Government of Tamil Nadu

REFRESHER COURSE MODULE

2021-2022

12
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Department of School Education

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 ii

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 S.No Contents Page no.

1 Introduction, Generations and Components of Computers 1

2 Input and Output Devices 4

3 Data Representations 6

4 Basics of Micro Processors 8

5 Memory Devices 10

Theoretical concepts of Operating Systems ( Software and

6 12
Explaining and its types

7 Key features of Operating System, Mobile Operating System 14

8 Fundamental Operating System. 16

Open Office Writer, Header and Footer,Paragraph Formatting

9 18
Text Formatting, Auto correct and Creating the Table

Working with Open Office – Calc, Spreadsheets, various

10 20
menu, Tools

Working with Open Office – Formula in spreadsheets,

11 22
manipulation of Rows and Columns.

12 Auto fill features. 24

13 Presentation Basics. 26

14 Internet and email 28

Create Webpage using HTML, various structures tags

15 30
available to create HTML Document

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 Headings Tags, Break and Paragraph Tags, container
16 32
elements, Empty elements.

17 Formatting Texts, Creating Tables, Lists and Links 33

18 HTML adding Multimedia Elements and Forms 35

19 Forms, Controls within an HTML Documents 37

Cascading Style Sheets, Properties and values of CSS, linking

20 39
CSS with HTML

Introduction History and Advantages of Java’s Script using

21 41
Java’s Script in HTML Pages

22 Java Script Variables, Data Types, Operators and Expressions 43

23 Conditional Statements in Java script, Branching Statements 45

24 Looping, Repetitive, For, Do….While and While Statements 47

Java Script Functions, Pre-Defined Functions and User-

25 49
Defined Functions

26 Computer Ethics and Cyber Crime 51

27 Cyber Attacks and Cyber Security 53

Tamil computing, Search Engines, E-Governance, and

28 55
E-Library

Tamil Typing and Interface Software, Tamil Information and

29 57
Interchange Coding

iv

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 Introduction, Generations and
1 Components of Computers

Learning Objectives

™™ To know about Computers

™™ To learn about various generations of computer
™™ To know the components and their functions

Teacher's Activity:

Computer
A computer is an electronic device that processes the input according to the set of instructions.
provided to it and gives the desired output at a very fast rate
characteristics of a computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Storage

Applications of computer
• Education
• Research
• Weather forecasting

Hardware
Hardware is the physical component of a computer like motherboard, memory devices, monitor,
keyboard etc.,
software
software is the set of programs or instructions
Example: Windows-2000,MS-Office

Components of a Computer
1. Input Unit
Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer, which can be stored in the memory unit
for further processing.
Example: Keyboard, mouse, etc.

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 2. Memory Unit
The Memory Unit is of two types which are primary memory and secondary memory. The Primary
Memory is volatile, that is, the content is lost when the powersupply is switched off. The
3. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
logical operations.
4. Control Unit
The control unit controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory and I/O devices. It also
controls the entire operation of a computer.
5.Output Unit
An Output Unit is any hardware component that conveys information to users in an understandable
form.
Example: Monitor, Printer etc.

CPU – Central Processing Unit

CPU is the major component which interprets and executes software instructions. The CPU has three
components which are

1. control unit

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit

3. Memory Unit
Data and Information
Data Information.

Data is defined as an unprocessed collection Information is a collection of facts from which

of raw facts, suitable for communication, conclusions may be drawn.
interpretation or processing Example: Kavitha is 16 years old.
Example: 134, 16 „Kavitha", „ C"are data.

Generations of Computers

S.N Generation Period Main Component used Merits/Demerits

1 First Generation 1940- 1956 Vacuum tubes Big in size

Consumed more power
Malfunction due to overheat

2 Second 1956- 1964 Transistors Smaller

Generation Consumed less power

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 3 Third Generation 1964 -1971 Integrated Circuits (IC) smaller, faster and more reliable
High Level Languages were used

4 Fourth Generation 1971- 1980 Microprocessor smaller and Faster

Portable Computers were introduced

5 Fifth Generation 1980 – till Ultra Large Scale Pparallel Processing

date Integration (ULSI) Super conductors
Computers size was drastically
reduced.

6 Sixth Generation In future smarter, faster and smaller

Development of robotics
Development of Voice Recognition
Software

Student Activity:

Identify the various components of computer and understand the connection of various components.

EVALUATION
1. Explain the basic components of a computer
2. Discuss the various generations of computers

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 3

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 2 Input and Output Devices

Learning Objectives

™™ To Learn about various Input and Output Devices

Teacher's Activity:

Input Devices 02-1

1. Key board :
Keyboard (wired / wireless, virtual) is the most common input device used today. The individual keys
for letters, numbers and special characters are collectively known as character keys.
2. Mouse:
Mouse (wired/wireless) is a pointing device used to control the movement of the cursor on the display
screen.
3. Scanner:
Scanners are used to enter the information directly into the computer’s memory. This device works
like a Xerox machine.
4. Fingerprint Scanner:
Finger print Scanner is a fingerprint recognition device used for computer security

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 5. Retinal Scanner:
This performs a retinal scan which is a biometric technique that uses unique patterns on a person's
retinal blood vessels
6. Bar Code / QR Code Reader:
A Bar code is a pattern printed in lines of different thickness. The Bar code reader scans the information
on the bar codes transmits to the Computer for further processing.
Output Devices 02-2

1. Monitor:
Monitor is the most commonly used output device to display the information. It looks like a TV.
Pictures on a monitor are formed with picture elements called PIXELS
2. Printers:
Printers are used to print the information on papers. Printers are divided into two main categories:
• Impact Printers
• Non Impact printers
3. Plotter:
Plotter is an output device that is used to produce graphical output on papers. It uses single color or
multi color pens to draw pictures
4. Multimedia Projectors:
Multimedia projectors are used to produce computer output on a big screen. These are used to display
presentations in meeting halls or in classrooms.

Student Activity:

Identify the various Input and output devices and understand the functions of them components.

EVALUATION
1.Explain any Five Input devices
2.Explain any Five output devices

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 3 Data Representations

Learning Objectives

™™ To Understand Data Representation and the concepts of Various Number systems;

Teacher's Activity:

Number Systems

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Base value Base value Base value

10 2 8
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) (0,1) (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

Base value
16
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

Decimal Numbe system:

It consists of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9(10 digits). It is the oldest and most popular number system used in
our day to day life.
Ex :147
Binary Number system:
There are only two digits in the Binary system, namely, 0 and 1. The numbers in the binary system
are represented to the base 2 and the positional multipliers are the powers of 2.
Ex 110011
Octal Number system:
Octal number system uses digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 (8 digits).
Ex:167
Hexa Decimal Number system:
A hexadecimal number is represented using base 16. Since 16 symbols are used, 0 to F, the notation is
called hexadecimal. The first 10 symbols are the same as in the decimal system, 0 to 9 and the remaining

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 6 symbols are taken from the first 6 letters of the alphabet sequence, A to F, where A represents 10, B is
11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.
Ex:16B716
MemorySize

Representing Characters in Memory

1. BCD- Binary Coded Decimal

2. ASCII-American Standard Code for Information Interchange
3. ISCII-Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange

Student Activity:

Observe the relationship between the number systems

EVALUATION

1. Explain about various number systems

2. Explain about Memory size

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 4 Basics of Microprocessors

Learning Objectives

™™ To know the processors and their characteristics,

™™ To learn about Machine Language , Assembly Language and High Level
™™ Language

Teacher's Activity:

Microprocessor :
The microprocessor is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip. It is driven by clock pulses. It
accepts input as a binary data and after processing,
it provides the output data as per the instructions stored in the memory.
Block diagram of a microprocessor

Input Microprocessor Output

Memoroy

Characteristics of Microprocessors
a) Clock Speed
Every microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it executes instructions.
The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called the clock speed. Clock speed is
measured in MHz (Mega Hertz) or in GHz (Giga Hertz).
b) Instruction Set
A command which is given to a computer to perform an operation on data is called an instruction.
Basic set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called as an
instruction set...
c) Word Size
The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction. is called its word size.
Word size determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed by a microprocessor

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 Classification of Microprocessors based on the Data Width.

