St.

Francis Parochial School

Talisay, Camarines Norte

Learning Modules for Practical Research 2

QUARTER 2 - MODULE 1

Topic: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Quantitative Research Design
Quantitative Data Collection Techniques
Sampling Procedure
.
Time Frame: Weeks 1-3

I. Introduction

A lot of data from different sources preoccupy your mind as you go through the
several stages of research. To understand data, that is to find meanings in them in
relation to your study, you have to gather, identify, and group them in an orderly
manner. Moreover, to satisfy your curiosity about a certain subject matter, you need to
link yourself with people, things, and other elements in your surroundings because by
nature, research involves interdependence or interactions among people and things on
Earth. The answers to your study come from people you get to communicate with and
from things you subject to observations.
In this module, you will be guided with the other steps that you need to consider
in designing your entire research study.

II. Competency/ies
 Chooses appropriate quantitative research design
 Describes sampling procedure and sample
 Construct instrument and establishes its validity and reliability
 Describes intervention (if applicable)
 Plans data collection procedure
 Plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if appropriate)
 Presents written research methodology

III. Specific Objectives

This module aims to make the learner:
 Compare and contrast the types of quantitative research designs
 Classify the types of quantitative research design
 Use the appropriate design for the study
 Explain quantitative data
 Differentiate the quantitative data collection techniques
 Describe each quantitative data collection instrument
 Familiarize yourself with the factors affecting sample selections

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IV. Introductory Activity
Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer. Be guided by some clues in the sentence.

1. It means a big group of people from where you choose the sample or the chosen set of
people to represent your study.
a. Sampling b. population c. hypothesis c. data
2. Designing a research is thinking __________.
a. Critically b. skillfully c. imaginatively d. literally
3. These are the leading indicators of the occurrence of true experimental design.
a. Pre-test and post-test
b. Randomization and variable control
c. Treatment and condition
d. Experimental and control groups
4. Preparing in your mind how to find answers to your research questions is _____.
a. Deciding on your research topic
b. Controlling your emotions
c. Designing your research
d. Preparing in your mind how to find answers to your research questions is Asking
research questions
5. Survey, as a data gathering technique, likewise uses interview as its data gathering
instrument.
a. True b. False c. Uncertain d. None of these.

V. Lesson Inputs

Quantitative research focuses on numbers, statistics, and relationships between variables.

Types of Quantitative Research Design

Experimental Research Design
A. Definition
Experimental Research Design is a quantitative research design that bases its research
method on a scientific activity called experiment in which a test or examination of a thing under
a manipulated or controlled environment is done to determine its validity or truthfulness. This
design involves two groups of subject: the experimental group on which the condition,
treatment, or intervention is applied, and the control group that is not given any treatment or
condition.
B. Types
There are two types of experimental research designs: the true experimental design and
the quasi-experimental design.

a. True Experimental Design –What proves this as a true experimental design is its random
selection of participants. It is a bias-free selection that ensures objectivity of results.
This design is the best way to examine causal relationships.
b. Quasi-experimental Design – The term quasi (pronounced as kwahz-eye) means partly,
partially, pseudo, or almost. It means a research with the capacity to yield findings that
are seemingly or more or less true. Prone to bias caused by your purposive rather than
random selection of participants, quasi-experimental design is incapable of establishing
cause-effect relationships.

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 This research design comes in different types:
 Matched comparison group design
In this quasi-experimental design, instead of selecting participants for the control
group, you get a set of participants that shows close similarities with the
experimental or treatment group based on one or more important variables.

 Time-series quasi-experimental design

Your act of controlling the variables in this case is through multiple observations
of the subject before and after the treatment or condition applied to the
experimental group. The purpose of serial observations is to see the connection
between the pre-test and the post-test based on the treatment or condition that
takes place.

 Counter-balanced quasi-experimental design

Here, control is applied to one group to examine the effects of all treatment and
conditions to control variables.

 Single-subject quasi-experimental design

This design is used when the population is so large that you find it difficult to
choose a group to study. So, you decide to apply the condition or treatment to a
single subject, like a class of learners, then later find out the effects of the
treatment to the entire class.

Non-Experimental Research Design

A. Definition
Non-Experimental Research Design is a research design that is capable of giving
qualitative and quantitative data, but more on qualitative data. Hence, this is often used in the
field of social sciences. Unlike the experimental design that allows manipulation or control of
some aspects of the research, non-experimental research design shuns controlling variables.
Instead, it involves variables the way they naturally exist on Earth.

