Peroidic Table Notes
Peroidic Table Notes
1.
2.
1 Periodic Table
Chapter 1
Introduction
Development of Periodic Table
1. Dobereiner’s Law of Triads:
Concept Ladder
When elements having similar properties are
Doberenier's law of trids was
placed in increasing order of atomic weight in
rejected because in some
group of three, then atomic weight of middle triads all the three elements
element is arithmetic mean of other two possessed nearly the same
elements. atomic masses.
Atomic
Triad
Masses
Lithium 6.94
Sodium 22.99
The arithmetic mean of the masses of potassium Who is called the father of
and lithium corresponds to 23.02, which is chemistry
almost equal to the atomic mass of sodium [AIPMT]
(1) Faraday
Ex: (2) Priestley
(3) Rutherford
Ca, Sr, Ba
(4) Lavoiser
P, As, Sb
Cl, Br, I
S, Se, Te
3.
sa re ga ma pa dha ni sa
Li Be B C N O F Na
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K
Concept Ladder
Lother Meyer proposed
that the physical
properties of the elements
are a periodic function of
the atomic weights.
4.
4. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :
The physical and chemical properties of elements Definition
are the periodic function of their atomic weights,
A tabular arrangement of
i.e., when the elements are arranged in order of elements in rows and columns,
their increasing atomic weights, elements with highlighting the regular
similar properties are repeated after certain repetition of properties of
elements is called a periodic
regular intervals. It consists of seven horizontal
table.
rows called periods.
5.
Electronic configuration of elements :
0 nil n 5 pent p
1 un u 6 hex h
2 bi b 7 sept s
3 tri t 8 oct o
4 quad q 9 enn e
Periodic Table
6.
Q.1. What is the name of element with atomic number (Z) = 103?
A1. Unniltrium
Electronic Configuration of Elements and The Periodic Table
Periodic table is divided into the four blocks viz.
(1) s-Block (2) p-Block (3) d-Block (4)
f-Block
s-Block Elements
7.
p-Block Elements
(1) These are present in right part of the periodic Concept Ladder
table.
(2) These constituted the groups IIIA to VIIA and The electronic configuration
of valence shell in p-block is
zero groups i.e., groups 13 to 18 of the periodic
ns2np1–6 (n = 2 to 7).
table.
(3) Most of these elements are metalloids and non
metals but some of them are metals also.
(4) The last electron fills in p-orbital of valence
shell.
8.
d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)
9.
f-Block Elements (Inner Transition Elements)
electronic configuration.
Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. Its
y Actinoids : (Atomic number 90–103) atomic number is 64. Which of the
Actinoids belongs to 3rd group (III B group) following is the correct electronic
configuration of gadolinium?
and VII period (n–2)f0–14 (n–1)d0-1 ns2 electronic [AIPMT-2015]
configuration. (1) [Xe]4f05s1 (2) [Xe]4f75d16s2
(3) [Xe]4f65d26s2 (4) [Xe]4f86d2
y Hydrogen, Helium, Thorium are exception to
Periodic Table
block classification.
10.
y Every period starts with the filling of s-orbital &
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ends with p-orbital.
y Mainly d and f-block elements have exceptions
What are transactinides or Super
in electronic configuration which is due to orbital heavy elements?
contraction.
Magic number :
y They are the set of number after which properties
of elements (mainly chemical property) are
repeated at regular intervals.
Concept Ladder
General electronic configuration for various
blocks : Values of magic numbers are in
(i) s-block : ns 1,2
where n ≥ 1 gruop.
(ii) p-block : ns np2 1–6
where n ≥ 2 1st : I(A)– 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
(iii) d-block : (n–1)d 1–10
ns 1, 2
where n ≥ 4 2nd : II(A)– 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
(iv) f-block : (n–2)f1–14(n–1)d0,ns2 where n ≥ 6 3rd : III(B)– 18, 18, 32
4th to 12th : 18, 18, 32
y Maximum number of electrons in outermost orbit 13th to 17th : 8, 18, 18, 32, 32
of : 18th : 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
(i) s-block elements = 2
(ii) p-block elements = 8
(iii) d-block elements = 10
(iv) f-block elements = 14
Previous Year’s Question
y Total number of electrons in outermost orbit of
Pd will be 18. The elements Z = 114 has been
discovered recently. It will belong to
i.e. Pd – [Kr] 4s2 4p6 4d10 which of the following family/group
y Maximum number of electrons in penultimate and electronic configuration?