• 8 - bit microprocessor
• 16 - bit microprocessor
• 32 - bit microprocessor
• 64 - bit microprocessor

Classification of Microprocessors based on Instruction Set

The size of the instruction set is important consideration while categorizing microprocessors.
There are two types of microprocessors based on their instruction sets.
• Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
• Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)
Examples of RISC processors are Pentium IV, Intel P6, AMD K6 and K7.
Examples of CISC processors are Intel 386 & 486, Pentium, Pentium II and III, and Motorola 68000.

Machine Language * Assembly Language * High Level Language

Machine Language
Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
Assembly Language
An assembly language is a low-level programming language.
High Level Language

A high-level language is a computer programming language that isn't limited by the computer,
designed for a specific job, and is easier to understand.

EVALUATION

1. What is a Microprocessor ? what are the characteristics of a Microprocessor?

2. Explain about Machine Language, Assembly Language, High Level Language?

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 5 Memory Devices

Learning Objectives

™™ To learn bout Memory Devices and their classifications

Teacher's Activity:

Computer memory
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data and instructions are stored.
There are two types of accessing methods to access (read or write) the memory.
Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

Cache Memory Main Memory Magnetic Tape Flash Memory

RAM ROM Memory Pen

Magnetic Disk Card Drive

Static Dynamic
HDD FDD

PROM EPROM EEPROM Optical Disk

CD DVD BRD HVD

05-01
Memory Hierarchy
Different memory devices are arranged according to the capacity, speed and cost as shown
• cache memory
• Main memory
• Hard disk
Random Access Memory:
The main memory is otherwise called as Random Access Memory. This is available in computers
in the form of Integrated Circuits (ICs).RAM is a volatile memory, which means that the information
stored in it is not permanent. As soon as the power is turned off, whatever data that resides in RAM
is lost.
Read Only Memory:
Read Only Memory refers to special memory in a computer with pre-recorded data at
manufacturingtime which cannot be modified.

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 Different Types of ROM
1. ROM (Read Only Memory):
Read Only Memory refers to special memory in a computer with pre-recorded data at manufacturing
time which cannot be modified.
2.PROM( Programmable Read Only Memory):
Programmable read only memory is also a non-volatile memory on which data can be written only
once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever.
3.EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory):-
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which
serves as a PROM, but the content can be erased using ultraviolet rays.
4. EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory ):
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a special type of PROM that can be
erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
Secondary Storage Devices;
1. Hard Disk :
Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store data. The hard disk has the stacked arrangement
of disks accessed by a pair of heads for each of the disks. The hard disks come with a single or double
sided disk.
2. CD :
A CD or CD-ROM is made from 1.2 millimeters thick, polycarbonate plastic material. The capacity
of an ordinary CD- ROM is 700MB.
3. DVD- Digital Versatile Disc / Digital Video Disc:
A DVD is an optical disc capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six times what a CD
can hold.
4. BLUE –RAY:
Blu-Ray Disc is a high-density optical disc similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of discused for
PlayStation games and for playing High-Defi nition (HD) movies. A double-layer Blu-Ray disc can
store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data.

Student Activity:

1. Connect Different types of storage devices and copy files in them

EVALUATION
1. Explain about the memory devices
2. Explain any Five Secondary Storage devices

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 11

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 Theoretical concepts of
6 Operating Systems
(Software and Explaining and its types

Learning Objectives

™™ To know about Software and learn about its various types.

Teacher's Activity:

Software :

A soft ware is set of instructions that perform specific task. It interacts

basically with the hardware to generate the desired output.

Types of Software :

Software is divided in to two types.

1. Application Software

2. System Software

Application Software:

Application software is a set of programs to perform specific task. For example MS- word is an
application software to create text document and VLC player is familiar application software to play
audio, video files and many more.

Examples of Application Software are MSWord , MSExcel, VLC Player,

 ord Processor is used to type documents to a particular use at office , Education and so on.MS
W
Excel is used to do calculation and VLC player is used to run video and audio.

System Software:

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run the computer’s hardware
and application programs. Example Operating System and Language Processor

Examples of System software are Operating system and Language Processor. Operating System is
installed in a system to perform running a computer system. Language Processor is used to translate
a program written in a high level language in to machine level language

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 APPLICATION

SYSTEM USER

HARDWARE

Software gives output processing with basic system’s hardware and installed any other application
software.

USER

OPERATING
SYATEM

KEYBOARD

Student Activity:

To know about software and it’s types and identify that usages.

EVALUATION
1. What is software ? Discuss about it’s types?
2. Write the differences between system software and application software ?

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 7 Key features of Operating System,
Mobile Operating System

Learning Objectives

™™ To know about Operating System and its types, Key features of Operating system and mobile
operating system.

Teacher's Activity:

Operating System :
An Operating System (OS) is a system software which serves as an interface between a user and
a computer. This controls input, output and other peripheral devices such as disk drives, printers and
electronic gadgets. The functions of an Operating System include file management, memory management,
process management and device management and many more.
Types of Operating System :
1. Single User Operating Systems
2. Multi User Operating Systems

Single User Operating System :

An operating system allows only a single user to perform a task at a time. It is called as a Single user
and single Task operating system.MS-DOS is an example for a single user and single task Operating
System.
Multi User Operating System :
It is used in computers and laptops that allow same data and applications to be accessed by multiple
users at the same time. The users can also communicate with each other. Windows, Linux and UNIX
are examples for multi-user Operating System.
Key features of the Operating System :
User Interface (UI) :
User interface is one of the significant feature in Operating System. The only way that user can
make interaction with a computer. This is a main reason for key success of GUI (Graphical User
Interface) based Operating System.
Memory Management :
Memory Management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer’s main memory
and assigning memory block (space) to various running programsto optimize overall computer
performance. The Memory management involves the allocation of specific memory blocks to
individual programs based on user demands.

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 Process management :
Process management is function that includes creating and deleting processes(program) and
providing mechanisms for processes to communicate and synchronize with each other.
1. First in First Out
2. Shortest Job First
3. Round Robin Scheduling
4. Based On Priority
Every Tasks are finished using through these schedules.

Security Management :
The major challenge in computer and software industry is to protect user’s legitimate data from
hackers.
1) File access level
(2) System level
(3) Network level
In order to access the files created by other people, you should have the access permission.
Permissions can either be granted by the creator of the file or bythe administrator of the system.
File Management :
File management is an important function of OS which handles the data storage techniques. The
operating System manages the files, folders and directory systems on a computer.
Unix , Linux , Windows and ios are some examples of operating systems.
Mobile Operating System : ( Android )
Alpha , Beta , Cupcake , Donut , Éclair , Jelly Bean are the examples of Android operating systems

Student Activity:

Identify the operating system, its types, key features of operating system and mobile operating
system.

EVALUATION
1. What is operating system? Write its types?
2. Explain the key features of operating system?
3. Explain mobile operating system and its types?

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 8 Fundamental Operating System.

Learning Objectives

™™ T
 o know about windows operating system, various versions of window OS , windows desktop.
Identify files folders documents and cut copy paste of files folders and documents.

