PERIODIC TABLE

1.

 2.

 1 Periodic Table

Chapter 1
Introduction
Development of Periodic Table
1. Dobereiner’s Law of Triads:
Concept Ladder
When elements having similar properties are
Doberenier's law of trids was
placed in increasing order of atomic weight in
rejected because in some
group of three, then atomic weight of middle triads all the three elements
element is arithmetic mean of other two possessed nearly the same
elements. atomic masses.

Atomic
Triad
Masses

Lithium 6.94

Sodium 22.99

Potassium 39.1 Previous Year’s Question

The arithmetic mean of the masses of potassium Who is called the father of
and lithium corresponds to 23.02, which is chemistry
almost equal to the atomic mass of sodium [AIPMT]
(1) Faraday
Ex: (2) Priestley
(3) Rutherford
Ca, Sr, Ba
(4) Lavoiser
P, As, Sb

Cl, Br, I

S, Se, Te

2. Newland’s Law of Octaves :

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When elements arranged in order of their
increasing atomic weights, the properties of every
Why was the law of octaves
eighth element were similar to those of the first discarded?
one.
Periodic Table

3.
 sa re ga ma pa dha ni sa

Li Be B C N O F Na

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K

3. Lother Meyer Curve

He plotted a graph between the atomic volume
and atomic weights of the elements and observed
that the elements with similar properties
occupied similar position on the curve.

Concept Ladder

Lother Meyer proposed
that the physical
properties of the elements
are a periodic function of
the atomic weights.

(1) The most strongly electropositive alkali metal

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occupy the peaks on the curve.
(2) The less strongly electropositive alkaline earth
Why Lothar Meyer's periodic
metals occupy the descending position on the classification was not that much
curve. appreciated.
(3) The most electronegative elements i.e. halogens
Periodic Table

occupy the accupy the ascending position on the

curve.

4.
4. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table :
The physical and chemical properties of elements Definition
are the periodic function of their atomic weights,
A tabular arrangement of
i.e., when the elements are arranged in order of elements in rows and columns,
their increasing atomic weights, elements with highlighting the regular
similar properties are repeated after certain repetition of properties of
elements is called a periodic
regular intervals. It consists of seven horizontal
table.
rows called periods.

Mendeleev's original talb econsists of 8 vertical Concept Ladder

columns called groups. Thesea re numbered as Modern Periodic Table
I, II, III....VIII. However, 9th vertical column called Mosley's Low
zero group was added with the discovery of inert
  a Z  b
gases. Except for 8 and 0, each group is further
divided into two sub-group designated as A and  Z
B. Group 8 consists of 9 elements arranged in
three sets each containing three elements.
Defects : Rack your Brain
Position of hydrogen, position of isotopes, position
Iodine having lower atomic mass
of lanthanides and actinides, anomalous pairs of
than tellurium was placed ahead
elements. Some dissimilar elements are grouped of tellurium. Why?
together while some similar elements are placed
in different groups.
Modern Periodic Law : Previous Year’s Question
y Physical and chemical properties of the elements
The long form of periodic table has
are a periodic function of their atomic numbers,
 [AIPMT]
i.e. elements are arranged in order of their (1) 8 horizontal rows & 7 vertical
increasing atomic numbers, the elements with columns
similar properties are repeated after certain (2) 7 horizontal rows & 18 vertical
columns
regular intervals.
(3) 7 horizontal rows & 7 vertical
Cause of Periodicity : columns
It is due to repetition of similar outer electronic (4) 8 horizontal rows and 8 vertical
Periodic Table

configurations after certain regular intervals. columns

5.
 Electronic configuration of elements :

Nomenclature of element with Atomic number (Z) > 100

Digit Root Abbreviation Digit Root Abbreviation

0 nil n 5 pent p

1 un u 6 hex h

2 bi b 7 sept s

3 tri t 8 oct o

4 quad q 9 enn e
Periodic Table

6.
Q.1. What is the name of element with atomic number (Z) = 103?

A1. Unniltrium
Electronic Configuration of Elements and The Periodic Table
Periodic table is divided into the four blocks viz.
(1) s-Block     (2) p-Block     (3) d-Block     (4) 
f-Block
s-Block Elements

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Which elements of s-Block are

largely found in biological fluids?

Q.2 Why Be is not a true alkaline earth metal?

Periodic Table

A2 Be is not a true alkaline earth metal since its oxide is amphoteric

7.
 p-Block Elements
(1) These are present in right part of the periodic Concept Ladder
table.
(2) These constituted the groups IIIA to VIIA and The electronic configuration
of valence shell in p-block is
zero groups i.e., groups 13 to 18 of the periodic
ns2np1–6 (n = 2 to 7).
table.
(3) Most of these elements are metalloids and non
metals but some of them are metals also.
(4) The last electron fills in p-orbital of valence
shell.

y 13th group : Boron family (ns2np1)

Ex :- Al (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1)
y 14th group : Carbon family (ns2np2)
Ex :- Si (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2)
y 15th group : Nitrogen family
“Pnicogen” (ns2np3). Pnico
means Fertilizer and Gen
means to produce. Rack your Brain

Ex :- P (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3)

Which element was discovered by
y 16th group : Oxygen family “Chalcogen” (ns2 np4). marie and pierre curie?
Chalco means Ore and Gen means to produce.
Ex :- S (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4)
y 17th group : Halogen family (ns2 np5). Halo means
Previous Year’s Question
Salt and Gen means to produce.
Ex :- Cl (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5) The elements on the right side of the
y 18 th
group (Zero group) : Inert/Noble/Rare gas periodic table are
 [AIPMT]
(ns2np6)
(1) Metals
Ex :- Ar (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6) (2) Metalloids
Exception : Helium shows the 1s2 electronic (3) Non-metals
Periodic Table

configuration. (4) Transition elements

8.
 d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)

(1) These are present in the middle part of

the periodic table (between s and p block
elements)
(2) These constitute IIIB to VIIB, VII, IB and IIB i.e.,
3 to 12 groups of the periodic table.
(3) Filling of electrons takes places in penultimate
shell. i.e., (n – 1) shell.
Concept Ladder
y 3d Series : Also known as first transition series
having 10 elements starting from “Scandium” (Z d-block elements form
coloured compounds and
= 21) to “Zinc” (Z = 30).
coloured complexes. They
Ex :- Fe : [Ar] 3d64s2 have vacant orbitals. Electrons
y 4d Series : Also known as second transition take up energy and move to
higher energy levels and thus
series having 10 elements starting from “Yttrium” appear coloured.
(Z = 39) to “Cadmium” (Z = 48).
Ex :- Pd : [Kr] 4d105s0
y 5d Series : Also known as third transition series Previous Year’s Question

having 10 elements starting from “Lanthanum” (Z

An atom has electronic configuraiotn
= 57) to “Mercury” (Z = 80). 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2, you will place
Ex :- Au : [Xe] 5d106s1 it in
 [AIPMT]
y 6d Series : Also known as fourth transition series (1) 5 gruop
th

having 10 elements starting from “Actinium” (Z = (2) 15th gruop

Periodic Table

(3) 2nd group

89) to “Copernicium” (Z = 112).
(4) 3rd group
Ex :- Rf : [Rn] 6d27s2

9.
 f-Block Elements (Inner Transition Elements)

(1) All are metals.

