Minggu ke-1 :Konsep Sistem, Model
dan Simulasi
Jurusan Teknik Industri
Universitas Trisakti
What are we will discuss about ?
System Definition
Ways to Study a System
Classify of Models
Characteristics of a Good Model
Introduction to Simulation
2
System is ..........
Model is ........
Simulation is.......
System Definition
System is defined as
a collection of elements that
function together to achieve a desired goal
4
And the KEY POINTS are………
A system consists of multiple
elements
These elements are interrelated
and work in cooperation
A system exists for the purpose of
achieving specific objectives.
5
Examples of Systems
Traffic systems
Political systems
Economic systems
Manufacturing
systems
Service systems
6
Our focus on manufacturing
and service systems that
process materials, information
and people.
7
SISTEM MANUFAKTUR merupakan suatu sistem yang terdiri
dari kumpulan peralatan dan sumber daya manusia yang
terintegrasi, yang berfungsi menjalankan satu atau lebih proses
atau operasi perakitan yang dimulai dari bahan baku ataupun
suatu part/bagian.
PERALATAN YANG TERINTEGRASI terdiri dari mesin dan
perkakas produksi, penanganan material dan posisi kerja serta
posisi peralatan, dan sistem komputer.
Sedangkan SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA diperlukan baik secara
terus-menerus maupun secara periodik untuk menjaga sistem
tetap berjalan.
8
Manufacturing
System 9
10
Permasalahan Sistem :
11
Problems Complexity
Developing, Changing
Information technology
Environment
Culture
Unstructured
Conflict of interest
Multidiscipline
Different point of view
12
Sistem
Nyata
Definition of element system
The smallest part that can be
identified
Can not be divided
The smallest part that will be
observed
The interracting elements known
as sub system
14
The concept of system hierarchy
How to define the
Resolution level elements are the
smallest part?
Based on the
objectives Describing the
existence of hierarchy
15
low Resolution level high
Efficiency of Company Efficiency of each department
16
Hierarchy of manufacturing system
STRATEGIC
R&D Finance Partnership
OPERATION
Accounting Legal Planning
PROCESS
Supplier input process output Customer
HR Environment Marketing
Technology Social &
development Politics New market
17
Attribute
My name is Samantha
I am one year old
I am still a baby
I am genius
So attributes are :
1. Informations of the element
2. Possible to be observed, measured
and counted
3. In math terminology can be defined
as variable or parameter
18
Attribute of elements
Capacity
Quantity Salary
Type quantity
Labours
Raw materials Machines/equipments Product
Energy
Price
Production quantity
Price Price Demand quantity
quantity quantity
Purchasing cost Purchasing cost
composition composition
19
Definition of Model
Representative of the actual system
Describing the most important and useful part
of the system
Adequately
20
Modelling Scheme
Values
Knowledge
experiences
image
model
actual
system
tested
sample model
21
22
23
24
And the good model characteristics are
• Having the high generalization
• Transparant mechanism
• Developed potentially
• Responsiveness to asumption changing
Modelling Criterion
Representing the actual system
The Simplification from system complexity
25
Model Developing Principles
• Elaboration
Start from simple thing
• Sinektik
Analogically developed
• Iteratif
….Model Complexity depends on…
• Accuracy of the model
• Costs to model a system
• The number of information collected to solve the
problem.
• Availability data to test and prove the model.
26
Conseptual Model
Entity flow diagram for example automatic
teller machine (ATM) system
Departing
Arriving ATM server customers
customers ATM queue (resource)
(entity)
(entities) (FIFO)
Sistem antrian Loket Bioskop
1
Pelanggan Pelanggan
Garis tunggu
masuk s keluar dari
atau antrian
Ke dalam sistem
sistem antrian
antrian Fasilitas
Pelayanan
Stuktur Model Antrian
MODEL KONSEPTUAL SISTEM ANTRIAN LOKET BIOSKOP
SELESAI
DILAYANI
DILAYANI
S1 S2 S2 Sn
ANTRI
- Jenis pelayanan
WAKTU DALAM ANTRIAN
JALUR ANTRIAN
- Kecepatan
layanan
Waktu - Kemampuan
Antar melayani
kedatangan
PENUH TERISI KOSONG
Keluar sebelum
DATANG DATANG dilayani (Batal)
Simulation
Model Classification (1)
Type of classification Type of model
Function Descriptive, Predictive, Normative
Structure Iconic, Analog, symbolic
Time reference Static , Dynamic
Certainty level/randomness Deterministic, Probabilistic/Stochastic
Generalization level General , Spesific
Interaction with the environment Open, Close
Quantification level Qualitative, Quantitative
Dimension 2 dimension , 3 dimension
33
Function models
1. Descriptive : imitation from actual system
Ex : plant lay-out, structure of organization
2. Predictive : estimation of value or event
Ex : estimation of BEP
3. Normative : providing the best solution of the
problem
Ex : Critical path Method
34
Structure models
1. Iconic : similar but different size
Ex : miniature of airplane
2. Analog : make analogy from other system
Ex : studying traffic system from electricity system
3. Symbolic : mathematical model
35
Time Reference
1. A static model is representation of a system at a
particular time, or one that may be used to represent a
system in which time simply plays no role.