Windows operating system :

Windows OS is a system software introduced by Microsoft company . It is used in education , office
and any other fields. It is easy to use to every user.
The versions of windows :
1. Windows 1.X – This OS is introduced in 1985.
2. Windows 2.X – This OS is introduced in 1987.
3. Windows 3.X – This OS is introduced in 1992.
4. Windows 95 –This OS is introduced in 1995.
5. Windows 98 –This OS is introduced in 1998.
6. Windows NT(New Technology ) – This OS is introduced in 1999.
7. Windows ME(Millennium Edition )– This OS is introduced in 2000.
8. Windows XP(Home Edition and Professional Edition ) – This OS is introduced in 2001
9. Windows Vista– This OS is introduced in 2006.
10. Windows 7 –This OS is introduced in 2009.
11. Windows 8 –This OS is introduced in 2012.
12. Windows 10 –This OS is introduced in 2015.
Window :
Application Window :
It is an area on a computer screen with defined boundaries, and within which information is
displayed. Such windows can be resized, maximized, minimized, placed side by side, overlap, and so
on.
Document Window :
A document window is a section of the screen used to display the contents of a document.
Elements of a window :
Title Bar :
The title bar will display the name of the application and the name of the document opened. It will also
contain minimize, maximize and close button.

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 Menu Bar :
The menu bar is seen under the title bar. Menus in the menu bar can be accessed by pressing Alt
key and the letter that appears underlined in the menu title.
The Workspace :
The workspace is the area in the document window to enter or type the text of your document.
Scroll bars :
The scroll bars are used to scroll the workspace horizontally or vertically.
File :
File contains more words that make a document. It is typed by a user.
Folder :
• Folder is a place , files are put in it.
• To create a folder , In menu bar select New – Folder.
Copy :
To copy a document , file or folder , first select that and then Edit – copy in menu bar ( or ) Ctrl+C
via keyboard short cut.
Cut :
To cut a document , file or folder , first select that and then Edit – cut in menu bar (or) Ctrl+X via
keyboard short cut.
Paste :
To paste a document, file or folder, click the place which we think to paste and then Edit – paste
in menu bar (or) Ctrl+V via keyboard short cut.

Student Activity:

Understanding Windows operating system, its version. Practicing windows , after reading the text
book, creating folder, copying the files, cutting the files and pasting the file in the computer lab.

EVALUATION
1. What is windows operating system? Write its versions.
2. Write a note about parts of window?
3. What is file and folder? Explain how to cut copy and paste a document.

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 Open Office Writer, Header and Footer,
9 Paragraph Formatting Text Formatting,
Auto correct and Creating the Table

Learning Objectives

™™ T o understand the importance of a word processor, application in Open Office. To understand

text formatting, Paragraph formatting, Header and Footer.
™™ To know the editing options in OpenOffice writer and find & replace, Auto correct and creating a
table.

Teacher's Activity:

Word Processor :
Word processor is a computer software to create, edit, manipulate, transmit, store and retrieve
a text document. The above said activities are called as “Word Processing”. In other words, Word
processing is an activity carried out by a computer with suitable software to create, edit, manipulate,
transmit, store and retrieve text documents.
Open Office Applications :
OpenOffice Writer –
Word Processor to create text documents
OpenOffice Calc –
Spreadsheet to create worksheets to perform calculations.
OpenOffice Base –
Database contains many related tables
OpenOffice Impress –
Presentation software that uses slides to display the contents of a specified task.
OpenOffice Draw –
Drawing Software is used to draw a picture and colour to them.
OpenOffice Formula –
Create formula and equations to do sum.
Text Formatting :
A text without any special formatting gives a monotonous appearance. OpenOffice Writer offers a
number of choices for formatting such as Bold, Italics and defining the font type, and font size. Bold,
Italic, underlined are the most common types of text formatting. Almost all the formatting options are
available under the Format menu.
Paragraph Formatting :
A paragraph is any text that ends with a hard return. A hard return is accomplished anytime you press
the Enter key. Paragraph Alignment or justification refers to the way in which the lines of a paragraph
are aligned.

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 Left-alignment - (Ctrl + L) A paragraph's text is LEFT aligned when it is aligned evenly along the left
margin and uneven along the right margin. This is the default alignment when a paragraph is typed.
Right-alignment - (Ctrl + R) A paragraph's text is RIGHT aligned when it is aligned evenly along the
right margin and uneven along the left margin.
Center-alignment- (Ctrl + E) All the lines in the paragraph are aligned to the center of the page size.
Justified-alignment - (Ctrl + J) All the lines in the paragraph, are arranged evenly both on the left and
right margins. This is achieved in Writer by automatically inserting additional space between the words.
Header and Footer :
The Header is a section of the document that appears in the top margin, which displays the title or
chapter name , author name of a document.
The Footer is a section of the document that appears in the bottom margin of the page which
displays the page number, date, time etc. which gets displayed on all the pages automatically.
Inserting Header and Footer
• Select from the main menu Insert → Header → Default
• The header text area is separated from the normal text area.
• In the header area, enter the text that is to be repeated in all pages or Select Insert →
Fields →Title.
Similarly to insert a Footer, the steps are as given below:
• Select from the main menu Insert → Footer → Default
Click Edit → Find & Replace (or) Ctrl + F
• The Find & Replace dialog box
Steps to find & replace a text
1. Type the text you want to find in the Search for box To replace text, click Replace button.
The highlighted word is replaced with the word given in the Replace with box.
4. Click Find All, Writer selects all instances of the search text in the document. All occurrences of
Bombay are highlighted.
4. Click Replace All button, Writer replaces all matches.
Automatic Correction :
Auto Correct feature has the facility to correct the common misspellings and typing errors,
automatically. :
Creating a Table :
A table is a grid with a specified number of rows and columns. Select Table → Insert →Table (or)
Ctrl + F12

Student Activity:

Students should go to Computer lab and then opening word processor to create a document. After
create a document student should do the tasks said in the name of the content.

EVALUATION
1. What is word processor? How to create a table in it?
2. Write a note about Text formatting . Paragraph Formatting , Header and Footer?

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 10
Working with Open Office – Calc,
Spreadsheets, various menu, Tools

Learning Objectives

™™ To learn spreadsheet
™™ To know the various menu, tools

Teacher's Activity:

Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet is a very useful office automation tool to organise, analyse and store data in a tabular
form. Spreadsheet was developed as computerized equivalentto paper-based accounting worksheets.
Daniel Bricklin and Bob Frankston developed the first spreadsheet called “VisiCalc” in 1979 for
Apple II. In 1982, Lotus Corporation introduced “Lotus 1-2-3”; Lotus 1-2-3 was the first to introduce
cell names and macros. In 1987, Microsoft Corporation introduced Excel. Excel implemented a
Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the ability to point and click using a mouse. 3 Working with
OpenOffice Calc
Features of OpenOffice Calc:
• Connecting with Excel - Ability to open, edit, and save Microsoft Excel spreadsheets
• AutoSum - helps you to add the contents of a cluster of adjacent cells.
• List AutoFill - automatically extends cell formatting when a new item is added to the end of
a list.
• AutoFill - allows you to quickly fill cells with repetitive or sequential data such as chronological
dates or numbers, and repeated text. AutoFill can also be used to copy functions. You can also
alter text and numbers with this feature.
• Charts - helps you in presenting a grvaphical representation of your data in the form of Pie,
Bar, Line charts and more.
• Functions: which can be used to create formula to perform complex calculations on data
• Database functions: to arrange, store, and filter data
Creating a new worksheet
A new spreadsheet can be created through various methods. From windows,select
Start All Programs Open Office Open Office Calc (or)

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 1 Title Bar
Top of the window is called the “Title Bar”. It is used to show the name of the file and name of the
application. In OpenOffice calc, the default name for the first unsaved worksheet is “Untitled1”. When
you save the file, Untitled will change to the name in which you saved.

2 Control Buttons:
In the right corner of title bar, (1) minimize, (2) maximize / restore and (3) close control buttons
are available.