(2) They are paramagnetic in nature.
(3) They form coloured compounds.
(4) They have tendency to form complexes.
(5) Filling of electrons takes place in anti-
Concept Ladder

penultimate shell. i.e. (n – 2) shell.

(6) Chemically, lanthanides are very similar. It is f-Block show variable valency.
difficult to separate them form a mixture by The +3 is the most important
oxidation state. Few elements
applicaiton of a chemical property. Similary, show +2 and +4 oxidation
actinides have similar chemical proper;ties. states.

The members of actinides show the

phenomenon of radioactivity.
y Lanthanoids : (Atomic number 58–71)
Lanthanoids belongs to 3rd group (III B group)
and VI period having (n–2)f1–14 (n–1)d0-1 ns2 Previous Year’s Question

electronic configuration.
Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. Its
y Actinoids : (Atomic number 90–103) atomic number is 64. Which of the
Actinoids belongs to 3rd group (III B group) following is the correct electronic
configuration of gadolinium?
and VII period (n–2)f0–14 (n–1)d0-1 ns2 electronic  [AIPMT-2015]
configuration. (1) [Xe]4f05s1 (2) [Xe]4f75d16s­2
(3) [Xe]4f65d26s2 (4) [Xe]4f86d2
y Hydrogen, Helium, Thorium are exception to
Periodic Table

block classification.

10.
y Every period starts with the filling of s-orbital &
Rack your Brain
ends with p-orbital.
y Mainly d and f-block elements have exceptions
What are transactinides or Super
in electronic configuration which is due to orbital heavy elements?
contraction.
Magic number :
y They are the set of number after which properties
of elements (mainly chemical property) are
repeated at regular intervals.
Concept Ladder
General electronic configuration for various
blocks : Values of magic numbers are in
(i) s-block : ns 1,2
where n ≥ 1 gruop.
(ii) p-block : ns np2 1–6
where n ≥ 2 1st : I(A)– 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
(iii) d-block : (n–1)d 1–10
ns 1, 2
where n ≥ 4 2nd : II(A)– 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
(iv) f-block : (n–2)f1–14(n–1)d0,ns2 where n ≥ 6 3rd : III(B)– 18, 18, 32
4th to 12th : 18, 18, 32
y Maximum number of electrons in outermost orbit 13th to 17th : 8, 18, 18, 32, 32
of : 18th : 8, 8, 18, 18, 32
(i) s-block elements = 2
(ii) p-block elements = 8
(iii) d-block elements = 10
(iv) f-block elements = 14
Previous Year’s Question
y Total number of electrons in outermost orbit of
Pd will be 18. The elements Z = 114 has been
discovered recently. It will belong to
i.e. Pd – [Kr] 4s2 4p6 4d10 which of the following family/group
y Maximum number of electrons in penultimate and electronic configuration?
shell i.e. (n–1) shell. [NEET]
(1) Carbon family, [Rn] f 6d 7s2 7p2
14 10

(i) d-block elements = 18 (2) Oxygen family, [Rn] f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
(ii) f-block elements = 9 (3) Nitrogen family, [Rn] f14 6d10 7s2
y Maximum number of electrons is antipenultimate 7p6
(4) Halogen family, [Rn] f14 6d10 7s2
Periodic Table

shell i.e. (n–2) shell of f-block elements 32 range 7p5

(19 to 32).

11.
 Atomic numbers of various inert gases :
First period 
2
 He  2  Previous Year’s Question
Second period 
8
 Ne  10 
The electronic configuration of an
Third period 
8
 Ar  18 element is 1s22s2sp63s23p3. What is
Fourth period 
18
 Kr  36  the atomic number of the element,
which is just below the above
Fifth period 
18
 Xe  54 
element in the periodic table?
Sixth period 
32
 Rn  86  [NEET]
Seventh period 
32
 Og  118 (1) 36 (2) 49
(3) 33 (4) 34
Group Identification


Group No.  18  Zinert gas  Zgiven 
Total number of elements in a period : Rack your Brain

n  1
2
Minimum atomic no. which can
(i) Total number of elements in a period 
2 change the present modal of
When n = 1, 3, 5, ……
n  2
2
periodic table?
(ii) Total number of elements in a period 
2
When n = 2, 4, 6, ……

Q.3 Calculate the total number of elements and total subshell in 7th period.

A.3 For 7th period n = 7 ∴ n = 7 is odd number

 
2
71 64
  32 elements
2 2

 Total elements 
Total subshell in period   
 2  Concept Ladder
32
 4  s, p, d, f 
2 Total subshells in a period
Identification of group, block, period in periodic
Total elements
table : =
2
(A) When atomic number is given :
(i) Lanthanoid (Atomic number 58 to 71)
Periodic Table

→ 3rd group (III-B)

12.
 → 6th period
→ f-block Concept Ladder
(ii) Actinoid (Atomic number 90 to 103)
→ 3rd group (III-B) Metalloids
Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At (universal
→ 7th period
metalloid)
→ f-block
B or Se is non metal/metalloid
⇒ Atomic number 104 to 118– Last two digit Po is metal/metalloid
gives group number in periodic table.
Ex : Atomic number 115 – group 15. (Last two digit
gives group number)
Que. Complete the following table :

S.No. Atomic no. Group Block Period

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1 87
Noble gases don’t have covalent
2 115 radii. Why ?

3 52

4 26
Concept Ladder
Sol.

Atomic Total s-block elements

S.No. Group Block Period
No. = 14 (12 + H, He)
H and He are exception of
1 87 1st s VIIth block classification on the
basis of position in periodic
table.
2 115 15th p VIIth

3 52 16th p Vth

4 26 8th d IVth
Rack your Brain

What is the total number of liquid

Periodic Table

metal and non metal elements?

13.
 (A) When configuration is given :
ns → (n–2)f → (n–1)d → np Previous Year’s Question
y The subshell that receives last electron is block.
y Period number is highest number of orbit. The total number of rare-earth
elements are
y Group number can be calculated as follows.
[AIPMT]
(i) s-block : Group number = Number of outermost (1) 8 (2) 12
s electron. (3) 14 (4) 10
(ii) 
p-block : Group number = 12 + Number of
outermost p electron.
(iii) d-block : Group number = Number of outermost s
electron + Number of Penultimate d electron.
(iv) f-block : Group number for f-block is 3rd group.