Example: Monte Carlo Model.
2. A dynamic model represents a system as it evolves
overtime.
Example: Conveyor system in a factory.
36
Randomness
No content of any probabilistic (i.e., random)
components, it is called DETERMINISTIC.
Example: a complicated (and analytical intractable)
system of differential equations describing a chemical
reaction
Having at least some random input components, and
these give rise to STOCHASTIC models
Examples: Most queuing and inventory system are
modeled stochastically
Notes: Stochastic models produce output that it self
random, and must therefore be treated as only an
estimate of the true characteristics of the model; this is
one of the main disadvantages of simulation
37
Continuous vs. Discrete Models
1. A discrete model represents of a system for which the
state variables change instantaneously at separated
points in time
Example : A bank is a discrete system, since state
variables –e.g., the number of customers in the bank-
change only when a customer arrives or when a
customer finishes being served and departs.
38
2. A CONTINUOUS MODEL represents of a
system for which the state variables change
continuously with respect to time.
Example: An airplane moving through the
air is an example of a continuous system, since
state variables such as position and velocity
can change continuously with respect to time
39
How to learn the system?
System
Experiment Experiment
with actual with model of
system the system
Physical Mathematical
Model Model
Analytical Simulation
Solution
40
What is Simulation?
• Simulation is a way “to reproduce the conditions of a
situation, as by means of a model, for study or testing
or training, etc.” (Oxford American Dictionary, 1980);
reproduce the operational behavior of dynamic
systems.
• Simulation is the modeling of a process or system in
such a way that the model mimics the response of the
actual system to events that take place over time
(Schriber, 1987).
• Simulation is the imitation of a dynamic system using
a computer model in order to evaluate and improve
system performance.
41
Commercial simulation software that has
modeling constructs specifically designed for
capturing the dynamic behavior of systems
www.promodel.com
42
The Other thing about simulation….
• Simulation is used to
• Visualize
• Analyze
• Improve
the performance of manufacturing and
service systems.
• Focus primarily on discrete-event simulation
43
Why Simulate ?
Simulation provides a way to validate
whether or not the best decisions are
being made.
Simulation avoids the expensive, time-
consuming, and disruptive nature of
traditional trial-and-error techniques.
Simulation provides a method of analysis
that is not only formal and predictive, but
is capable of accurately predicting the
performance of even the most complex
systems.
Still The Other thing about
simulation….
Simulation is much more meaningful when
we understand what it is actually doing
Understanding how simulation works help us
to know whether we are applying it correctly
and what the output results mean
When Simulation is Appropriate?
• Decisions should be of an operational (logical or
quantitative) nature.
• Process should be well defined and repetitive.
• Activities and events should be interdependent
and variable.
• The cost impact of the decision should be greater
than the cost of doing the simulation.
• The cost to experiment on the actual system
should be greater than the cost of simulation.
Characteristics of Simulation
Is less costly, time consuming and
disruptive than experimenting on
the actual system.
Provides information on multiple
performance measures. Dangerous
Provides results that are easy to time consuming
understand and communicate. expensive
Runs in compressed, real, or even disruptive
delayed time.
Forces attention to detail in a
design.
47
Qualifications for Doing
Simulation
Knowledge and Skill required :
• Project management
• Communication
• Systems engineering
• Statistical analysis and design experiments
• Modeling principles and concepts
• Basic programming and computer skills
• Training on one or more simulation products
• Familiarly with the system being investigated.
Classify Simulation Models
• The influence of time will divide simulation to….
Static vs. Dynamic Simulation Models
• A static model is representation of a system at a
particular time,
……or one that may be used to represent a
system in which time simply plays no role. Example:
Monte Carlo Model
• A dynamic simulation model represents a system as
it evolves overtime, such as conveyor system in a
factory.
49
The randomness will divide
simulation to….
Deterministic vs. Stochastic Simulation Model.
• no contain any probabilistic (i.e., random)
components,
it is called deterministic.
Give example!!!!!!
• having at least some random input components,
….. and these give rise to stochastic simulation
models.
Examples: Most queuing and inventory system are
modeled stochastically.
50
At last…….
• Continuous vs. Discrete Simulation Models.
???????????
We define discrete and continuous simulation models
analogously to the way discrete and continuous systems
were defined
51
