exposed to reveal a large coupled object.
27. Three fineness ratio 13 vehicles having multiple unit sizes of 1, 2 and 4 closely satisfy
the planar dimensional requirements for forming the A, B, C and D Saturnian rings. View is
perpendicular to the ring plane.
28. A simplified electromagnetic vehicle in different attitude angles for two positions
during formation of the inner-Enke A ring.
29. A dark blue latitudinal stripe in Saturn's atmosphere emanates from an object
identifiable as a probable electromagnetic vehicle component.
30. Salient features of an operational electromagnetic vehicle.
31. Front-end appearance of an electromagnetic vehicle as rendered from plate 30.
32. Luminescently active landscape on Dione.
33. Dione's narrow-band illuminated topography showing various types of emission.
34. Dione's narrow-band illuminated topography evidencing widespread emissive activity.
35. Macro-views of Dione showing curvi-linear surface markings and duality in surface
lighting.
(a) Photographic identifications
(b) Pictorial identification aids
36. Macro-scopic composite view showing Dione amidst an impinging electro-magnetic
flow field.
37. Iapetus exhibiting dichotomous facial topography adjacent an active zone populated
with circular and elongated light sources.
38. Composite photograph of Iapetus showing illumination by, and a peripheral linking to,
an electromagnetic vehicle.
39. Micro-photographic montage showing Iapetus subjected to an electro-potential field
created by an electromagnetic vehicle.
40. Electro-potential flow field for a conducting sphere located between bi-level voltage
sources.
41. Network of electrical current and equi-potential paths calculated for a sphere in ideal
flow.
42. Illustration of Iapetus constrained by the electro-potential field of an electro-magnetic
vehicle as rendered from plates 38 and 39.
43. Mare Orientale as portrayed on an official NASA moon globe.
44. Configuration interpretation of lunar markings at Mare Orientale utilizing an official
NASA moon globe.
45. An electromagnetic vehicle and a NASA moon globe co-scaled and positioned to
illustrate formation of Mare Orientale.

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 Mare Orientate, anciently imprinted on Earth's moon by an "E.M.V.", remains a
demonstrative statement of awesome power. Photograph, which includes only part of the
affected area, is a mosaic assembled by NASA from circumlunar flights.