Q.4 Find out group, block & Period.

(a) [He] 2s2 2p3 (b) [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5

A.4. (a) 15th group, p-block, IInd period

(b) 17th group, p-block, VIIth period

Bohr’s classification : Rack your Brain
(I) Inert gases :
What is first man made radioactive
→ Outermost orbit complete.
lanthanoid?
→ Total 7 inert gases are discovered.
→ General configuration is ns2np0/6.
(II) Normal/Representative elements :
→ Last orbit incomplete.
→s
 and p-block elements except inert gases are
Previous Year’s Question
called representative/normal element.
→ General configuration is ns1,2np0–5 The element having the electronic
(III)Transition elements : configuraiotn 1s22s22p63s23p1
y In this case last two orbit are incompleted in its [AIPMT]
(1) A transition element
atomic or ionic form.
(2) A representative element
y d-block elements except 12th group (Zn, Cd, Hg, (3) An inert gas
Periodic Table

Uub) are called as transition elements. (4) An inner-transition element

14.
(IV)Inner transition elements :
Concept Ladder
y In this case last 3 orbits are incompleted in its
atomic or ionic form. Elements of 12th group are not
y f-block elements are called inner transition transition elements but they
elements. are considered in transition
series.

Q.5 Select the set of representative elements.

(1) Atomic number 11, 26, 35, 88 (2) Atomic number 66, 101, 17, 37
(3) Atomic number 19, 38, 15, 7 (4) Atomic number 30, 80, 105, 92
A.5 (3)

Q.6 . If an orbital contains 3 electrons or if there are 3 values of spin quantum number, then
select the incorrect option.
(1) Na belongs to p-block
(2) (Zinc = 30) changes its block (1s3 2s3 2p9 3s3 3p9 4s3)
(3) Total number of elements in 6th period will be 27
(4) Total number of elements in 3rd period will be 12
(5) Total number of periods in periodic table will be less than total number of periods in
modern periodic table.
A.6 (3) Total number of elements in 6th period will be 48.

Typical elements :
y Those elements which explain the properties of
there respective group. Previous Year’s Question
y Third period elements except inert gases are
The element, with atomic number
called typical elements.
118, will be
y Elements of 2nd period are not typical elements [AIIMS]
since they have : (1) a transition element
(i) Small size (2) an alkali metal
(ii) High Zeff (3) an alkaline earth metal
Periodic Table

(4) a noble gas

(iii) Absence of vacant d-orbitals

15.
 Bridge elements :
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y According to modern periodic table, the elements
of 2nd period (Li, Be, B) are called as bridge What is first man made element?
elements.
y According to Mendeleev periodic table, the
elements of 3rd period (Na, Mg, Al) are called
Concept Ladder
as bridge elements.
Diagonal Relationship : Diagonal Properties
y Elements of second period are showing properties
similar to elements of third period which are
diagonally related to them, this is called as
diagonal relationship. Almost have similarity in

y The cause of diagonal relationship is similar value properties.

of ionic potential (φ).

Transuranic Elements :
Previous Year’s Question
y Those elements which are coming after Uranium
in periodic table. The element, with atomic number
118, will be
y All trans Uranic elements are radioactive and
[AIIMS]
artificial (Man made). (1) a transition element
y Total transuranic elements in periodic table are (2) an alkali metal
(3) an alkaline earth metal
26.
(4) a noble gas
y First man made element is Technetium(Tc).
y First man made Lanthanoid is Promethium (Pm).
y Total natural elements are 90 (1 to 90).
Concept Ladder
y Traces of Np, Pu are found in naturally occurring
ore of Uranium that is Pitch Blend. (U3O8).
All actinoids are radioactive
Liquid elements :
but all actinoids are not man
(i) Liquid at room temperature- Hg, Br
made.
(ii) Liquid around room temperature- Cs, Fr, Ga, Uub
Periodic Table

16.
Periodicity :
y The causes of periodicity is repetition of general Definition
electronic configuration.
Regular repetition of properties
y Zeff, ionisation energy, electronegativity,
at fixed intervals is called as
electroaffinity, metallic character etc are periodic
periodicity.
properties.
Zeff (Effective nuclear charge)

Where,
Definition
Z is number of protons
s is shielding/screening constant The net positive charge attracting
an electron in an atom is known
as effective nuclear charge.

Concept Ladder

Shielding effect : s > p > d > f

Shielding effect :
(1) 
It is the phenomenon is which nuclear charge
present on outermost electron is decreased by
presence of inner or outer electron.

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(2) The shielding of electron present in s-orbital is
most effective, p-orbital is effective, d-orbital is Which element has the highest
Periodic Table

poor and f-orbital is negligible. effective nuclear charge?

s > p > d > f (shielding effect).

17.
 Slater’s Rule :
(Calculation of σ and zeff) Concept Ladder
(1) For ns/np electron.
nth ⇒ σ = 0.35 On moving from left to right

(n–1) ⇒ σ = 0.85 in s and p-block elements σ
(n–2) or lower ⇒ σ = 1.0 is increased by 0.35 and zeff is
(2) For nd/nf electron. increased by 0.65.
nd/nf ⇒ σ = 0.35 On moving from left to right
(3) For 2 electron species (Ex : He, Li+, Be++ etc.) in d-block σ is increased by
σ = 0.3 0.85 and zeff is increased by
0.15.
Examples :
(1) Calculate the σ and zeff for Na.
Sol Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Rack your Brain
σ = 8 × 0.85 + 2 × 1.0  = 8.85
Zeff  = Z – σ = 11 – 8.85 = 2.15 If Zeff of carbon is x than find out
the value of Zeff of oxygen?
(2) Calculate the σ and zeff for 3s electron of Mg.
Sol. Mg = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
s = 1 × 0.35 + 8 × 0.85 + 2 × 1.0 = 9.15
 Zeff = Z – σ = 12 – 9.15 = 2.85 Concept Ladder

y From top to bottom Zeff value is On moving from top to bottom
Li = 1.30 zeff is increased by 0.9 in IInd
Na = 2.20 & IIIrd period. Thereafter it
K = 2.20 remains constant.
Rb = 2.20
Note :
Slater’s rule is never used for comparing various
periodic properties. Rack your Brain

Total number of liquid elements

Periodic Table

are?

18.
Atomic Radius:

(a) Covalent radius :

Concept Ladder

For non-metal
d
rcov alent =
2
It is defined as one-half the distance between
the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the
same element in a molecule. This is generally
used for non-metals.