shell i.e. (n–1) shell. [NEET]
(1) Carbon family, [Rn] f 6d 7s2 7p2
14 10
(i) d-block elements = 18 (2) Oxygen family, [Rn] f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
(ii) f-block elements = 9 (3) Nitrogen family, [Rn] f14 6d10 7s2
y Maximum number of electrons is antipenultimate 7p6
(4) Halogen family, [Rn] f14 6d10 7s2
Periodic Table
11.
Atomic numbers of various inert gases :
First period
2
He 2 Previous Year’s Question
Second period
8
Ne 10
The electronic configuration of an
Third period
8
Ar 18 element is 1s22s2sp63s23p3. What is
Fourth period
18
Kr 36 the atomic number of the element,
which is just below the above
Fifth period
18
Xe 54
element in the periodic table?
Sixth period
32
Rn 86 [NEET]
Seventh period
32
Og 118 (1) 36 (2) 49
(3) 33 (4) 34
Group Identification
Group No. 18 Zinert gas Zgiven
Total number of elements in a period : Rack your Brain
n 1
2
Minimum atomic no. which can
(i) Total number of elements in a period
2 change the present modal of
When n = 1, 3, 5, ……
n 2
2
periodic table?
(ii) Total number of elements in a period
2
When n = 2, 4, 6, ……
Q.3 Calculate the total number of elements and total subshell in 7th period.
Total elements
Total subshell in period
2 Concept Ladder
32
4 s, p, d, f
2 Total subshells in a period
Identification of group, block, period in periodic
Total elements
table : =
2
(A) When atomic number is given :
(i) Lanthanoid (Atomic number 58 to 71)
Periodic Table
12.
→ 6th period
→ f-block Concept Ladder
(ii) Actinoid (Atomic number 90 to 103)
→ 3rd group (III-B) Metalloids
Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At (universal
→ 7th period
metalloid)
→ f-block
B or Se is non metal/metalloid
⇒ Atomic number 104 to 118– Last two digit Po is metal/metalloid
gives group number in periodic table.
Ex : Atomic number 115 – group 15. (Last two digit
gives group number)
Que. Complete the following table :
3 52
4 26
Concept Ladder
Sol.
3 52 16th p Vth
4 26 8th d IVth
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13.
(A) When configuration is given :
ns → (n–2)f → (n–1)d → np Previous Year’s Question
y The subshell that receives last electron is block.
y Period number is highest number of orbit. The total number of rare-earth
elements are
y Group number can be calculated as follows.
[AIPMT]
(i) s-block : Group number = Number of outermost (1) 8 (2) 12
s electron. (3) 14 (4) 10
(ii)
p-block : Group number = 12 + Number of
outermost p electron.
(iii) d-block : Group number = Number of outermost s
electron + Number of Penultimate d electron.
(iv) f-block : Group number for f-block is 3rd group.
(a) [He] 2s2 2p3 (b) [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5
14.
(IV)Inner transition elements :
Concept Ladder
y In this case last 3 orbits are incompleted in its
atomic or ionic form. Elements of 12th group are not
y f-block elements are called inner transition transition elements but they
elements. are considered in transition
series.
Q.6 . If an orbital contains 3 electrons or if there are 3 values of spin quantum number, then
select the incorrect option.
(1) Na belongs to p-block
(2) (Zinc = 30) changes its block (1s3 2s3 2p9 3s3 3p9 4s3)
(3) Total number of elements in 6th period will be 27
(4) Total number of elements in 3rd period will be 12
(5) Total number of periods in periodic table will be less than total number of periods in
modern periodic table.
A.6 (3) Total number of elements in 6th period will be 48.
Typical elements :
y Those elements which explain the properties of
there respective group. Previous Year’s Question
y Third period elements except inert gases are
The element, with atomic number
called typical elements.
