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CHC203 Heat Transfer Introduction

Heat transfer deals with the rate of energy transfer due to temperature differences via conduction, convection and radiation, while thermodynamics considers the overall energy changes in systems; the three modes of heat transfer are conduction via particle interactions, convection via fluid motion, and radiation via electromagnetic waves; and the driving force for heat transfer is always the temperature gradient between objects.

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58 views

CHC203 Heat Transfer Introduction

Heat transfer deals with the rate of energy transfer due to temperature differences via conduction, convection and radiation, while thermodynamics considers the overall energy changes in systems; the three modes of heat transfer are conduction via particle interactions, convection via fluid motion, and radiation via electromagnetic waves; and the driving force for heat transfer is always the temperature gradient between objects.

Uploaded by

Harsh Garg 24601
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHC203

Heat Transfer
Introduction
Dr. Paidinaidu Paluri

Department of Chemical Engineering


IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
What is Heat transfer?
• Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due to a spatial
temperature difference
Driving force:
• Temperature difference
• Rate depends on the
magnitude of temperature
gradient
How is heat transferred?
• Whenever there exist a temperature difference in a medium or
between media heat transfer occurs.
Thermodynamics vs heat transfer
Thermodynamics
• Deals with the amount of energy (heat or work) transferred during a
process.
• Only considers the end states in equilibrium.
• It may not be used to predict how fast a change will takes place.
Heat transfer
• Deals with the rate of energy transfer.
• Also considers the transient and non-equilibrium states.
• It can be used to predict how fast a change will takes place.
Thermodynamics vs heat transfer
Laws of thermodynamics
• Zeroth law - Temperature
• First law – Energy conservation
• Second law – Entropy
• Third law – Entropy constant as T 0
Laws of heat transfer
• Fourier's law – Conduction
• Newtons law of cooling – Convection
• Stefan-Boltzmann law - Radiation
Heat, Rate, and Flux
Heat (Q):
• The amount of heat transferred during a process, Q (kJ)
Heat transfer rate(q):
• The amount of heat transferred per unit time, 𝑄 or simply q
(Joule/second or Watt)
𝑄
𝑞=
∆𝑡
Heat flux(𝒒′′ ):
• The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the direction of heat
′′ 𝑞
transfer: 𝑞 = (𝑊 𝑚 2 )
𝐴
Conduction
• The transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic
particles of a substance due to interactions between the particles.
• Net transfer by random molecules motion – diffusion of energy
Fourier’s law of heat conduction
Fourier’s law:
• The heat flux i.e. is the heat transfer rate per unit area perpendicular
to the direction of heat transfer is proportional to the temperature
gradient in that direction.

• Parameter ‘k’ is thermal conductivity (W/m.K)


Convection
Comprised of two mechanisms
1. Energy transfer due to random molecular motion – diffusion
2. Energy transfer by the bulk motion of the fluid - advection

Heat Transfer Introduction


Convection: Classification
Forced and free/natural convection:

Boiling and condensation:


Newton’s law of cooling
• The convective heat flux is proportional to the difference between the
surface and fluid temperatures, 𝑇𝑠 and 𝑇∞ , respectively.
𝑞 ′′ = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
Where the parameter h (𝑊 𝑚2 𝐾) is the convective heat transfer
coefficient. It depends on:
• The surface geometry
• The nature of fluid motion
• The fluid thermodynamic and transport properties
Convective heat transfer coefficient (h)
Typical values of the convective heat transfer coefficient
Process 𝒉 𝑾 𝒎𝟐 . 𝑲
Free convection:
Gases 2-25
Liquids 50-1000
Forced convection:
Gases 25-250
Liquids 100-20,000
Convection with phase change:
Boiling or condensation 2500-100,000
Radiation
• Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at non-zero
temperature.
• The energy of the radiation field is transported by electromagnetic
waves (photons).
• The surface emissive power (rate of energy released per unit area)
originates from blackbody: Stefan-Boltzmann law
𝐸𝑏 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠4
Where 𝑇𝑠 is the absolute temperature of the surface and 𝜎 is the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 × 10−8 𝑊 𝑚2 𝐾 4 )
• For a real surface E is less than that of a blackbody at the same
temperature and is given by 𝐸 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇𝑠4 where 𝜀 is the radiative
property of the surface termed as the emissivity.
Applications of heat transfer
Questions?
1. Difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer?
2. Different types of heat transfer modes/mechanisms?
3. What is conduction?
4. What is convection?
5. What is radiation?
6. Does radiation requires a medium?
7. What is emissivity?

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