1 Rack your Brain
rcov alent radius 
2
Bond length
For Homoatomic molecule : dA–B = rA + rB
How covalent bonds are broken?
For Heteroatomic : dA–B = rA + rB – 0.09 |∆EN|
(Stevenson and Schoemaker formula)
(b) Metallic radius : (Crystal radius)
y It is half of internuclear distance present between
the two adjacent metal ions in the metallic lattice.
y Covalent radius is always lower than metallic Concept Ladder
radius since in case of metallic radius no
For metal
overlapping takes place.
d
y Kernel is the part left after separation of rmetallic =
outermost orbit. 2
Periodic Table

y Generally metallic radius is present between two

metal atoms.

19.
 Rack your Brain

Which metal would form a stron

metallic bond?

Previous Year’s Question

Largest difference in radii is found

in case of the pair
[AIIMS]
(1) Li, Na (2) Na, K
(3) K, Rb (4) Rb, Cs
(c) Van der Walls radius :

y It is half of internuclear distance between nuclei of

Concept Ladder
two non-bonded isolated atoms or adjacent atoms

belonging to neighbouring molecules. For metal

y It is also defined with respect to inert gases, it is d
rvwf =
half of the internuclear distance present between 2

atoms of inert gas in solid state.

Rack your Brain

Why is van der Walls radius greater

than covalent radius?

Q.7 Inert gases have maximum size. Why ?

A.7 In case of inert gases, we consider Vanderwaal radius and Vanderwaal radius is greater than
that of metallic and covalent radius.
Periodic Table

20.
 Rack your Brain

What is antipenultimate shell?

Block-wise comparison of elements:

(I) s-block : The atomic or ionic size of s-block
elements is given as follows :
In the above figure Be and Cs has minimum and
maximum atomic radius respectively.
Note : -
(i) Ionic radius Li+(76 pm) ≥ Mg2+(72 pm) and Na+ (102
pm) ≥ Ca2+ (100 pm).
(ii) Metallic bond strength of Ba is higher than K due
to metallic radius of Ba is lower than K.
(II) p-block : Generally on moving along period from
left to right size of elements decreases and on
moving from top to bottom size of elements
increases. Previous Year’s Question
y In boron family the trend in atomic size is given as :
Which of the following atoms will
B  Al
 Ga
  In
  Tl have the smallest size?
Transition Lanthanoid
contraction contraction [AIIMS]
(1) Mg (2) Na
Periodic Table

(3) Be (4) Li

21.
 y In carbon family the trend in atomic size is given
as : Previous Year’s Question

C  Si
 Ge
   Sn
  Tl

 Which is correct regarding size of
Weak Weak
Transition
contraction
Lanthanoid
contraction
atom?
[AIIMS]
y In nitrogen and oxygen families there is general (1) N < O (2) B < Ne
trend for atomic size that is from top to bottom (3) V > Ti (4) Na > K
it increases.
(III)d-block : Generally on moving top to bottom size
increases. Concept Ladder
Note : (From left to right)
Transition metal show
similarity in properties in
both horizontal and vertical
direction due to comparable
size.

Rack your Brain

Why d-block elements are highly

reactive?

Previous Year’s Question

Among the elements Ca, Mg, P and

Order of size of 3d series : Cl, the order of increasing atomic
(i) Covalent radius : radii is
[AIPMT-2010]

Sc  Ti  V  Cs  Mn (1) Mg < Ca < Cl < P
   Fe  Co
  Ni
  Cu  Zn

Zeff   Zeff   Zeff   (2) Cl < P < Mg < Ca
Periodic Table

(3) P < Cl < Ca < Mg

(4) Ca < Mg < P < Cl

22.
(ii) Metallic radius:

Sc  Ti  V  Cr  Mn  Fe  Co  Ni  Cu  Zn

The variation in covalent and metallic radius of Cr

and Mn is due to the fact that in case of Mn two
electrons participate in metallic bond formation
whereas in case of Cr three electrons participate
in formation of metallic bond, that is why metallic
bond strength of Cr is high and its metallic radius
is low.

(IV) f-block :The order of ionic size of lanthanoid

series elements is shown as follows :

y The metallic radius/atomic radius of Eu is

maximum in lanthanoids series since, in case
of Eu two electrons are participating in metallic
bond but in case of other metals of lanthanoid
series three electrons are participating in metallic
bond due to which their metallic bond strength is
high and their metallic radius is low.

Concept Ladder

Maximum and minimum

Atomic Size (Period Trends) : atomic radius along the period
are inert gases and halogens.
Periodic Table

23.
 y Electrons are in the same energy level but there
is more nuclear charge.
y Outermost electrons are pulled closer.

Ex : (i) Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F << Ne

(ii) Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl << Ar

Concept Ladder
Atomic Size (Group Trends) :
Size of an atom depends upon
effective nuclear charge and
screening effect. Therefore,
when we move from left to
right of periodic table atomic
y As we increase the atomic number (or go down size decreases
a gorup).
y Each atom has another energy level, so the atoms
get bigger.
Ex : (i) F < Cl < Br < I
(ii) Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba Previous Year’s Question

(iii) N < P < As < Sb < Bi

Arrange the following in increasing
order of their atomic radius : Na, K,
(iv) Li  Na  K  Rb  Cs  Fr
 Mg, Rb
Lanthanoid
contraction [AIPMT]
(1) Mg < K < Na < Rb
(v) V  Nb  Ta (2) Mg < Na < K < Rb
(3) Mg < Na < Rb < K
Periodic Table

(4) Na < K < Rb < Mg

24.


Size order of Isoeletronic species Ions of element

1  ve charge
Ionic Radius  
Zeff  ve charge

Ionic Size (Group Trends) :

y Each step down a group is adding an energy level.
y Ions therefore get bigger as you go down, because
of the additional energy level.

Ex: (i) F– < Cl– < Br– < H–

(ii) I– > I > I+
(iii) S–2 > Cl– > Ar > K+ > Ca+2 (isoelectronic)
(iv) NaH > H2 > HCl (H-radius)
Periodic Table

25.
 Ionic Size (Period Trends) :
Rack your Brain
y Across the period from left to right, the nuclear
charge increases so they get smaller.
Does the radius of an atom or
y Notice the energy level charges between anions
ion depend upon electron-proton
and cations. ratio?