118, will be
y Elements of 2nd period are not typical elements [AIIMS]
since they have : (1) a transition element
(i) Small size (2) an alkali metal
(ii) High Zeff (3) an alkaline earth metal
Periodic Table
15.
Bridge elements :
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y According to modern periodic table, the elements
of 2nd period (Li, Be, B) are called as bridge What is first man made element?
elements.
y According to Mendeleev periodic table, the
elements of 3rd period (Na, Mg, Al) are called
Concept Ladder
as bridge elements.
Diagonal Relationship : Diagonal Properties
y Elements of second period are showing properties
similar to elements of third period which are
diagonally related to them, this is called as
diagonal relationship. Almost have similarity in
16.
Periodicity :
y The causes of periodicity is repetition of general Definition
electronic configuration.
Regular repetition of properties
y Zeff, ionisation energy, electronegativity,
at fixed intervals is called as
electroaffinity, metallic character etc are periodic
periodicity.
properties.
Zeff (Effective nuclear charge)
Where,
Definition
Z is number of protons
s is shielding/screening constant The net positive charge attracting
an electron in an atom is known
as effective nuclear charge.
Concept Ladder
Shielding effect : s > p > d > f
Shielding effect :
(1)
It is the phenomenon is which nuclear charge
present on outermost electron is decreased by
presence of inner or outer electron.
17.
Slater’s Rule :
(Calculation of σ and zeff) Concept Ladder
(1) For ns/np electron.
nth ⇒ σ = 0.35 On moving from left to right
(n–1) ⇒ σ = 0.85 in s and p-block elements σ
(n–2) or lower ⇒ σ = 1.0 is increased by 0.35 and zeff is
(2) For nd/nf electron. increased by 0.65.
nd/nf ⇒ σ = 0.35 On moving from left to right
(3) For 2 electron species (Ex : He, Li+, Be++ etc.) in d-block σ is increased by
σ = 0.3 0.85 and zeff is increased by
0.15.
Examples :
(1) Calculate the σ and zeff for Na.
Sol Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Rack your Brain
σ = 8 × 0.85 + 2 × 1.0 = 8.85
Zeff = Z – σ = 11 – 8.85 = 2.15 If Zeff of carbon is x than find out
the value of Zeff of oxygen?
(2) Calculate the σ and zeff for 3s electron of Mg.
Sol. Mg = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
s = 1 × 0.35 + 8 × 0.85 + 2 × 1.0 = 9.15
Zeff = Z – σ = 12 – 9.15 = 2.85 Concept Ladder
y From top to bottom Zeff value is On moving from top to bottom
Li = 1.30 zeff is increased by 0.9 in IInd
Na = 2.20 & IIIrd period. Thereafter it
K = 2.20 remains constant.
Rb = 2.20
Note :
Slater’s rule is never used for comparing various
periodic properties. Rack your Brain
are?
18.
Atomic Radius:
Concept Ladder
For non-metal
d
rcov alent =
2
It is defined as one-half the distance between
the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the
same element in a molecule. This is generally
used for non-metals.
1 Rack your Brain
rcov alent radius
2
Bond length
For Homoatomic molecule : dA–B = rA + rB
How covalent bonds are broken?
For Heteroatomic : dA–B = rA + rB – 0.09 |∆EN|
(Stevenson and Schoemaker formula)
(b) Metallic radius : (Crystal radius)
y It is half of internuclear distance present between
the two adjacent metal ions in the metallic lattice.
y Covalent radius is always lower than metallic Concept Ladder
radius since in case of metallic radius no
For metal
overlapping takes place.
d
y Kernel is the part left after separation of rmetallic =
outermost orbit. 2
Periodic Table
19.
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20.
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(3) Be (4) Li
21.
y In carbon family the trend in atomic size is given
as : Previous Year’s Question
C Si
Ge
Sn
Tl
Which is correct regarding size of
Weak Weak
Transition
contraction
Lanthanoid
contraction
atom?
[AIIMS]
y In nitrogen and oxygen families there is general (1) N < O (2) B < Ne
trend for atomic size that is from top to bottom (3) V > Ti (4) Na > K
it increases.
(III)d-block : Generally on moving top to bottom size
increases. Concept Ladder
Note : (From left to right)
Transition metal show
similarity in properties in
both horizontal and vertical
direction due to comparable
size.