3 Menu Bar
Below the title bar is menu bar. Most of the menus are very similar to what you learnt in OpenOffice
Writer.

4 Tools Bar

Under the menu bar, there are three toolbars available by default. They are:

Standard Toolbar – contains frequently used File, Edit and Data menu commands as icons such as
New Open Save, Send, print, print preview, Cut, Copy, Paste, Sorting, inserting chart etc.,

Formatting Toolbar – contains frequently used text and cell formatting commands as such as
changing font style, font size, font colour, alignments, cell formatting etc.,

Formula bar – This is a very important element in a spreadsheet. It contains Name box, Function
Wizard,Sum button, Function button and Input line (Refer Figure ).

Student Activity:

Open a document in Open office calc save and close it

EVALUATION
1. what are the Features of OpenOffice Calc?
2. What are the steps to open a spread sheet?

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 11 Working with Open Office – Formula
in spreadsheets, manipulation
of Rows and Columns. 

Learning Objectives

™™ To know formula in spread sheet

™™ Manipulation of rows and columns

Teacher's Activity:

OpenOffice Calc

OpenOffice Calc is the spreadsheet component of OpenOffice. You can enter any kind of data in a
spreadsheet and then manipulate this data to produce certain results.

Row, Column, Cell and Cell Pointer

Rows and Columns:

Below the formula bar contains the worksheet of work area which consit of grid cells The worksheet
has number of rows and columns, where each column is labelled as A, B, C, D

….. AA, AB, AC ….. and the rows are numbered from 1, 2, 3

Cell

Intersection of each row and column makes a box which is called as “Cell”.

Cell pointer

Cell pointer is a rectangle box which can be moved around the worksheet. The cell in which the
cell pointer is currently located is known as “Active cell”.

Creating Formulae:

Formula in Calc may start with equal (=) or plus(+) or minus(–) sign followed by a combination
of values, operators and cell references. But, as a general practice, all formulas should start with an
equal sign.

Example : = B2 + C2 + D2

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 Operators:

Operators Functions Formula- Example

Arithmetic operators are symbols

1 Arithmetic Operators
for performing simple arithmetic =B2+C2
(+, - , / ,* , ^,%)
operations

Relational operators are symbols used

2  R
 elational Operators
for comparing two values such as =B3>B4
(>,>=,<,<=,=,<>)
greater than, less than, equal to etc

Reference operators are used to refer

cell ranges. A continuous groupof cells
is called as “Range”. There are three
3 Reference Operator types of reference operators that are
=SUM(A1:A6 ~ C3:F3)
( : , ~, ! ) used to refer cells in Calc: they are
(1) Range Reference Operator,
(2) Range Concatenation
(3)Intersection Operator.

In Calc, “&” is a text operator which is

used to combine two or more text.
4 Text Operator & =C3&C4
Joining two different texts is also
known as “Text Concatenation”
Copy, Cut and Paste
Edit → Cut, Edit → Paste
Edit → Copy, Edit → Paste

Student Activity:

1. Open a document in Open office calc. Find the total of three integers

EVALUATION
1. Explain the operators used in OpenOffice Calc?

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 12 Auto fill features.

Learning Objectives

™™ To know the Auto Fill Feature and formatting

Teacher's Activity:

Auto Fill Feature:

The process of Copy and Paste
can be replaced by a click and
drag and it is called as “Auto
Fill”. This is an alternate way to
copy and paste. Auto Fill feature
fills the contents from one cell
to all the dragged cells

Generating series using command

Edit → Fill → Series Command is used to generate different set of series. Before using this feature,
a set of cells should be selected. Using Fill Series feature, you can fill series of values at any direction.

Fill series dialog box

Direction : Down / Right / Up / Left (Selected cell direction will be default)

Series type :
Linear : To generate a sequence of series (Example 2,4,6,8,10…….)
Growth : To generate multiplication series (Example 2,4,8,16,32,64……)
Date : To generate date series (when you select date as series type; time unit section gets enabled)

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 AutoFill : T
 o generate a continuous series of values (1,2,3,.).Time unit section, End value and
Increment text boxes become disabled.
Time Unit : (Enabled only when you select the series type as “Date”)
Start Value : Initial value of the series should be typed
End Value : End value of the series should be typed
Increment : It is a difference value between the first and second value of your series.
To Generate the Number series 5,10,20,..2560
then enter
Select the options : Edit –> Fill –> Series .
Start Value = 5 ,
Stop Value = 2560
Increment =2
type growth
then click OK .
Now the series 5,10,20,..2560 is generated

Editing and Formatting Worksheet

Inserting Columns, Rows and Cells

Insert → Columns/Rows command is used to Insert
Columns/Rows Edit ->Delete cells to delete Delete cells.

1. shift cells down

2. shift cells right

3. entire row

4. entire column

Student Activity:

1. Generate Even number series from 2 to 20.

EVALUATION

1. How do you Insert and delete rows and columns?

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 13 Presentation Basics

Learning Objectives

™™ To know the Open Source presentation software

™™ To create a new presentation using various ways using Impress

Teacher's Activity:

1. Presentation software is used to create presentations, quizzes, e-learning packages and multimedia
products.
2. Text, images, video, animation effects, links and sound can be combined on each slide to create
a final product.
3. 
The most commonly known presentation programs are Open Office Impress, Microsoft
PowerPoint and Apple’s Keynote.

Opening a new presentation

In order to open Impress using Start button, click Start button and select
All Programs → OpenOffice → OpenOffice Impress.
Creating a new Presentation By selecting an Empty presentation
By selecting From Template
By selecting from Open existing presentation

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 Using Empty presentation :

™™ Select Empty presentation under Type. It creates a presentation from scratch.

™™ C
 lick Next. The Presentation Wizard Step 2 appears. Select a slide design. The slide design section
gives you two main choices: Presentation Backgrounds and Presentations.
™™ Select how the presentation will be used under Select an output medium. so selectScreen option.
™™ Click Next. choose the Effect drop-down menu.
™™ Select the desired speed .
™™ Click Create. A new presentation is created.

Student Activity:

1. create a presentation using Empty presentation

EVALUATION
1. How will you create a slide show?

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 14 Internet and Email

Learning Objectives

™™ Understand Internet and its application

™™ To know the differences between Webpage and Website
™™ To know the differences between Browser and Search engine

Teacher's Activity:

INTERNET and WWW ( World Wide Web)

™™ Internet:
• S everal networks, small and big all over the world, are connected together to form a Global
network called the internet
• Each computer on net is called as host.

Internet Services

™™ Email
™™ Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services
™™ Online movies and gaming
™™ Data transfer/file-sharing, often through File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
™™ Social networking
™™ Online shopping

URL- Uniform Resource Locator

A URL is an address that shows where a particular page can be found on the World Wide Web.
The URL and the IP number are one and the same.

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 Electronic mail or email
Electronic mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged between two
users over telecommunications. Email is a message that may contain text, files, images or any other
attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals
Web Browsers
Looking for information on the internet is called surfing or browsing. To browse the internet, a
software called the web browser or browser is used. Familiar Internet Browser
1. Google Chrome
2. Mozila Firefox:
3. Internet Explorer
on WWW.
Eg. Google
search engine
A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locate information
Computer virus
Computer virus: A computer virus is a small piece of software that can spread from one infected
computer to another. The virus could corrupt, steal, or delete data on your computer
Spam
Spam: Spam in the security context is primarily used to describe email spam. Unwanted messages
in your email inbox. Spam, or electronic junk mail, is a nuisance as it can clutter your mailbox as well
as potentially take up space on your mail server.

Student Activity:

™™ To create a new email id and functioning it by own.

EVALUATION
1. What is Internet?
2. What is a browser?
3. What is a Search Engine?