Previous Year’s Question

The radii of F, F–, O and O–2 are in the

order of
[AIPMT]
(1) O > F > O > F
2– –

(2) O2– > F– > F > O

(3) F– > O2– > F > O
(4) O2– > O > F– > F

Previous Year’s Question

Which of the following order of ionic

radii is corrctly represented
[AIPMT-2014]
(1) F > O > Na
– 2– +

(2) Al3+ > Mg2+ > N3–

(3) H– > H > H+
Periodic Table

(4) Na+ > F– > O2–

26.
Ionisation energy (IP or IE) :
Ex Which of the following represents IP1. Definition

The amount of energy required
( 1) Na  s  
 Na   g 
to remove an electron from an
Sublimation Energy + IP  1
isolated gaseous atom.
 2 K  g  
 K g 


 3 Cl  g  
2
 Cl  g 


4  Mg  g  
 Mg  g  IP  IP 
2
1 2

Concept Ladder
Sol.(2)
Note :
When an electron is being
y Successive IP :
removed from an atom

Al  g  
1e
 Ag   g  
1e 
 Ag 2 
1e
 Ag 3

having half-filled or full-filled
IP1 IP 1 IP 1
IP2 IP2
IP3
orbitals, the amount of energy
required is maximized.
y IP2 = IP1 (Neutral atom) (Ag+(g))
y IP3 = IP1 + IP2 (Neutral atom) (Ag2+(g))(Ag+(g))

Periodic Table

27.


Important points :
y The concept of Zeff is used when we compare IP
of same elements/isoelectronic species.
Ex :Order of IP :
(1) Cl(g) > Cl– (g)
Previous Year’s Question
(2) Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > F– > O2– > N3–
(3) Ne+(g) > Ne(g) Which of the order for ionisation
(4) Mg (g) > Mg (g) > Mg(g)
2+ + energy is correct.
(5) Al3+(g) > Al2+(g) > Al+(g) > Al(g) [AIPMT]
(1) Be > B > C > N > O
y The concept of half filled/full filled configuration
(2) B < Be < C < O < N
is applicable in the following 2 cases. (3) B < Be < C < N < O
(a) Case-I : On moving left to right in a periodic (4) B < Be < N < C < O
table.
It is applicable when difference in atomic number
is one and in all the other cases Zeff is use.
Ex :
    
(i) C 2p2  N 2p3
(ii) O  2p   N  2p   Z  1 Half filled and full filled electronic configuration
4 
3


(iii) F  2p   Ne  2p  
5 6

(b) Case-II : On moving top to bottom in a periodic Rack your Brain
table.

The concept of half-filled is applicable till 4th Successive electron gain enthalpies
Periodic Table

period after that Zeff is used. are always positive. Why?

28.
 II N  O

Half filled electronic configuration is used III P  S
IV As  Se

V Sb  Te
Zeff is used (since orbital contraction) 
VI Bi  Po

Concept of exchange energy :

Configuration p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6

Exchanges 0 1 3 3 4 6

Stability order :
Configuration : p6 > p5 > p3 > p4 > p2 > p1
(Ne) (F) (N) (O) (C) (B)

Periodic Table

29.
 Rack your Brain

Why ionisation enthalpy is always

calculated in gaseous state?

Previous Year’s Question

Periodicity :

For the second period elements
the correct increasing order of first
ionization enthalpy is
[NEET-2019]
(1) Li < Be < B < C < O < N < F < Ne
(2) Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne
(3) Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
(4) Li < B < Be < C < N < O < F < Ne

Block -wise comparison :

Concept Ladder
(I) s-block element :

If difference between two
successive I.P. values is less
than 11 eV then higher oxidation
state is more stable.
On moving down a group, if size is same or
If difference between two
almost same due to lanthanoid or transition
successive I.P. values is
contraction then I.P. increases because zeff
greater then 16 eV then lower
Periodic Table

increases.
oxidation state is more stable.

30.
(II) p-block element :

(III) d-block element :

The order of IP moving from left to right in d-block

is shown as follows :

3d series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

4d series Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

5d series La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Note :
There are various exceptions in the IP of d-block
elements which is due to the following reasons.
(1) Exceptional electronic configuration.
(2) Irregular variation in size and Zeff.
(3) When e— is removed from ns orbital then Previous Year’s Question

remaining e- is shifted to (n-1) orbital due to

Which of the following has the
which the no. of exchanges are changed and highest first ionisation energy
IP also changes. [AIPMT]
y On moving from top to bottom in d-block Zeff is (1) Li (2) Be
Periodic Table

(3) B (4) C
dominating factor.

31.
 y Order of IP of 3d series will be:-
Sc < Ti > V < Cr < Mn < Fe > Co > Ni < Cu < Zn Previous Year’s Question

Note
Which of the following element has
• 2nd, 6th & 7th group IP decreases & in rest of all maximum first ionisation potential?
groups IP increases. [AIIMS]
y From top to bottom. (1) V (2) Ti
(3) Cr (4) Mn

For the group no. 4, 5, 6, 10

3d < 4d < 5d Rack your Brain
For all groups
4d < 3d < 5d Why hydrogen has high ionisation
y The above 2 orders are not valid for 3rd group. energy compare to ionic metals?

(IV) f-block
In case of Lanthanoids i.e. 4f-series
4f ; σ ↓, Zeff, ↑, IP ↑

Periodic Table

Ex. (1) Na+ is more stable than Na2+ since IP is  16 eV

(2) Mg2+ is more stable than Mg+ since IP  11 eV

32.


Previous Year’s Question

(iv) To decide valence electron
Ex: IP1 = 12 In which of the following options
IP2 = 27 the order of arrangement does not
IP3 = 39 agree with the variation of property
indicated against it?
IP4 = 169
[NEET-2016]
y The above element may be Al. (1) I < Be < Cl < F (increasing electron
y Oxide of above element may be amphoteric. gain enthalpy)
y The above element is a metal. (2) Li < Na < K < Rb (increasing
metallic radius)
y Outermost electron (valency) = 3
(3) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F– (increasing)
(4) B < C < N < O (increasing first
ionization enthalpy)

Q.8 Given following values of IP in [eV]

IP1 IP2 IP3 IP4…..
12 127 139 167………
Select the correct option :
(1) Element may be Na. (2) Element may be Li.
(3) Element is a metal. (4) Both (1) & (3)
A.8 
(4) Element may be Li is incorrect because 3 electrons are present in Li

Note- Isotopes have similar values of size & IP.

Ex. Correct order of IPs are
(1) N3- < O2- < F- < Na+ < Mg2+ < Al3+

(2) I+ (g) > I (g) > I- (g)
(3) Be2+ > La+ > He Rack your Brain
(4) Sc > Y > La < Ac
(5) Ni < Pd < Pt (10th group) Why IP values of lanthanoids
generally increases from Ce to Lu?
Periodic Table

(6) Rn > W > Hg > La

33.
 (7) Zn > Fe > Sc
(8) Order of IP1 of 2nd period elements
Ne > F > N O > C > Be > B > Li
(9) Order of IP2 of 2nd period elements
Li > Ne > O > F > N > B > C > Be

Periodic Table

34.
Electron Affinity/ Electron gain enthalpy : Definition
y Electron gain enthalpy is the enthalpy change in
the above process. Electron Affinity is amount of
energy released when electron is
X  g   e 
 X  g  H  EGE added to isolated gaseous atom
in its ground state.