22.
(ii) Metallic radius:
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Concept Ladder
23.
y Electrons are in the same energy level but there
is more nuclear charge.
y Outermost electrons are pulled closer.
Concept Ladder
Atomic Size (Group Trends) :
Size of an atom depends upon
effective nuclear charge and
screening effect. Therefore,
when we move from left to
right of periodic table atomic
y As we increase the atomic number (or go down size decreases
a gorup).
y Each atom has another energy level, so the atoms
get bigger.
Ex : (i) F < Cl < Br < I
(ii) Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba Previous Year’s Question
24.
25.
Ionic Size (Period Trends) :
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y Across the period from left to right, the nuclear
charge increases so they get smaller.
Does the radius of an atom or
y Notice the energy level charges between anions
ion depend upon electron-proton
and cations. ratio?
Previous Year’s Question
26.
Ionisation energy (IP or IE) :
Ex Which of the following represents IP1. Definition
The amount of energy required
( 1) Na s
Na g
to remove an electron from an
Sublimation Energy + IP 1
isolated gaseous atom.
2 K g
K g
3 Cl g
2
Cl g
4 Mg g
Mg g IP IP
2
1 2
Concept Ladder
Sol.(2)
Note :
When an electron is being
y Successive IP :
removed from an atom
Al g
1e
Ag g
1e
Ag 2
1e
Ag 3
having half-filled or full-filled
IP1 IP 1 IP 1
IP2 IP2
IP3
orbitals, the amount of energy
required is maximized.
y IP2 = IP1 (Neutral atom) (Ag+(g))
y IP3 = IP1 + IP2 (Neutral atom) (Ag2+(g))(Ag+(g))
Periodic Table
27.
Important points :
y The concept of Zeff is used when we compare IP
of same elements/isoelectronic species.
Ex :Order of IP :
(1) Cl(g) > Cl– (g)
Previous Year’s Question
(2) Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > F– > O2– > N3–
(3) Ne+(g) > Ne(g) Which of the order for ionisation
(4) Mg (g) > Mg (g) > Mg(g)
2+ + energy is correct.
(5) Al3+(g) > Al2+(g) > Al+(g) > Al(g) [AIPMT]
(1) Be > B > C > N > O
y The concept of half filled/full filled configuration
(2) B < Be < C < O < N
is applicable in the following 2 cases. (3) B < Be < C < N < O
(a) Case-I : On moving left to right in a periodic (4) B < Be < N < C < O
table.
It is applicable when difference in atomic number
is one and in all the other cases Zeff is use.
Ex :
(i) C 2p2 N 2p3
(ii) O 2p N 2p Z 1 Half filled and full filled electronic configuration
4
3
(iii) F 2p Ne 2p
5 6
(b) Case-II : On moving top to bottom in a periodic Rack your Brain
table.
The concept of half-filled is applicable till 4th Successive electron gain enthalpies
Periodic Table
28.
II N O
Half filled electronic configuration is used III P S
IV As Se
V Sb Te
Zeff is used (since orbital contraction)
VI Bi Po
Configuration p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6
Exchanges 0 1 3 3 4 6
Stability order :
Configuration : p6 > p5 > p3 > p4 > p2 > p1
(Ne) (F) (N) (O) (C) (B)
Periodic Table
29.
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increases.
oxidation state is more stable.
30.
(II) p-block element :
3d series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
4d series Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
5d series La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Note :
There are various exceptions in the IP of d-block
elements which is due to the following reasons.
(1) Exceptional electronic configuration.
(2) Irregular variation in size and Zeff.
(3) When e— is removed from ns orbital then Previous Year’s Question
(3) B (4) C
dominating factor.
31.
y Order of IP of 3d series will be:-
Sc < Ti > V < Cr < Mn < Fe > Co > Ni < Cu < Zn Previous Year’s Question
Note
Which of the following element has
• 2nd, 6th & 7th group IP decreases & in rest of all maximum first ionisation potential?
groups IP increases. [AIIMS]
y From top to bottom. (1) V (2) Ti
(3) Cr (4) Mn
(IV) f-block
In case of Lanthanoids i.e. 4f-series
4f ; σ ↓, Zeff, ↑, IP ↑
Periodic Table
32.