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 Create Webpage using HTML,
15 various structures tags available
to create HTML Document

Learning Objectives

™™ How to create Webpage using HTML.

™™ Various structural Tags available to create and HTML Document

Teacher's Activity:

(1) HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language is used to design webpages.

(2) HTML is developed with Tags and attributes.

(3) HTML program with basic Tags

<html>

<head>

<title> My First Web Page </title>

</head>

<body>

This is My First Web page

</body>

</html>
Operating Tag and Closing Tage are the same name, but closing tag name producted by a slash ( / ).
Ex: </head>. </body>, </html>. </body>. </body> . The Body Section is used to display the main
content on the browser window.

(4) Tools used to write HTML Program

(i) windows 7 : Start → All programs → Accessories → Notepad

 inux : Applications → Accessories → Text Editors using HTML type the HTML Document
(ii) L
in Text Editor

(iii) File → Save (or) Ctrl → S

(iv) In File Name text box, type a file name with him or .html extension

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 Viewing Webpage in a Browser :

Step 1 : Open a Browser

Step 2. File → Open file or Ctrl → O
Step 3. From the open Dialog box, browse the folder in ;which the HTML Document in saved.

HTML Tags :
<html>

<head>

<title> Background colour change </title>

</head>

<body>

<body bgcolor =yellow>

<body background = “flower. gif ”>

<body leftmargin = 50 topmargin =50>

</body>

</html>

bgcolor = Change the background color <Title>

background = background image

leftmargin – fix Left Margin

rightmargin – fix Right Margin

Student Activity:

1. Create a HTML Document and save it and browse it in a browser.

2. Write a HTML Document with a various Tags and browse it in a browser.

EVALUATION
1. How can you create HTML Document and save it. Browse it ?
2. HTML Program with various tags explained.

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 Headings Tags, Break and
16 Paragraph Tags, container
elements, Empty elements.

Learning Objectives

™™ Understanding the usage of Six level of Heading Tag

™™ Various attributes of heading tag
™™ Break and Paragraph Tag
™™ Comments contains, container elements, empty elements
Teacher's Activity:

1. <h1> Welcome to computer application </h1>

Following this Tag h2. h3. h4. h5. h6 are available to display the headings
2. <h1 align-center> Welcome </h1>
<h2 align – right – welcome </h2>
Left. Right. Center. Justify are the 4 attributes associated with this tag
3. Line break Tag <br>
<body> This is my web page <br>
I am Kannan <br>
Chennai Girl’s Hr. Sec. School <br>
</body>
4. Paragraph Tag : <p> </p>
A large paragraph can be broken into small paragraph using <p>
HTML Tags
and </p>
5. Comments Tag
Container Empty
System of Comment Key
Elemets Elements
< ! comment > <html> < br >
1. we cannot see the comment in output </html>
2. Browing using comments <body>
</body>
Student Activity: <title>
</title>
1. Understanding various heading tags and its attributes <p>
2. Having the knowledge on line break comments </p>

EVALUATION
1. Write a HTML program with six heading
2. Write a HTML program with <br> and <p>

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 17 Formatting Texts,
Creating Tables, Lists and Links

Learning Objectives

™™ How to formatting text content often HTML Documents with verities of Tags and Attributes.
™™ How to create and manipulate HTML Docments

<html>
<head>
<title> Highlights </title>
<b>welcome to All </b> <br>
<i> welcome to All </i> <br>
<u>welcome to All </u> </br>
<strong> welcome to All </strong> </br>
<em> welcome to All </em> </br>
<big> welcome to All </big> </br>
<small> welcome to All </small> </br>
welcome to All <mark> students</mark>in this school</br>
The formula of watet is H_2</sup>2o<br>
(a+b)<sup>2</sub>=a<sup><2</sub>+2ab+b₂<br>
I am coming from<del> madras</del>
<ins>Chennai</ins>
<html>
The output for the above HTML Program is given below :
Welcome to All
Welcome to All
Welcome to All
Welcome to All
Welcome to All
Welcome to All
Welcome to All
Welcome to All studenta in this
school The formulla of water is H2O
(a+b)2 = a2 +2ab +b2
I am coming from madras Chennai

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 .
<html>
<head>
<title> Horizontal tag </title>
</head>
<body>
<hr size = 72pixels
<font face = “Copper Gothic Bold”
size = 4 color = “Red”>
India, Srilanka, singapoore, Malaysia </hr>
<hr size = 36 width = 50%>
Rule with size 18 pixels, 30% width, in 2D
<hr size = 18 width = 30% noshade>
Rule with size 9 pixels, 50% width, 2D, in Green color
<hr size = 9 width = 50% noshade color = Green>

</body>
</html>
The output for the above HTML program is given below.

Student Activity:

1. Knowing about the Basic HTML Tags and its Attributes.

EVALUATION
1. Create a HTML program with a various basic Tags

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 18 HTML adding Multimedia
Elements and Forms

Learning Objectives

™™ Tag used to make a HTML Table

™™ Creating the Table
™™ Futures of HTML Tags
™™ HTML Lists
Illustration 11.11: An HTML code to Table tags
<html>
<head>
<title> Creating Table </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="PaleGoldenRod">
<Table border=1>
<Caption> Books and Authors </Caption>
<TR>
<TH> Book </TH>
<TH> Author </TH>
<TH> Publisher </TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> Foxpro 2.5 </TD>
<TD> R.K. Taxali </TD>
<TD> BPB Publications </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> Visual Basic .NET </TD>

<TD> Tata McGraw Hill </TD>

</TR>
<TR>
<TD> Core Java Vol 1 </TD>
<TD> Horstmann Cornell </TD>
<TD> Pearson </TD>
</TR>
</Table>
</body>
</html>

The output for the above HTML Program is given below

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 <html>
<head>
<title> Number List </title>
</head>
<body>
<OL>
<LI> Tamil
<LI> Telugu
<LI> English
<LI> Computer Application
<LI> Commerce
<LI> Accountancy
<LI> Economics

</OL>
</body>
</html>

The output will be

Student Activity:

1. Write a HTML program with a Tags

EVALUATION
1. Create a HTML program with table creating Tags.

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 19 Forms, Controls within
an HTML Documents

Learning Objectives

™™ To insert images with HTML documents

™™ Knowing about the interception of music and movies in the web pages.

Teacher's Activity:

<html>
<head>
<title> Inserting Images </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 align = center> Mahakavi Bharathi <img src = bharathiyar.gif
alt=”National poet “ width = 20% height = 25% vspace =20 hspace=20>
</body>
</html>
The output of the above HTML Program is given below :

E:\CS_TestBook_Final\ Inserting images

File Edit View Favorites Tools Help

Bharathiyar

The following Text will move from left to right

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 Background Music :
Music can be played in the background to a webpage, while page is reviewed this is known as
inline sound or movie
<bgsound src = music file name with location >

<html>
<head>
<title> Inline Sound </title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="D:\Images\TN_Logo.png" alt="Govt. of Tamilnadu Logo" height=25%
width=15%>

Training </b>, Tamilnadu </marquee>

</body>
</html>

Student Activity:

1. Having the knowledge about the HTML programs with the forms and attributes
2. Having the knowledge about the text box, check box, and radio buttons

EVALUATION
1. Write a home program with dropdown list box
2. Write a program with textbox and check box and a radio button

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 Cascading Style Sheets, Properties
20 and values of CSS, linking
CSS with HTML

Learning Objectives

™™ U
 nderstand the uses of CSS, How to create separate CSS Files to format various elements of
HTML, How to use a CSS file in HTML.