Periodic Table

35.
 y For exothermic ∆H is negative and for endothermic ∆H is positive.

Relation between IP & EA

X  g   e   X g  M g    M g   e
EA EA

  

   
IP IP
IP x  EA  x  IPM  EA M
   
(i) Ionisation Potential of monoanion is always equal to EA of neutral atom.
(ii) Similarly, Ionisation Potential of neutral atom is always equal to EA of monocation.
Important Points
y The formation of poly -ve anion is always endothermic process.
O g   e  Og   H  141 kJ / mol  Exothermic 
Og   e  O2 g  H  744 kJ / mol  Endothermic 
O g   2e  O2 g  H  603 kJ / mol  Endothermic 

Periodic Table

36.
y Concept of repulsion factors is applicable when
we compare EA of 2nd & 3rd period elements. Previous Year’s Question
F  1 e 
 F and Cl  1 e 
 Cl 
Which one of the following
y Electron affinity of Cl is more than F (2nd period arrangements represents the correct
element < 3rd period element) order of electron gain enthalpy (with
y Order of EA negative sign) of the given atomic
species
F < Cl > Br > I
[AIPMT-2010]
N < P > As > Sb > Bi (1) Cl < F < S < O (2) O < S < F < Cl
O < S > Se > Te (3) S < O < Cl < F (4) F < Cl < O < S
EA of oxygen is minimum in chalcogens
Ex: IP (Cs) > EA (Cl)
Order of EA
Family Halogen > Chalogen > Pnicogen
 Always valid
Config. p5 p4 p3 

Q.9 EA of Cl is maximum in Periodic Table.

A.9 If we consider Cl
Rack your Brain
   
Cl g  e  Cl g  350 KJ / mol
 

EA = +350 KJ/mol
Which group has the highest
EGE = -350 KJ/mol EA >> EGE electronaffinity?
Order of EA
(I) 2nd period elements

Q.10 Assertion : Addition of one electron in nitrogen is endothermic where as in phosphorus

is exothermic.
 Reason : Nitrogen doesn’t contain vacant d-orbital but phosphorus contains d-orbital.
Periodic Table

A.10 Assertion and Reason both are true and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

37.
 (II) 3rd period element

• Exothermic/ Endothermic
( 1) Stable configuraiton of atom 
e
 endothermic


(1s2 /np6 /2s2 /3s2 /2p3 )  EA  0


(2) Unstable configuration of atom 
e
 exothermic
(3) Poly negative anion formation 
 endothermic

(4) Neutral atom 
e
 endothermic (IP)

Examples for endothermic/ exothermic : Previous Year’s Question

( 1) Cl  g  
 Cl g  (exothermic) Fluorine has low electron affinity
than chlorine because of
(2) K g    Kg  (endothermic))
[AIPMT]
(3) Na  g    Na 
g  (endothermic) (1) Smaller radius of fluorine, high
density
 Cl g 
(4) Cl 2  g   (endothermic)
(2) Smaller radius of chlorine, high
density
y Order of electron affinity of various species :
(3) Bigger radius of fluorine, less
(1) I+ > I > I– (2) Cl > F > S > O density
(3) F > O > N > Be > Ne (4) Cl > P > Na > Al > Ar (4) Smaller radius of chlorine, less
(5) Cl > F > P > N (6) Cl > F > Br > I density

Periodic Table

38.
Electronegativity
y The concept of EN is independent of configuration Definition
factor and it is a relative concept.
It is the tendency of atom in a
y Partial charges are developed by EN & it has no unit.
molecule by which it attracts
  
H Cl shared pair of electrons towards
itself

Periodic Table

39.
 S.No. Character CH≡CH CH2 = CH2 CH3 – CH3

(1) Hybridisation sp sp2 sp3

(2) % s-character 50 % 33.33 % 25 %

(3) % p-character 50 % 66.7 % 75 %

(4) EN value 3.25 2.75 2.5

Ex: (1) C < N < O < F

(2) F > Cl > Br > I
Previous Year’s Question
(3) SbF5 > SbF3
Scale of EN
The chemical elements are
(I) Pauling’s scale arranged int he order of increasing
electronegativites in the sequence
XA  XB  0.208  A B [AIPMT-2010]
Or  A B  23.06  XA  XB  (1) P, Si, Se, Br, N
2

(2) Si, Se, P, Br, N

XA  EN of A
(3) Si, P, Se, Br, N
XB  EN of B (4) Se, P, Si, Br, N
Periodic Table

 AB  Reso
onance energy in Kcal/mol 1
Resonance Energy  Ehybrid  EMost stable resonating structure

40.
(II) Mullikan scale
IP  EA Previous Year’s Question
EN  ev / atom
2
Relationship between XP and XM Which element has the lowest
electronegativity

XM IP  EA [AIPMT]
XP  or XP  ev/atom (1) Li (2) F
2.8 5.6
(3) Fe (4) Cl
IP  EA
Or XP  KJ/mol
540
1 Kcal  4.2 KJ
Rack your Brain
Applications
(1) Bond polarity -  EN Ex : H – F > H – H
The bond length decreases with
(2) % ionic character  EN multiplicity of bnod. Why?
Accrording to Henry-Smith equation
% ionic character  16 | EN |  3.5 | EN |2

Ex: CsF is having highest ∆EN = 3.3

% ionic character = 16 (3.3) + 3.5 (3.3)2 = 91 % Concept Ladder
Ionic character can never be 100 % since
polarisation exists If the EN difference of a

Covalent character can never be 100 % since covalently bonded atom (Dc)
Vander Wall forces exists. increases, the bond energy
(3) Bond length (Inter nuclear distance) of the covalent bond also
dA  dB  rA  rB  0.09 | EN | increases.

(Schoemaker & Stevenson formula)

Ex: (1) NH3 > SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 (Bond polarity)
Previous Year’s Question
(2) H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te (Bond polarity)
Which of the following order is
(3) HF > HCl > HBr > HI (Ionic character) wrong?
[AIPMT]
(4) NaCl < MgS < AlP (Covalent character)
(1) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 – acidic
(5) B < P < S < N < O < F (Non metallic character) (2) Li < Be < B < C –1st IP
(3) Al2O3 < MgO < Na2O < K2O – basic
Periodic Table

(4) Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Cs+ – ionic radius

41.
 Acidic/Basic Nature :
(1) Lewis concept :
Previous Year’s Question
AA : Acid–acceptor of electron pair.sss
BD : Base–donor of electron pair. Acidity of pentoxides in VA group
[AIPMT]
Lewis Base :
(1) Decreases
y Anionic species. (2) Increases
Ex : NH2Θ , OHΘ , FΘ . (3) Remains same
y Lone pair containing species. (4) None
 , PH
Ex : NH :
 , H O
3 3 2

Lewis Acid : Vacant orbital containing species :

Ex : FeCl3, MnCl2, MnCl2, AlCl3, SiF4, etc.
y Contraction of octat/hypovalent/electron
deficient species.
Rack your Brain

Ex : BCl3, AlCl3, BeCl2 etc.