33.
(7) Zn > Fe > Sc
(8) Order of IP1 of 2nd period elements
Ne > F > N O > C > Be > B > Li
(9) Order of IP2 of 2nd period elements
Li > Ne > O > F > N > B > C > Be
Periodic Table
34.
Electron Affinity/ Electron gain enthalpy : Definition
y Electron gain enthalpy is the enthalpy change in
the above process. Electron Affinity is amount of
energy released when electron is
X g e
X g H EGE added to isolated gaseous atom
in its ground state.
Periodic Table
35.
y For exothermic ∆H is negative and for endothermic ∆H is positive.
Periodic Table
36.
y Concept of repulsion factors is applicable when
we compare EA of 2nd & 3rd period elements. Previous Year’s Question
F 1 e
F and Cl 1 e
Cl
Which one of the following
y Electron affinity of Cl is more than F (2nd period arrangements represents the correct
element < 3rd period element) order of electron gain enthalpy (with
y Order of EA negative sign) of the given atomic
species
F < Cl > Br > I
[AIPMT-2010]
N < P > As > Sb > Bi (1) Cl < F < S < O (2) O < S < F < Cl
O < S > Se > Te (3) S < O < Cl < F (4) F < Cl < O < S
EA of oxygen is minimum in chalcogens
Ex: IP (Cs) > EA (Cl)
Order of EA
Family Halogen > Chalogen > Pnicogen
Always valid
Config. p5 p4 p3
A.9 If we consider Cl
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Cl g e Cl g 350 KJ / mol
EA = +350 KJ/mol
Which group has the highest
EGE = -350 KJ/mol EA >> EGE electronaffinity?
Order of EA
(I) 2nd period elements
A.10 Assertion and Reason both are true and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
37.
(II) 3rd period element
• Exothermic/ Endothermic
( 1) Stable configuraiton of atom
e
endothermic
38.
Electronegativity
y The concept of EN is independent of configuration Definition
factor and it is a relative concept.
It is the tendency of atom in a
y Partial charges are developed by EN & it has no unit.
molecule by which it attracts
H Cl shared pair of electrons towards
itself
Periodic Table
39.
S.No. Character CH≡CH CH2 = CH2 CH3 – CH3
AB Reso
onance energy in Kcal/mol 1
Resonance Energy Ehybrid EMost stable resonating structure
40.
(II) Mullikan scale
IP EA Previous Year’s Question
EN ev / atom
2
Relationship between XP and XM Which element has the lowest
electronegativity
XM IP EA [AIPMT]
XP or XP ev/atom (1) Li (2) F
2.8 5.6
(3) Fe (4) Cl
IP EA
Or XP KJ/mol
540
1 Kcal 4.2 KJ
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Applications
(1) Bond polarity - EN Ex : H – F > H – H
The bond length decreases with
(2) % ionic character EN multiplicity of bnod. Why?
Accrording to Henry-Smith equation
% ionic character 16 | EN | 3.5 | EN |2
Ex: (1) NH3 > SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 (Bond polarity)
Previous Year’s Question
(2) H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te (Bond polarity)
Which of the following order is
(3) HF > HCl > HBr > HI (Ionic character) wrong?
[AIPMT]
(4) NaCl < MgS < AlP (Covalent character)
(1) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 – acidic
(5) B < P < S < N < O < F (Non metallic character) (2) Li < Be < B < C –1st IP
(3) Al2O3 < MgO < Na2O < K2O – basic
Periodic Table
41.
Acidic/Basic Nature :
(1) Lewis concept :
Previous Year’s Question
AA : Acid–acceptor of electron pair.sss
BD : Base–donor of electron pair. Acidity of pentoxides in VA group
[AIPMT]
Lewis Base :
(1) Decreases
y Anionic species. (2) Increases
Ex : NH2Θ , OHΘ , FΘ . (3) Remains same
y Lone pair containing species. (4) None
, PH
Ex : NH :
, H O
3 3 2
Periodic Table
42.
Acidic Nature of hydrides of group 15, 16, 17 :
y Whenever conjugate base is more stable than
corresponding acid is more acidic.