Teacher's Activity:

Sitewide Style Sheets:

• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are also called as Sitewide Style sheets or external style.
• CSS is a style sheet language used for describing the formatting of a document written in
HTML.
• Using CSS, you can control the font colour, font style, spacing between pages, columns size,
border colour, background image or colour and various other effects in a web page.
• In external styles, you can store all style information in a separate file and include it in your
web pages using an HTML tag.
• The separate file should be saved with the extension .css
Advantages of CSS:
1. Maintainability
2. Reusability
3. Easy to understand
1. Maintainability - CSS are also defined and stored as separate files. So,the style and appearance of a
web page can be dynamically changed and maintain with lesseffort.
2. Reusability - The styles defined in CSS can be reused in multiple HTML pages.
3. Easy to understand - The tags in web pages are well organized with style specifications and therefore
it is easy to understand.
Creating CSS style sheets:
• Open an empty notepad.
• Type the style properties and their values of CSS.
• Save the file with extension .css
Example:
P { font- style : Italic;
color :MediumSeaGreen;
} H1
{
border:2px solid red;
}
The above code should be saved with extension .css

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 Linking CSS with HTML :
The <link> tag is used to add CSS file with HTML in head section. While using
<link> tag, the following attributes are also included along with standard values.
rel = “stylesheet” type = “text/css”
The href attribute is used to link the .css file.

General format of <Link> tag

<Link rel = “stylesheet” type = “text/css” href = CSS_File_Name_with_Extension>

Some Properties & Values of CSS:

Formatting Properties Values Example
Text Colur Color Predefined_color_nam e P
{
Color:pink;
}
H1
{
Color : MediumSeaGreen; }
Text Alignment Text-align Corner/ Left / Right / P
Justify {
Text- align : center;
}
Font Type Font-family Font-name P
{
Font-family :
“Times New Roman”;
}
Background Color Background color Predefined_ color_name Body
{
Background–color : Voilet
}
Font Style(Bold) Font-weight Normal / Bold P{
Font-family :
“Times New Roman”;
Font-style : Italic;
Font-weight : bold; }

Student Activity:

• Develop a web page about your school with CSS.

• Develop a web page describing about your district. Use CSS to format HTML structural tags.

ASSESMENT
1. What are the advantages of CSS?
2. Write a CSS file to define text color and alignment to <p> tag.
3. Write a CSS file to define font type, style and size to <h1> tag.
4. List and explain the Font and text element properties and values used CSS.

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 21
Introduction History and
Advantages of Java’s Script using
Java’s Script in HTML Pages

Learning Objectives

™™ S tudent Understand about JavaScript Language and advantages of JavaScript and the importance
of Client side code in JavaScript.,

Teacher's Activity:

JavaScript:
• JavaScript is the programming language for the Web.
• JavaScript can update and change both HTML and CSS
• JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML.
• It is open and cross-platform.
• JavaScript can Calculate, Manipulate and validate data

History:
On December 4, 1995, Netscape and Sun Inc. jointly introduced JavaScript
1.0. JavaScript had truly bridged the gap between the simple world of HTML and the more complex
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs on the Server.
It provides a common scripting language for Web developers to design, test and deploy Internet
Applications.
The JavaScript client-side technology provides many advantages over traditional CGI Server-side
scripts. The JavaScript code is executed when the user click Submit button in the form, and only if all
the entries are valid, they would be submitted to the WebServer.
Advantages of JavaScript:
In HTML chapter we have learnt how to develop static web pages. But in real life web pages must
be interactive. So to develop such interactive pages (Dynamic Web page )JavaScript programming
language is used.
• JavaScript is relatively simple to learn and implement.
• JavaScript is very fast because it can be run immediately within the client-side browser.
• JavaScript includes such items as Textboxes, Buttons, drag-and-drop components and sliders
to give a Rich Interface to site visitors.
For example: Creating a New email account in any service provider.

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 Using JavaScript in HTML page with <script> tag :

JavaScript can be implemented using <script>... </script> tags. The

<script> tag containing JavaScript can be placed anywhere within in the web page, but it is normally

recommended that should be kept it within the <head> tags. The

<script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between these tags as a

script commands.

The syntax of JavaScript segment in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) or Dynamic Hyper

Text Markup Language (DHTML) is as follows:

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> javascript code

</script>

The <SCRIPT> tag takes two important attributes –

1. Language

2. Type

1. Language − This attribute specifies that the scripting language. Typically, its value will be JavaScript.

Although recent versions of HTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language -XHTML, its successor)

have phased out the use of this attribute is optional.

2.Type − This attribute is used to indicate the scripting language and its value should be set to "text/

javascript".

ASSESMENT

1. What is Java Script?

2. Write about <script> tag

3. What are the advantages of Java Script programming language?

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 22 Java Script Variables, Data Types,
Operators and Expressions

Learning Objectives

™™ S tudent understand JavaScript Variables, Declaring Variables and Rules for naming Variables –
Scope of Variables and assigning values to variables, JavaScript operators and Expressions.

Teacher's Activity:

JavaScript Variable:
Variable is a memory location where value can be stored. Variable is a symbolic name for a value.
Variables are declared with the var keyword in JavaScript. Every variable has a name, called identifier.
JavaScript Data types:
Every variable has a data type that indicates what kind of data the variable holds. The basic data
types in JavaScript are
1. Strings
2. Numbers
3. Booleans.
1. String: A string is a list of characters, and a string literal is indicated by enclosing the characters in single
or double quotes. Strings may contain a single character or multiple characters, including whitespace and
special characters such as \n (the newline). Eg: “this text string” etc.,
2. Numbers: It can be integer or floating-point numerical value and numeric literals are specified in the
natural way. Eg: 123, 120.3 etc.,
3. Boolean: It can be any one of two values: true or false. Boolean literals are indicated by using true or
false directly in the source code. Eg: true or false.
Scope of Variable:
The scope of a variable is the life time of a variable of source code in which it is defined.
• Global Scope   • Local Scope
Global Scope:
A global variable has global scope; it can be defined everywhere in the JavaScript code.
Local Scope:
A Local variables will be visible only within a function where it is defined. Function parameters
are always local to that Function.
JavaScript Operators and Expressions:
1. An operator combines the values of its operands in some way and evaluates to a new value.
2. Operators are used for JavaScript’s arithmetic expressions, comparison expressions, logical
expressions, assignment expressions.
3. An expression is a phrase of JavaScript that a JavaScript interpreter can evaluate to produce a value.
4. The result of all expressions may be either an integer or floating-point value or Boolean Value.

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 5. There are three types of expressions as follows,
• Arithmetic expressions  • Relational expressions  • Logical expressions
Arithmetic Operators:
JavaScript supports all the basic arithmetic operators like addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication (*),
division (/), and modulus (%, also known as the remainder operator).
Assignment Operator:
An assignment operator is the operator used to assign a new value to a variable. Assignment
operator can also be used for logical operations such as bitwise logical operations or operations on
integral operands and Boolean operands.
Relational or Comparison Operators:
Relational operators are also called as Comparison operators, they compares two values and the
result is true or false.
JavaScript provides a rich set of relational operators including == (equal to), != (not equal to),
< (less than), > (greater than), <= (less than or equal to), and >= (greater than or equal to).
Logical Operators:
Logical operators perform logical (boolean) operations. Logical operators combine or invert
boolean values. Once comparisons are made, the logical operators && (AND), || (OR) and !(NOT)
can be used to create more complex conditions.
Uses of Logical Operators:
Best practice is to use logical operators on boolean operands. However, operands of any type can
be combined. The strict rules are as follows:
• For && (AND) the result is false if the first operand is false; otherwise, the result is the Boolean
value of the second operand.
• For || (OR) the result is true if the first operand is true; otherwise, the result is the Boolean
value of the second operand.
• For !(NOT) the result is true if the operand is false; otherwise, the result is true.
String Operators:
™™ One of the built-in features of JavaScript is the ability to concatenate strings. The + operator
performs addition on numbers but also serves as the concatenation operator for strings.
Conditional Operator (?:)
™™ The ?: is the conditional operator in JavaScript, which requires three operands, hence it is called the
ternary operator.