For monatomic anions of similar
y Central atom bonded by multiple bond.
charge, base strength decreases
Ex : CO2, SO2, SO3 etc. with increasing size. Why?

Cationic Species : Ex : Li+, Be++, H+, etc.

Lewis Basic Strength (LBS) : Concept Ladder

Periodic Table

42.
Acidic Nature of hydrides of group 15, 16, 17 :
y Whenever conjugate base is more stable than
corresponding acid is more acidic.

Rack your Brain

The acidity increases as the

oxidation state of N and P increases.
Acidic/Basic Nature of Oxides, Hydroxides, Oxyacids What is the reason behind this
and metal hydride increase in acidity?

Na 2O  H OH 
 2NaOH
Hydroixde
Metal Oxies
(Basic )

Concept Ladder
CO2  HOH 
 H2CO3
Non-metal Oxyacid
oxide For oxides having molecular
(Acidic)
formula M2Ox, the following
 Ca  OH  2H2
CaH2  HOH  would be applicable for acidic
2
Hydrolith Hydroxide
(Basic)
and basic behavour. Molecules

having
O
Acidic nature  EN  Ve O.S ≥ 1.5 , they are acidic
M
and others are neutral
1 1
Basic nature  
EN Ve O.S.

Some important orders :

Previous Year’s Question
(1) H2SO4 > H2SeO4 > H2TeO4 (Acidic)
(2) NaOH < KOH < CsOH (Basic) Which of the following is the most
(3) H2SO4 > H2SO4 (Acidic) basic oxide?
(4) HF < HCl < HBr < HI (Acidic) [AIPMT]
(1) SeO2 (2) Al2O3
Periodic Table

(5) H2O < H2Se < H2Se < H2Te (Acidic)

(3) Sb2O3 (4) Bi2O3
(6) NH3 < H2O < HF (Acidic)

43.
 (7) HOCl < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 (Acidic)
Rack your Brain
(8) N2O < NO < N2O3 < N2O4 < N2O5 (Acidic)
(9) HClO4 > HBrO4 > HIO4 (Acidic)
Why CO2 is an acidic oxide?
(10) MnO < MnO2 < Mn2O7 (Acidic)
(11) Fe(OH)2 > Fe(OH)3 (Basic)
(12) H3PO2 > H3PO3 > H3PO4 (Basic)

Oxides :

Basic oxide : Metal oxide

Ex : Na2O, MgO, MnO, CrO etc.
and some d-block elements in lowest oxidation Previous Year’s Question
state.
Among the following oxides, the one
Acidic oxide : Non metal oxide
which is most basic is
Ex : N2O5, CO2, Mn2O7, CrO3. [AIPMT]
and some d-block elements in higher oxidation (1) ZnO (2) MgO
state. (3) Al2O3 (4) N2O5

Neutral oxide :
Ex : CO, NO, N2O , H2O, OF2.
Amphoteric oxide :
Ex : SnO, SnO2, ZnO, Zn(OH)2, Al2O3.
y Amphoteric metals combines with NaOH to form Previous Year’s Question
soluble complex.
The pair of amphoteric hydroxides is
y Amphoteric metals combines with acid as well as [AIIMS]
base to release H2 gas. (1) Al(OH)3, LiOH
y Amphoteric metal/ oxide/ salt forms same (2) Be(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
(3) B(OH)3, Be(OH)2
product with acid and base.
Periodic Table

(4) Be(OH)3, Zn(OH)2

44.
Q.11 Elements A, B, C, D and E have the following electronic configurations :

A : 1s2 2s2 2p1 B : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

C : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 D : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

E : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Which among these will belong to the same group in the periodic table ?

A.11 Out of these, elements A and B will belong to the same group of the periodic table

because they have same outer electronic configuration, ns2 np1.

Q.12 An element X with Z = 112 has been recently discovered. what is the electronic

configuration of the element? To which group and period will it belong?

A.12 (a) The electronic configuration of element X is [Rn]86 5f14 6d10 7s2

(b) It belongs to d-block as last electron enters in d subshell.

(c) As number of electrons in (n – 1)d subshell and valence shell is equal to

twelve i.e. 10 + 2. So it belongs to group 12.

(d) It belongs to period 7 of the periodic table as principal quantum number of

valence shell is 7 (i.e., 7s2).

Q.13 Tell the relation between effective nuclear charge (Zeff), atomic number (Z) and

shielding constant (s).

A.13 Zeff = Z – s

Q.14 Pb 4+
compounds are very good oxidising agents. Explain.

A.14 Pb 4+
is less stable than Pb2+ due to inert pair effect. so, Pb4+ compounds are very good

oxidising agent.
Periodic Table

45.
 Q.15 Arrange the following in correct order of stability :

Ga+, In+, Ti+

A.15 Ga +
< In+ < Ti+

Q.16 The atomic radii of palladium and platinum are nearly same. Why?

A.16 Due to lanthanide contraction (poor shielding of nuclear charge by 4f-electrons),

atomic radii of 4d and 5d elements are nearly same.

Q.17 In the ionic compounds KF, the K+ and F– ions are found to have practically identical

radii, about 1.34 Å each. What can you predict about the relative atomic radii of K & F?

A.17 Atomic radius of K is larger than F because the size of cation is smaller than its parent

atom while size of anion is bigger than its parent atom. Thus, atomic radii of K will be

greater than 1.34 Å while atomic radii of F will be less than 1.34 Å.

Q.18 The first ionization enthalpy of carbon is greater than that of boron, whereas the

reverse is true for second ionization enthalpy. Explain.

A.18. Carbon has higher IE1 because of smaller atomic size and greater Zeff. Removal of

second electron from stable 1s2 2s2 configuration in case of B+ requires greater energy.

So, B has greater IE2.

Q.19 Among the elements B, Al, C and Si,

(i) Which element has the highest first ionization enthalpy?

(ii) Which element has the most metallic character?

Justify your answer in each case.

Periodic Table

A.19 (i) C (ii) Al

46.
Q.20 Among alkali metals, which element do you expect to be least electronegative?
A.20 Cesium (Cs).

Q.21 Which important property did Mendeleev use to classify the elements in his periodic

table?

A.21 Mendeleev used the atomic masses of the element in classifying the elements in his

periodic table. According to Mendeleev’s law, the properties of elements are a periodic

function of their atomic masses.

Q.22 What is the basis of classification of elements in the long form of the periodic table?

A.22 Physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic function of their

atomic numbers.

Q.23 Which two elements of the following belong to the same period. Al, Si, Ba and O.