Na 2O H OH
2NaOH
Hydroixde
Metal Oxies
(Basic )
Concept Ladder
CO2 HOH
H2CO3
Non-metal Oxyacid
oxide For oxides having molecular
(Acidic)
formula M2Ox, the following
Ca OH 2H2
CaH2 HOH would be applicable for acidic
2
Hydrolith Hydroxide
(Basic)
and basic behavour. Molecules
having
O
Acidic nature EN Ve O.S ≥ 1.5 , they are acidic
M
and others are neutral
1 1
Basic nature
EN Ve O.S.
43.
(7) HOCl < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 (Acidic)
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(8) N2O < NO < N2O3 < N2O4 < N2O5 (Acidic)
(9) HClO4 > HBrO4 > HIO4 (Acidic)
Why CO2 is an acidic oxide?
(10) MnO < MnO2 < Mn2O7 (Acidic)
(11) Fe(OH)2 > Fe(OH)3 (Basic)
(12) H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H3PO4 (Basic)
Oxides :
Neutral oxide :
Ex : CO, NO, N2O , H2O, OF2.
Amphoteric oxide :
Ex : SnO, SnO2, ZnO, Zn(OH)2, Al2O3.
y Amphoteric metals combines with NaOH to form Previous Year’s Question
soluble complex.
The pair of amphoteric hydroxides is
y Amphoteric metals combines with acid as well as [AIIMS]
base to release H2 gas. (1) Al(OH)3, LiOH
y Amphoteric metal/ oxide/ salt forms same (2) Be(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
(3) B(OH)3, Be(OH)2
product with acid and base.
Periodic Table
44.
Q.11 Elements A, B, C, D and E have the following electronic configurations :
C : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 D : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Which among these will belong to the same group in the periodic table ?
A.11 Out of these, elements A and B will belong to the same group of the periodic table
Q.12 An element X with Z = 112 has been recently discovered. what is the electronic
A.12 (a) The electronic configuration of element X is [Rn]86 5f14 6d10 7s2
Q.13 Tell the relation between effective nuclear charge (Zeff), atomic number (Z) and
A.13 Zeff = Z – s
Q.14 Pb 4+
compounds are very good oxidising agents. Explain.
A.14 Pb 4+
is less stable than Pb2+ due to inert pair effect. so, Pb4+ compounds are very good
oxidising agent.
Periodic Table
45.
Q.15 Arrange the following in correct order of stability :
A.15 Ga +
< In+ < Ti+
Q.16 The atomic radii of palladium and platinum are nearly same. Why?
Q.17 In the ionic compounds KF, the K+ and F– ions are found to have practically identical
radii, about 1.34 Å each. What can you predict about the relative atomic radii of K & F?
A.17 Atomic radius of K is larger than F because the size of cation is smaller than its parent
atom while size of anion is bigger than its parent atom. Thus, atomic radii of K will be
greater than 1.34 Å while atomic radii of F will be less than 1.34 Å.
Q.18 The first ionization enthalpy of carbon is greater than that of boron, whereas the
A.18. Carbon has higher IE1 because of smaller atomic size and greater Zeff. Removal of
second electron from stable 1s2 2s2 configuration in case of B+ requires greater energy.
46.
Q.20 Among alkali metals, which element do you expect to be least electronegative?
A.20 Cesium (Cs).
Q.21 Which important property did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in his periodic
table?
A.21 Mendeleev used the atomic masses of the element in classifying the elements in his
periodic table. According to Mendeleev’s law, the properties of elements are a periodic
Q.22 What is the basis of classification of elements in the long form of the periodic table?
A.22 Physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic function of their
atomic numbers.
Q.23 Which two elements of the following belong to the same period. Al, Si, Ba and O.
Q.24 What are horizontal rows and vertical columns of the periodic table called?
A.24. Horizontal rows are called periods while vertical columns are called groups.
Q.26
Periodic Table
Which among the following are transition and which are inner transition elements?
Sg, Bk, Er, Fm, Fe, Pb, Cr, Ca, Ar, Zr, Ce
47.