Student Activity:

Identify the types of operators and understand the variables

ASSESMENT
1. Write note on types of Operator.
2. What are the uses of Logical Operators?
3. What is conditional operator give suitable example.
4. Explain about the Arithmetic operator with suitable example

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 23 Conditional Statements in Java script,
Branching Statements

Learning Objectives

™™ Students learn about control structures and Branching statements in JavaScript

Teacher's Activity:

Conditional Statements in JavaScript:

Statements are executed in the order they are found in a script. Conditional statements execute or
skip one or set of statements depending on the value of a specified conditional expression. There are
two typ es of controls,
• Branching / Selection
• Looping / repetitive
Branching Statements:
1. JavaScript supports branching statements which are used to perform different act ions based on
different conditions.
2. Branching is a transfer of control from the current statement to another statement or construct in the
program unit.
3. A branch alters the execution sequence.There are different branching statements. They are,
• if statement
• if … else statement
• else if statement
• switch statement
if and if..else Statement:
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make decisions to
execute statements conditionally. This statement has two forms. The form is for only true condition.
The syntax is
if (condition)
{
True block;
}

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 In the if form, condition contains relational/logical expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true
the true block is executed. True block may contain one or more than one statement.

else if Statement:

The if ... else statement evaluates an expression and executes one of two pieces of code, depending
on the outcome. The else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is false.

Switch case Statement:

JavaScripts offers the switch statement as an alternate to using if...else structure. The switch
statement is especially useful when testing all the possible results of an expression.

Break and Default Statement:

The switch statement begins by evaluating an expression placed between parenthesis, much like
the if statement. The result compared to labels associated with case structure that follow the switch
statement. If the result is equal to a label, the statements in the corresponding case structure are
executed. The default structure is can be at the end of a switch structure if the result of the expression
that do not match any of the case labels. The break statement is also used commonly within switch to
exit the statement once the appropriate choice is found.

Student Activity:

• Write sample program for if command.

• Create a sample program for switch statement

ASSESMENT

1. Write the syntax for else-if statement.

2. Explain switch case statement with example

3. What is if statement and write its types.

4. List out the various branching statements in JavaScript?

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 24 Looping, Repetitive, For, Do….
While and While Statements

Learning Objectives

™™ Students understand the looping structure ,types and syntax of looping Statement.

Teacher's Activity:

Looping / repetitive:
In JavaScript there are times when the same portion of code needs to be executed many times with
slightly different values is called Loops. JavaScript supports three kinds of looping statements. They
are
• for loop
• while loop
• do..while loop for loop:
The for loop is a very rigid structure that loops for a pre-set number of times. In JavaScript for
structure is very flexible, which makes this type is very useful. syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
Body of the loop;
}
Break Statement:
JavaScript also supports statements used to modify flow control, specifically break and continue.
The break statement will terminate the loop early.
Continue Statement:
The continue statement will skip back to the loop condition check. When the continue statement
is executed, the current iteration of the enclosing loop is terminated, and the next iteration begins.
while loop:
In JavaScript while loop is another most basic loop. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a
statement /block of statement repeatedly as long as an expression is true. The while statement creates
a loop that executes a specified statement as long as the test condition evaluates to true. The condition
is evaluated before executing the statement.
Syntax:
while (condition)
{
body of the loop

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 }
do .. while loop:
The do..while loop is like a while loop, except that the loop expression is tested at the end of the loop
rather than at the beginning. This means that the body of the loop is always executed at least once.

Syntax:
do
{
body of the loop
} while (expression);

Difference Between do.. while & while:

do.. while loop While loop

In the do..while loop body of the loop always In a while loop, first condition will be
executed at least once before the condition can evaluated and then only based on the result
be executed. of the condition the body of the loop will be
executed or not.
Syntax: Syntax:
do while (condition)
{ {
body of the loop } while (expression); body of the loop
}

Student Activity:

• Write a Java Script program using while statement to display 10 numbers.

• Create a sample program for while loop

ASSESMENT

1. What is called a loop and what are its types?.

2. Differentiate between while and do while statements
3. Explain for loop with example

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 Java Script Functions,
25 Pre-Defined Functions and
User-Defined Functions

Learning Objectives

™™ T
 o enable them to understand the concept of function and how to create user-defined functions
and use pre-defined functions

Teacher's Activity:

FUNCTION
A function is a block of code that is defined once but may be executed or invoked any number of
times. Functions are used to performs a specific task. Sometimes functions are defined for commonly
required tasks to avoid the repetition entailed in typing the same statements over and over.
™™ JavaScript functions are parameterized or non-parameterized.
™™ A
 parameterized function definition may include a list of identifiers, known as parameters that
work as local variables for the body of the function.
™™ Function provide values or arguments for the function’s parameters.

Two types :

™™ Pre-defined or Library Functions

™™ User-defined Functions

PRE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS:

Pre-defined functions are already defined in the JavaScript library which are also called Library
functions. For example is Null(), to Upper Case(), to Lower Case(), length(), alert(),prompt(),write()
etc., are pre-defined functions.

Function Description Example Result

Used to convert given x = ”java” x. to Upper

to Upper Case () JAVA
string into uppercase Case();

Used to convert given x = ”JAVA” x.

toLowerCase() java
string into lowercase toLowerCase();

Used to find length of the

Length x = ”JAVA” x.length(); 4
given string

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 USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
User-defined functions allow the programmer to modularize a program. Most computer programs
that solve real-world problems are much large,. Hence such large programs are divided into small
programs are called modules.
™™ The Syntax of a User function definition is

Function function-name(parameters list)

{
Declaration of variable
Function Body
Executable statements;
}

Note:
• The function-name is any valid identifier.
• The parameter list contains one or more valid variable name.
• Parameter list contains more than one variable then comma must be there between the variable.
™™ The function body must be enclosed by braces.
Example:
Example:
Function-
function sum(x,y) name
{
var m=x+y;
return m;
Parameter
}
list

Student Activity:

1. Write a program in JavaScript to find the sum of 10 numbers using function

ASSESMENT
1. List the types of functions.
2. Write note on Library functions.

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 26 Computer Ethics and Cyber Crime

Learning Objectives

™™ T
 o enable them to understand the need for ethics in cyber-world and issues related to cyber-
crimes.

Teacher's Activity:

COMPUTER ETHICS :
™™ Computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers by users.
ETHICAL ISSUES :
An Ethical issue is a problem or issue that requires a person or organization to choose between
alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical).
Some of the common ethical issues are
™™ Cyber crime
™™ Software Piracy
™™ Hacking
™™ Use of computers to commit fraud
™™ Sabotage in the form of viruses
™™ Making false claims using computers

CYBER CRIME :
™™ A cyber-crime is a crime which involves computer and network.
™™ Cybercrime is an intellectual, white-collar crime. Those who commit such crimes generally
manipulate the computer system in an intelligent manner.
For example – illegal money transfer via internet.
VARIOUS CRIMES USING COMPUTER
™™ MALWARE
• Malicious programs that can perform a variety of functions including stealing, encrypting or
deleting sensitive data, altering computing functions and monitoring user’s computer activity
without their permission.
™™ HARVESTING
• A person or program collects login and password information from a legitimate user to illegally
gain access to others’ account(s).
™™ SPAM
• Distribute unwanted e-mail to a large number of internet users.

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 SOFTWARE PIRACY
• Software Piracy is “unauthorized copying of software”
SOFTWARE PIRACY

Duplicating and selling Downloading software

copyrighted programs illegally through network
™™ CRACKING
• Cracking is where someone edits a program source so that the code can be exploited or
modified. A cracker (also called a black hat or dark side hacker)
™™ HACKING
• Hacking is intruding into a computer system to steal personal data without the owner’s
permission or knowledge (like to steal a password).

