1

DIGITAL LITERACY & COMMUNICATION

Week 02 : The Computer, Hardware, & Software

Created by Digital Literacy Team

President University
 2

Digital Literacy
The Digital Literacy and Communication
course is aimed for students in various
study backgrounds to learn about the
common digital technologies (computer
and the Internet) and how to use them as
modern digital communication tools and
medias.
Digital literacy is about finding,
evaluating, using, and creating
digital content in meaningful
and responsible ways.

It requires thinking skills and

technical abilities
 4

WEEK 02

The Computer, Hardware

& Software

What is a Computer
Hardware & Software
Computer Hardware
History of Software
Software Creation
Modern Software
 13
5

https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/digital-literacy
 Three Goal of Digital Literacy for Student
Digital in Digital Literacy 6

Definition 1. Research and Information Literacy Students apply

digital tools to gather, evaluate, and use information.
Digital Literacy is the interest, a) Information Literacy A digitally literate person
uses the Internet to do research in an effective and
attitude and ability of individuals responsible manner.
b) Information Processing And Management A
to use digital technology and digitally literate person uses technology to improve
communication tools his/her ability to gather, organise, analyse and judge
the relevance and purpose of digital information.
appropriately to access, manage, 2. Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision
integrate, analyze and evaluate Making Students use critical thinking skills to plan and
conduct research, manage projects, solve problems, and
information, construct new make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools
and resources.
knowledge, and create and
a) Specialized And Advanced Skills For Learning A
communicate with others. digitally literate person uses ICT to improve his/her
learning performance.
3. Creativity and Innovation Students demonstrate
creative thinking, construct knowledge, and develop
innovative products and processes using technology.
a) Specialized And Advanced Skills for Creative
Expression A digitally literate person uses ICT to
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/kinde express his/her creativity.
rgarten-to-grade-12/teach/teaching-tools/digital-
literacy-framework.pdf
 13
7

What is a
Computer?
A brief about computer and how it works
to produce information in digital era
What is a Computer?
Definition

• Computers are electronic devices that can

follow instructions to accept input,
process the input and then produce
information.
• A computer is a machine that can store
and process information.

Note:
1. Watch the video in your
online course about how
computer works?
2. You will learn further about
computer in topic 2 & 3.
How a computer communicate with you?
Definition

Opps…..what’s wrong
What should I do? Who’s to blame?
How a computer communicate with you?
Definition

What is not working? The server? The Internet

Connection? Or my Computer?
How a computer communicate with you?
Definition

Don’t get panic!!!.

The computer is trying to talk to you.
Understand its message.
How a computer communicate with you?
Definition

How to talk to my device?

Modern touch screen phone

How will computer improve your life?
Definition

How we interact and communicate How we react to health

• Social networking tools enable groups to • Vaccine research
connect and exchange ideas. • Health monitoring

• Email and instant messages VS post mail

• Web 2.0 (user generated content, ease of
use,
• interoperability/multiplatform, etc.)
How we consume
• Marketing Strategy selling products via
Internet
• E-Commerce
How will computer improve your life?
Definition

How we react to law enforcement Technology is not just:

• Computer forensics • A means for career advancement
• A skill set needed to survive in
• Crime records database society
How we react to environment Technology can provide ways you
can make an impact
• Early warning system
• Heat sensors
• Geographic Information System (GIS)
How we react to education
• Learning Management System (LMS: Discussion
Moodle, Blackboard, etc) 1. How technology give
• Massive Open Online Course (MOOC: impact to our society?
Coursera, Linkedin Learning) 2. What is the technology
• Simulation software (CAD, Virtual lab, etc) gap in our country?
 13
15

Hardware &
Software
A brief about computer and how it works
to produce information in digital era
 Source: google 16

Can the you guess the names of all items illustrated by icons in the page?
Source: google 17
Hardware VS Software 18

Comparation

Hardware Software
Tangible. Physically exist. Logical. No Physical Attribute. Digital.

Hardware is manufactured. Software is developed.

Hardware must physically be moved and Software must electronically be moved

installed. (ex: upload) and installed.
If hardware gets damaged: replaced with If software gets corrupted: do reinstall.
new one.
Hardware can not perform any task Software can not be executed without any
without software. hardware.
What is a Computer? 19

Definition

A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, floppy disk, monitor, printer,
and communication devices.
Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer
What is a Computer: Hardware & Software 20

Definition

A computer needs hardware to Software: Instructions and Computer

receive input, process Programs.
data/information, and give output. Instructions for the hardware:
No Hardware = No Computer. • Actions to be performed
• A set of instructions is called a
Hardware: Electronic Devices program.
Input : Keyboard, Mouse • Driving force behind the compute
Without a program – What is a computer?
System unit: • Collection of Useless Hardware
• Random Access Memory (RAM) Two purposes:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Tell the computer what to do
• Tell other people what we want the
• Output: Monitor, Printer
computer to do.
• Secondary Storage: Disk Drive
 Bus