A.23 Al and Si.

Q.24 What are horizontal rows and vertical columns of the periodic table called?
A.24. Horizontal rows are called periods while vertical columns are called groups.

Q.25. Give four examples of species which are isoelectronic with Ca . 2+

A.25. Ar, K , Cl , S or P are isoelectronic with Ca since all have 18 electrons.

+ – 2– 3– 2+

Q.26
Periodic Table

Which among the following are transition and which are inner transition elements?

Sg, Bk, Er, Fm, Fe, Pb, Cr, Ca, Ar, Zr, Ce

47.
 A.26. Transition elements : Sg, Fe, Cr, Ze
Inner transition elements : Bk, Er, Fm, Ce

Q.27. Why are electron gain enthalpies of Be and Mg positive?

A.27 They have fully filled s-orbitals and hence have no tendency to accept an additional
electron. consequently, energy has to be supplied if an extra electron has to be added

to the much higher energy p-orbitals of the valence shell. That is why electron gain

enthalpies of Be and Mg are positive.

Q.28 What are the atomic numbers of elements which constitute f-block (lanthanoids and

actinoids)?

A.28 Lanthanoids = 58 to 71, Actinoids = 90 to 103.

Q.29 Lanthanoids and actinoids are placed in separate rows at the bottom of the periodic

table. Explain the reason for this arrangement.

A.29 These have been placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table for convenience.

If they are placed within the body of the periodic table in series order of increasing

atomic numbers, the periodic table will become extremely long and cumbersome.

Q.30 Explain why chlorine can be converted into chloride ion more easily as compared to

fluoride ion from fluorine.

A.30 since electron gain enthalpy of Cl is more negative than that of F, therefore, more

energy is released when Cl 

 Cl  than when F 
 F
Periodic Table

48.
Chapter Summary

1. Modern periodic table (long form of the periodic table)

• Elements are arranged in order of their increasing atomic number.
• It consists of 18 group and 7 period.
• First period contain only two element. It is the shortest period of Periodic
table.
• 6th and 7th period contains 32 elements. It is the longest period of the
periodic table.
2. Modern periodic table is divided into four blocks viz. s, p, d and f.
(i) s-Block elements :
• These elements contain 1 or 2 electrons in the s-orbital of their respective
outermost shells.
• Outer shell electronic configuration being ns1-2. Where n = 1 to 7.
• It include elements of group 1 and group 2.
• Group 1 is known as alkali metals included hydrogen and group 2 is known
as alkali earth metals.
• There are 14 elements s-block elements.
(ii) p-Block elements :
• These elements contain 1-6 electrons in the p-orbitals of their respective
outermost shells.
• Outer shell electronic configuration being ns2 np1-6 where n = 2 to 7.
• It include elements of groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 & 18 excluding helium.
• There are 36 elements in p-block.
(iii) d-Block elements :
• d-block elements are also called transition elements.
• It contains 1 to 10 electrons in their d-orbitals of their respective
penultimate shells.
• Outer shell electronic configuration (n-1)d1-10 ns0-2 where n = 4 to 7.
• It include elements of groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & 12.
• It is further divided into four series :
3d-series (first transition series)
4d-series (second transition series)
5d-series (third transition series)
6d-series (fourth transition series)
• There are 40 elements in d-block.
Periodic Table

49.
 (iv) f-block elements
• f-block elements are also called innertransition elements
• It contains 1-14 electrons in the f-orbitals of their anti-penultimate shells.
• Outer shell electronic configuration being : (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d0-1 ns2, where n
= 6 to 7.
• It is divided into two series of f-block elements each containing 14 elements.
4f-series (Lanthanoids)
5f-series (Actinoids)
• There are 28 elements in f-block.
3. Size of atoms
It is expressed in terms of following parameters.
(i) Atomic radius is the distance between the centre of the nucleus to the
outermost shell containing electrons.
(ii) Covalent radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently
bonded atoms of the same element in a molecule.
(iii) van der Waals radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two
adjacent identical atoms belonging to two neighbouring molecules of an
element. The atomic radii of noble gases or inert gases are van der waals radii.
(iv) Metallic radius is one-half the internuclear distance between the two adjacent
metal ions in the metallic lattice.
Van der Walls radius > metallic radius > covalent radius.
4. Atomic and ionic size.
(i) In a group, atomic and ionic radii increase from top to bottom due to increase
in the number of shells and the corresponding increase in the screening effect
of the inner electrons.
(ii) The radius of a cation is always smaller than its parent atom while the radius
of an anion is always larger than its parent atom.
(iii) The radius of a cation is always smaller than its parent atom while the radius
of an anion is always larger than its parent atom.
(iv) Isoelectronic species are neutral or ionic species which have the same number
of electrons but different nuclear charges. The ionic radii of isoelectronic ions
increase with the decrease in the magnitude of the nuclear charge,
e.g., Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < Ne < F- < O2- < N3-
5. Electron gain enthalpy
(i) Electron gain enthalpy of an element is the energy released when a neutral
isolated gaseous atom accepts an extra electron to form the gaseous anion.
It is denoted by DegH.
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50.
 (ii) The DegH1 for most of the elements is negative while their DegH2 is always
positive.
(iii) DegH1 becomes more negative from left to right in a period and less negative
from top to bottom in a group.
(iv) The overall negative DegH for halogens; Cl > F > Br > I
for chalogens; S > Se > Te > Po > O.
6. Ionization enthalpy.
The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound
electron
from an isolated gaseous atom to convert into gaseous cation is called ionization
enthalpy. It is represented by DiH and units are electron volts (eV) per atom
or kcal mol-1.
(i) The successive ionization enthalpies follow the sequence : DiH3 > DiH2 > DiH1.
(ii) The DiH decreases from top to bottom in a group due to increase in atomic size
and screening effect.
(ii) DiH increases from left to right in a period due to a corresponding increase in
the nuclear charge.
7. Electronegativity (EN)
Electronegativity of an element is the tendency of its atom to attract the shared
pair of electrons towards itself in a covalent bond.
(i) The electronegativity of an atom decreases regularly down a group from top to
bottom but increases along a period from left to right.
(ii) On the Pauling scale electronegativity of F is the maximum (4) Cs or Fr is the
lowest (0.7).
(iii) Pauling and Mulliken scales are related by the expression, Pauling scale =
Mulliken scale/2.8.
8. Some elements of the second period show diagonal relationship with elements of
third
Period and hence exhibit some similar properties. For example, in some properties,
Li
resembles Mg, Be resembles Al and B resembles Si.
These difference arise due to :
(i) small size
(ii) large charge/ radius ratio, high electronegativity and
(iii) absence of d-orbitals among the elements of second period.
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51.
Periodic Table

52.
53.
Periodic Table