™™ PHISHING
• Phishing is a type of computer crime used to attack, steal user data, including login name,
password and credit card numbers e.t.c. through emails.
™™ PHARMING
• Pharming is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer
or server, misdirecting users to fraudulent web sites without their knowledge or permission.

Student Activity:

1. What are the various crimes happening using computer?

ASSESMENT
1. What do you mean by ethics?
2. What is Cyber crime?

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 27 Cyber Attacks and Cyber Security

Learning Objectives

™™ To enable them to understand the different types of cyber attacks and the needs of Cyber Security.

Teacher's Activity:

CYBER ATTACKS :
Cyber attack can cause significant damage to a computer system or stealing important information
from an individual or from an organization.
Various types of cyber-attacks
™™ VIRUS

• A virus is a small piece of computer code that can repeat itself and spreads from one computer
to another by attaching itself to another computer file.

• One of the most common virus is Trojan.

• A Trojan virus is a program that actually performs malicious activity when executed

™™ WORMS
• Worms are self- repeating and do not require a computer program to attach themselves

™™ SPYWARE
• Spyware can be installed on the computer automatically when the attachments are open, by
clicking on links or by downloading infected software.

™™ RANSOMWARE
• Ransomware is a type of malicious program that demands payment after launching a cyber-
attack on a computer system.

CYBER SECURITY

Cyber security is a collection of various technologies, processes and measures that reduces the risk
of cyber attacks and protects organizations and individuals from computer based threats.

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 ™™ COOKIES

• A cookie is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer memory

(Hard drive) by the user's web browser while the user is browsing internet

™™ FIREWALL

• A firewall is a computer network security based system that monitors and controls incoming

and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules.

™™ PROXY SERVERS

• A proxy server acts as an intermediary between the end users and a web server.

• The proxy server examines the request, checks authenticity and grants the request.

™™ ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION

• Encryption is the process of translating the plain text data (plaintext) into random and mangled

data (called cipher-text).

• Decryption is the reverse process of converting the cipher-text back to plaintext.

• Encryption and decryption are done by cryptography.

Student Activity:

1. List the different types of cyber attacks.

ASSESMENT

1. What is the role of firewalls?

2. What do you mean by Cyber security?

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 28 Tamil computing, Search Engines,
E-Governance, and E-Library

Learning Objectives

™™ To enable them to understand the needs of Tamil in internet and use of Search Engine.

Teacher's Activity:

TAMIL IN INTERNET

™™ T
 amil is a living language for thousands of years. Development of modern technologies, does
not affect the growth of classical Tamil as it is ready to adopt the growing technological changes.
Tamil is not just a language, it is our identity, our life and our sense..
™™ Internet is the best information technological device, through which we get know information.
™™ I n 2021, 74% of people in India will access internet using Tamil and it will be in the top usage of
Internet in India

SEARCH ENGINES:
™™ The “Search Engines” are used to search any information from the cyber space
Example : Google, Bing and Yahoo
™™ Google and Bing provide searching facilities in Tamil

e – GOVERNANCE:
™™ Getting Government services through internet is known as e-Governance.
™™ Govt. of Tamilnadu has been giving its services through Internet.
™™ O
 ne can get important announcements, government orders, and government welfare schemes
from the web portal of Govt. of. Tamilnadu.

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 OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF GOVT. OF TAMILNADU IN TAMIL
E-Governance through Tamil Web Address
http://www.tn.gov.in/ta
Department of Agricultural Engineering http://www.aed.tn.gov.in/
Department of Environment http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/
Directorate of Govt. Examinations http://www.dge.tn.nic.in/
Tamilnadu Health Department http://www.tnhealth.org/
Tamilnadu Micro, Small and Medium
http://www.msmeonline.tn.gov.in/
Enterprises Department
Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
http://www.tnrd.gov.in/
Department
Backward, Most Backward and Minorities
http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/
Welfare Department
Tamilnadu Forest Department https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/
Hindu Religious and Charitable
http://www.tnhrce.org/
Endowments Department.
Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission http://www.tnpsc.gov.in/tamilversion/index.
(TNPSC) html
https://www.gov.lk/index.php

e-LIBRARY:
™™ E-Libraries are portal or website of collection of e-books.
™™ Tamil e-Library services provide thousands of Tamil Books as ebooks mostly at free of cost.
Tamil e-Library Website address
Tamilnadu School Education
and Teacher Education Training http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/
Textbooks and Resource Books
Tamil Virtual Academy http://www.tamilvu.org/library/libindex.htm
http://connemarapubliclibrarychennai.com/
Connemara Public Library
Veettukku_oru_noolagam/index.html
Tamil Digital Library http://tamildigitallibrary.in/
Chennai Library http://www.chennailibrary.com/
http://www.thamizhagam.net/parithi/
parithi.html
http://www.projectmadurai.org/pmworks.
Project Madurai
html
http://www.tamilheritage.org/old/text/
Old Books and Manuscripts
ebook/ebook.html
Noolaham http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/
Anna Centenary Library http://www.annacentenarylibrary.org/

Student Activity:

1.List some web addresses of e-Governance through Tamil

ASSESMENT
1. What do you mean by Search Engine?
2. Write a note on e-Library.

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 Tamil Typing and Interface
29 Software, Tamil Information and
Interchange Coding

Learning Objectives

™™ To enable them to understand the needs of Tamil typing and interface software

Teacher's Activity:

TAMIL TYPING AND INTERFACE SOFTWARE:

Tamil is mostly used to type documents in word processors and search information on the internet.
FAMILIAR TAMIL KEYBOARD INTERFACE:
NHM Writer, E-Kalappai and Lippikar – are familiar Tamil keyboard interfaces software that is
used for Tamil typing which works on Tamil Unicode..
Sellinam and Ponmadal – are familiar Tamil keyboard layouts that works on Android operating
system in Smart phone.

TAMIL OFFICE AUTOMATION APPLICATIONS:

Famous Office automation software like Microsoft Office, Open Office etc., provides complete
Tamil interface facility.
• Menu bars, names of icons, dialog boxes will be shown in Tamil.
• Moreover, you can save files with Tamil names and create folders with Tamil names.
• Tamil Libra Office, Tamil Open Office, Azhagi Unicode Editor, Ponmozhi, Menthamiz,
Kamban, Vani are office automation software working exclusively for Tamil.

TAMIL TRANSLATION APPLICATIONS

Thamizpori (தமிழ்பொறி) is a Tamil translation application having more than 30000 Tamil words
equivalent to English words.

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 ™™ This application can translate small english sentences into Tamil.
™™ Google also gives an online translation facility.
TAMIL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE :
™™ The first Tamil programming language is “Ezhil” (எழில்).
TAMIL INFORMATION INTERCHANGE CODING SYSTEMS
TSCII (Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange)
™™ T
 SCII (Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange) is the first coding system to handle our
Tamil language.
ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange)
™™ This is one of the encoding schemes specially designed for Indian languages including Tamil.
Unicode:
™™ Unicode is an encoding system, designed to handle various world languages, including Tamil.
™™ I ts first version 1.0.0 was introduced in October 1991. Unicode is the best suitable to handle
Tamil.
TAMIL OPERATING SYSTEM:
™™ Microsoft Windows is very popular operating system for personal computers.
™™ Linux is another popular open source operating system.
™™ Windows Tamil Environment interface should be downloaded and installed from the internet.
™™ I t displays all window elements such as Taskbar, desktop elements, names of icons, commands in
Tamil

Student Activity:

1. List the office automation software working exclusively for Tamil.

ASSESMENT
1. Which are Tamil Translation Application?
2. Write a note on ISCII

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 NOTES

59

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 NOTES

60

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