What is a Computer: CPU Storage

Devices
Memory CPU
Communication
Devices
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
21

Definition e.g., Disk, CD,

and Tape
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer

• The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain

of a computer.
• It retrieves instructions from memory and
executes them. The CPU speed is measured in
megahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling
1 million pulses per second.
• The speed of the CPU has been improved
continuously.
• The newest Intel Processor is the 11th Gen
Intel® Core™ i7-1185G7 supporting up to
4.8Ghz Turbo clock speeds (2020)
 22

Intel vs AMD is one of the biggest rivalries in the tech world. Choosing the best processor or graphics card has never
been harder thanks in part to the Intel vs AMD struggle for domination
What is a Computer: Motherboard 23

Definition

• The motherboard is the

backbone that serves as a
single platform to connect
all of the parts of a
computer together at one
spot and allows them to
talk to each other.
• Desktop & Laptop
motherboard have a
different size standard &
shape.
 Bus

What is a Computer: Memory Storage

Devices
Memory CPU
Communication
Devices
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
24

Definition e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

• Memory is to store data and program

instructions for CPU to execute.
• A memory unit is an ordered sequence of
bytes, each holds eight bits.
• A program and its data must be brought to
memory before they can be executed.
• A memory byte is never empty, but its initial
content may be meaningless to your program.
• The current content of a memory byte is lost
whenever new information is placed in it.
• Primary Memory: RAM, ROM
• Secondary Memory: HDD, Memory Card, USB
Memory: How data is stored? 25

Definition

• Data of various kinds, such as numbers,

characters, and strings, are encoded as a
series of bits (zeros and ones).
• Computers use zeros and ones because
digital devices have two stable states,
which are referred to as zero and one by
convention.
• The programmers need not to be
concerned about the encoding and
decoding of data, which is performed
automatically by the system based on the
encoding scheme.
Memory: How data is stored? 26

Definition

• The encoding scheme varies. For

Memory address Memory content example, character ‘J’ is represented
by 01001010 in one byte.
. .
. . • A small number such as three can be
. .
2000 01001010 Encoding for character ‘J’
stored in a single byte.
2001 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’ • If computer needs to store a large
2002 01110110 Encoding for character ‘v’
2003 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’ number that cannot fit into a single
2004 00000011 Encoding for number 3
byte, it uses a number of adjacent
bytes.
• No two data can share or split a same
byte. A byte is the minimum storage
unit.
 Bus

What is a Computer: Storage Storage

Devices
Memory CPU
Communication
Devices
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
27

Definition e.g., Disk, CD,

and Tape
e.g., Modem,
and NIC
e.g., Keyboard,
Mouse
e.g., Monitor,
Printer

• Memory is volatile, because information is lost

when the power is off.
• Programs and data are permanently stored on
storage devices and are moved to memory
when the computer actually uses them.
• There are many types of storage devices:
• Disk drives (HDD, SSD)
• CD, DVD, Blue-Ray drives
• Tape drives
• Cloud Drives
Past (Floppy Disk, Diskette)
What is a Computer: Power Supply 28

Definition

• Power supply units (PSU) pull power

from your wall outlet and distribute it
throughout your PC.
• Without the right amount of power,
your machine will not function how
you need it to — and it may not even
turn on.
• Standard PSU in Indonesia has AC
Input voltage 180 - 240 V and 450
watt.
• A bigger PSU watt is needed
especially to run latest CPU & GPU.
What is a Computer: GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) 29

Definition

• A graphics processing unit (GPU) or sometimes

often called graphic card is a specialized
electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate
and alter memory to accelerate the creation of
images in a frame buffer intended for output to
a display device.
• The Graphics Card is responsible for rendering
an image to your monitor.
• The better the graphics card the better and
smoother an image can be produced.
• This is naturally very important for gamers and
video editors
 Bus

What is a Computer: Monitor Storage

Devices
Memory CPU
Communication
Devices
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
30

Definition
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

• The monitor displays information (text and

graphics).
• The resolution and dot pitch determine the
quality of the display.
• Size: 15-32”
• Dot Pitch Resolution: 1.920 x 1.080
(Full HD) – 8K (7.680 by 4.320)
• Refresh Rate: 60 -240Hz
• Color Gamut (Full range of colors
visible to the human eye):
• 99% sRGB
• 100% Adobe RGB
• 72% NTSC
 Bus

Monitor: Resolution & Dot Pitch Storage

Devices
Memory CPU
Communication
Devices
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
31

e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

Definition and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

• The screen resolution specifies the number of pixels in

horizontal and vertical dimensions of the display
device.
• Pixels (short for “picture elements”) are tiny dots that
form an image on the screen.
• A common resolution for a 17-inch screen, for
example, is 1,024 pixels wide and 768 pixels high.
• The resolution can be set manually. The higher the
resolution, the sharper and clearer the image is.
• The dot pitch is the amount of space between pixels,
measured in millimeters. The smaller the dot pitch, the
sharper the display.
What is a Computer: Communication Devices 32