B. Types
The following are the types of non-experimental research designs.
 Descriptive – depicts an image or a picture of an individual or a group
 Comparative – states the differences or similarities between or among people,
things, objects, etc.
 Correlative – shows the extent and direction of variable relationships, that is,
whether a negative or positive relationship exists between or among them.
 Survey-describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings, opinions, and other
behavioral patterns of a big number of people for arriving at a certain conclusion
about social concerns and issues
 Ex Post Facto- translates itself into these English words, “that which is done
afterwards,” and has the purpose of deriving data from things that are by nature
taking place, so as to obtain explanations about past events.

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Quantitative Data
Data are pieces of information or facts known by people in this world. Appearing as
measurable, numerical, and related to metrical system, they are called quantitative data. These
date result from sensory experiences which descriptive qualities, such as age, shape, speed,
amount, weight, height, number, positions, and the like, are measurable. Denoting quantity,
these words appear in records in numerical forms that are either discrete or continuum.
However, these quantitative data become useful only insofar as they give answers to your
research questions.

Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data

In collecting quantitative data, stress is given to the accuracy or appropriateness of your
data gathering technique as well as of the right instrument to collect the data. The following are
the most used quantitative data gathering techniques along with the data gathering instruments
for each technique.
 Observation
Seeing, touching, and hearing the sources of data personally, you engage
yourself in direct observation. It is indirect observation if you see and hear them, not
through your eyes and ears, but through technological and electronic gadgets like
audiotapes, video records, and other recording devices used to capture earlier events,
images, or sounds.
 Survey
Survey is a data gathering technique that allows you to obtain facts or
information about the subject or object of your research through the data gathering
instruments of interview and questionnaires.
 Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a paper containing series of questions formulated for an
individual and independent answering by several respondents to obtain statistical
information. Each question offers a number of probable answers from which the
respondents, based on their judgment, will choose the best answer. A questionnaire has
factual and opinionated questions. Questions to elicit factual answers are formulated in
a multiple-choice type and those that will give the respondent’s views, attitudes,
preferences, and other opinionated answers are provided with sufficient space where
the respondents could write their sentential answers to opinionated questions.
 Interview
Survey, as a data gathering technique, likewise uses interview as its data
gathering instrument. Similar to a questionnaire, an interview makes you ask a set of
questions, only that, this time, you do it orally. Some, however, say that with the advent
of modern technology, oral interview has already become a traditional way of
interviewing, and the modern ways happen through the use of modern electronic
devices such as mobile phones, telephones, smart phones, and other wireless devices.

Order of Interview Questions

In asking interview questions, you see to it that you do this sequentially- meaning, let
your questions follow a certain order such as the following:
First set of questions – opening questions to establish friendly relationships, like
questions about the place, the time, the physical appearance of the participant, or other
nonverbal things that are not for audio recording.

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 Second set of questions – generative questions to encourage open-ended questions
like those that ask about the respondents’ inferences, views, opinions about the interview topic.
Third set of questions – directive questions or close-ended questions to elicit specific
answers like those that are answerable with yes or no, with one type of an object, or with
definite period of time, and the like.
Fourth set of questions - ending questions that give the respondents the chance to air
their satisfaction, wants, likes, dislikes, reactions, or comments about the interview. Included
here are also closing statements to give the respondents some ideas or clues on your next
move or activity about the results of the interview.

 Experiment
An experiment is a scientific method of collecting data whereby you give the
subjects a sort of treatment or condition, then evaluate the results to find out the
manner by which the treatment affected the subjects and to discover the reasons
behind the effects of such treatment on the subjects. This quantitative data gathering
techniques aims at manipulating or controlling conditions to show which condition or
treatment has effects on the subjects and to determine how much condition or
treatment operates or functions to yield a certain outcome.
The process of collecting data through experimentation involves selection of
subjects or participants, pre-testing the subjects post-test to determine the effects of
the treatment on them. These components of experiment operate in various ways.
Consider the following combination or mixture of the components that some research
studies adopt:
a. Treatment >Evaluation
b. Pre-test >Treatment > Post-test
c. Pre-test > Multiple Treatments > Post-test
d. Pre-test >Treatment > Immediate Post-test > 6 months
Post-test > 1 year > Post-test
The words treatment, intervention, and condition mean the same thing in
relation to experimentation.

 Content Analysis
Content analysis is another quantitative data collection technique that lets you
search through several oral or written forms of communication to find answers to your
research questions. Used in quantitative and qualitative research studies, this data
collection method is not only for examining printed materials but also for analyzing
information coming from non-book materials like photographs, films, videotapes,
paintings, drawings, and the like.