A.26. Transition elements : Sg, Fe, Cr, Ze
Inner transition elements : Bk, Er, Fm, Ce
to the much higher energy p-orbitals of the valence shell. That is why electron gain
Q.28 What are the atomic numbers of elements which constitute f-block (lanthanoids and
actinoids)?
Q.29 Lanthanoids and actinoids are placed in separate rows at the bottom of the periodic
A.29 These have been placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table for convenience.
If they are placed within the body of the periodic table in series order of increasing
atomic numbers, the periodic table will become extremely long and cumbersome.
Q.30 Explain why chlorine can be converted into chloride ion more easily as compared to
A.30 since electron gain enthalpy of Cl is more negative than that of F, therefore, more
48.
Chapter Summary
49.
(iv) f-block elements
• f-block elements are also called innertransition elements
• It contains 1-14 electrons in the f-orbitals of their anti-penultimate shells.
• Outer shell electronic configuration being : (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d0-1 ns2, where n
= 6 to 7.
• It is divided into two series of f-block elements each containing 14 elements.
4f-series (Lanthanoids)
5f-series (Actinoids)
• There are 28 elements in f-block.
3. Size of atoms
It is expressed in terms of following parameters.
(i) Atomic radius is the distance between the centre of the nucleus to the
outermost shell containing electrons.
(ii) Covalent radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently
bonded atoms of the same element in a molecule.
(iii) van der Waals radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two
adjacent identical atoms belonging to two neighbouring molecules of an
element. The atomic radii of noble gases or inert gases are van der waals radii.
(iv) Metallic radius is one-half the internuclear distance between the two adjacent
metal ions in the metallic lattice.
Van der Walls radius > metallic radius > covalent radius.
4. Atomic and ionic size.
(i) In a group, atomic and ionic radii increase from top to bottom due to increase
in the number of shells and the corresponding increase in the screening effect
of the inner electrons.
(ii) The radius of a cation is always smaller than its parent atom while the radius
of an anion is always larger than its parent atom.
(iii) The radius of a cation is always smaller than its parent atom while the radius
of an anion is always larger than its parent atom.
(iv) Isoelectronic species are neutral or ionic species which have the same number
of electrons but different nuclear charges. The ionic radii of isoelectronic ions
increase with the decrease in the magnitude of the nuclear charge,
e.g., Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < Ne < F- < O2- < N3-
5. Electron gain enthalpy
(i) Electron gain enthalpy of an element is the energy released when a neutral
isolated gaseous atom accepts an extra electron to form the gaseous anion.
It is denoted by DegH.
Periodic Table
50.
(ii) The DegH1 for most of the elements is negative while their DegH2 is always
positive.
(iii) DegH1 becomes more negative from left to right in a period and less negative
from top to bottom in a group.
(iv) The overall negative DegH for halogens; Cl > F > Br > I
for chalogens; S > Se > Te > Po > O.
6. Ionization enthalpy.
The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound
electron
from an isolated gaseous atom to convert into gaseous cation is called ionization
enthalpy. It is represented by DiH and units are electron volts (eV) per atom
or kcal mol-1.
(i) The successive ionization enthalpies follow the sequence : DiH3 > DiH2 > DiH1.
(ii) The DiH decreases from top to bottom in a group due to increase in atomic size
and screening effect.
(ii) DiH increases from left to right in a period due to a corresponding increase in
the nuclear charge.
7. Electronegativity (EN)
Electronegativity of an element is the tendency of its atom to attract the shared
pair of electrons towards itself in a covalent bond.
(i) The electronegativity of an atom decreases regularly down a group from top to
bottom but increases along a period from left to right.
(ii) On the Pauling scale electronegativity of F is the maximum (4) Cs or Fr is the
lowest (0.7).
(iii) Pauling and Mulliken scales are related by the expression, Pauling scale =
Mulliken scale/2.8.
8. Some elements of the second period show diagonal relationship with elements of
third
Period and hence exhibit some similar properties. For example, in some properties,
Li
resembles Mg, Be resembles Al and B resembles Si.
These difference arise due to :
(i) small size
(ii) large charge/ radius ratio, high electronegativity and
(iii) absence of d-orbitals among the elements of second period.
Periodic Table
51.
Periodic Table
52.
53.
Periodic Table