Quantitative Data Analysis

Quantitative data analysis is time consuming because it involves series of examinations,
classifications, mathematical calculations, and graphical recording, among others. Hence, a
thorough and advance planning is needed for this major aspect of your study. However, all
these varied analytical studies that you pour into your research become significant only if prior
to finalizing your mind about these activities, you have already identified the measurement level
or scale of your quantitative data, that is, whether your study measures the data through a

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ratio or interval scale, not by means of nominal or ordinal scale because these last two levels of
measurement are qualitative data analysis. (par. 2, p.117)
Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis
Having identified the measurement scale or level of your data means you are
now ready to analyze the data in this manner.

Step 1: Preparing the Data

Keep in mind that no data organization means no sound data analysis. Hence, prepare
the data for analysis by doing these two preparatory sub-steps first:
1. Coding System
To analyze means to quantify or change the verbally expressed data into
numerical information. Converting the words, images, or pictures into numbers, they
become fit for any analytical procedures requiring knowledge of arithmetic and
mathematical computations. But it is not possible for you to do the mathematical
operations of division, multiplication, or subtraction in the word level unless you code the
verbal responses and observation categories.
2. Data Tabulation
For easy classification and distribution of numbers based on a certain criterion,
you have to collate them with the help of a graph called table. Used for frequency and
percentage distribution, this kind of graph is an excellent data organizer that researchers
find indispensable.
Step 2: Analyzing the Data
Data coding and tabulation are the two important things you have to do in preparing the
data for analysis. (pp. 119-122)

Statistical Methods
Statistics pertains to your acts of collecting and analyzing numerical data. Doing
statistics means performing some arithmetic procedures like addition, division, subtraction,
multiplication, and other mathematical calculations.
Statistical Methodologies
1. Descriptive Statistics
This describes a certain aspect of a data set by making you calculate the mean,
medium, mode, and standard deviation. This kind of statistics does not tell anything
about the population.
2. Inferential Statistics
This statistical method is not as simple as the descriptive statistics. It focuses on
conclusions, generalizations, predictions, interpretations, hypotheses, and the like.
(Please refer to pages128 -131 of Practical Research 2 book for additional information
about Statistical Methods)

Sampling
Sampling means choosing the respondents or subjects from a large population to
answer your research questions. The entire population is involved but for your research study,
you choose only a part of the whole.
The word “population” is a technical term in research which means a big group of people
from where you choose the sample or the chosen set of people to represent your study.
Sampling frame, on the other hand, is the list of the members of your study to which you want to
generalize or apply your findings about the sample, and sampling unit is the term referring to
every individual in the population. The sample, as well as the research results, is expected to
speak about the entire population. Unless this does not refer to the population, in general, the

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sample selection procedure has no scientific value. (For additional information about sampling,
please refer to pages 136-141)

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY NO. 1: On Sampling Techniques

Direction: Write C in the space before the number if the sentence is correct and NC if it
is not correct.
___c____ 1. Sampling unit is synonymous with sampling frame.
___c____ 2. Population in relation to sampling refers to the citizens of Philippine archipelago.
___c____ 3. The principal purpose of sampling is the application of results in the population.
___c____ 4. You look forward to having several group samples in a stratified sampling.
___c____ 5. In a stratified sampling, you randomly choose samples from several groups.
___c____ 6. Sampling decisions depend 100% on your own dispositions or judgments.
__nc____ 7. You are detached from your personal inclinations when you do a random
selection
of subjects.
___c____ 8. Non-probability sampling is not very particular about statistics.
___nc___ 9. Probability sampling techniques are suitable for quantitative research studies.
___c____ 10. Bias can only be minimized and cannot be totally eliminated.

ACTIVITY NO. 2: Mind Check!

Direction: Answer each question intelligently and concisely.

1. What should you be thinking of before designing your research?

______________________________________________________________________
As rigorous as any other research project, the analysis has to be prepared and thought
out.__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. How do you know that one is applying a quantitative research design?

With a representation of a graph and more about numbers

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
What do you mean by experimental and control groups?

Is Changes in the independent variable being evaluated are revealed to this category A
control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment so that the
independent variable being evaluated cannot affect the
outcome._______________________________________________________________

3. If you were to conduct a quantitative research, which design would you follow/ Justify.

DESCRIPTIVEQUANTITATIVERESEARCH Because the findings of the survey or____________

questionnaire may be conveniently understood and evaluated in terms of data collection.
Descriptive analysis is convenient if the object of my thesis is to explain those behaviors,
techniques, attitudes, phenomena, etc.__________________________________________________________

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VII. Assessment
You are done working with the first part of your experimental research study.
Now, it is your turn to work on the methodologies you need to include in your research.
You have one week to work on the methodology and research design. Then, prepare for
the title defense on the third week of module 1, the second quarter.

Planning project fully, then executing through phases

Source:

Baraceros, Esther L. (2019). Practical Research 2. Quezon City: REX Book Store, Inc.