Definition

• A regular modem uses a phone line and can transfer data in a

speed up to 56,000 bps (bits per second). 56K modem.
• A DSL (digital subscriber line) also uses a phone line and can
transfer data in a speed 20 times faster than a regular modem.
• A cable modem uses the TV cable line maintained by the
cable company. A cable modem is as fast as a DSL.
• Network interface card (NIC) is a device to connect a
computer to a local area network (LAN).
• The LAN is commonly used in business, universities, and
government organizations.
• A typical type of NIC, called 10BaseT, can transfer data at 10
mbps (million bits per second).
What is a Computer: Program 33

Definition

• Computer programs, known as software, are

instructions to the computer.
• You tell a computer what to do through
programs. Without programs, a computer is an
empty machine.
• Computers do not understand human languages,
so you need to use computer languages to
communicate with them.
• Programs are written using programming
languages.
Daily Case 34

Input Device When you plug in some input device

1. Keyboard and this information appear!
2. Mouse
3. Mic
4. Scanner
5. Camera
6. LAN (in)
7. Wi-Fi (in)
8. Bluetooth (in)
9. Flash disk/removable (in)
Possible threat(s)!!?
10. DVD room (in)
11. etc.
Daily Case 35

Process Device
1. CPU
2. RAM
3. Bus
4. etc.
Daily Case 36

Output Device
1. Monitor
2. Speaker
3. Printer
4. LAN (out)
5. Wi-Fi (out)
6. Bluetooth (out)
7. Flash disk/removable (out)
8. DVD room (out)
9. etc.
Daily Case 37

High utilization (>70%) CPU, memory, Disk, GPU

What is the problem? Virus? Need to upgrade the hardware?
Daily Case 38

2.2GHz à 2.2B instructions/second

Radeon R5 GPU à video render, game, AI
8GB à 8B characters (letter/number/symbol)
x64 à 64 bit every instruction
Daily Case 39

Run dxdiag
(DirectX
diagnostic)

64 bit bus
Radeon R5 GPU
2.2Ghz CPU x 4
8192MB RAM
Daily Case 40

4556 MB à 4.556mil x 8 / 3 pixels

(display resolution 1280 x 768 x 60Hz refresh rate)
Daily Case 41

Adjust/control

Must know when to

use 100% of power
Daily Case 42

Peripheral, connector types

Use accordingly à save time
Daily Case 43

Speed: 1.2GHz
L1 256KB
L2 2.0MB

CPU à how many workers available vs. idle workers

Daily Case 44

RAM à meeting room

Available 2,3GB
Slots used 2of 2
Speed: 1333GHz
Daily Case 45

Disk à parking lot

ART small
RS big
WS big
Daily Case 46

Networkà toll road Security à suspicious traffic à virus/bot

Send big
Receive big
Idle zero
Daily Case 47

Dedicated
GPU memory big
Common Troubleshoot: Energy 48

1. Life-threatening risk à
current à use fuse/circuit
breaker
2. Lower voltage à safer
3. Multi tester, test pen, etc.

Check supply
A 110-230VAC
(caution)
B 5-24VDC
Common Troubleshoot: Overheating 49

1. Find the software such as CPUID.

2. The ideal CPU temp is below 80°C in
general and only pushing up to 85°C at
the most, although 90°C still being ‘safe’.
3. Overheat can slow down your PC and
automatically shut it down leading to data
loss, or permanent damage the
components.
4. Check the cooling system such as fan,
vents, and dust.
5. For laptop, cooling pad is a good
solution.
Common Troubleshoot: Peripherals 50

Check hardware name/type à vendor

website/support
Resources conflict à manual configuration

Check driver
1. From CD
2. From Internet
How to find the best PC & Laptop? 51

Definition

• Laptop is a long time investment.

We can use laptop for 3-10 years.
• Every year there will be a new
technology & new laptop, so its
very important to find the right
specs and the timing to buy.
• The ideal laptop depends on your
job, but we can try this website for
the exploration:
http://choosist.com
 52

YouTube is the best place to find the review from the expert
53
54
55
56
 57

Discussion

“Try your own suitable work device!”

Duration: 15 Min | Separate Group Discussion

ü Present your discussion results in the eCampus forum.

 13
58

Software

A brief about computer and how it works

to produce information in digital era
What is Software? 59

Definition

1. Commonly referred as Computer Software,

Application, Program, System, etc.
2. Any set of instructions that guides the hardware
and tells it how to accomplish each task.
3. A collection of computer programs and related
data that provides the instructions for telling a
computer what to do and how to do it.
4. Information that specifies how the device should
work with other data, information, and
knowledge.
5. A set of programs, procedures, and algorithms.
 60

• The academic fields studying

software are computer science,
and software engineering.
• In computer science and software
engineering, software is all
information processed by
computer system, programs and
data.
 61

The History
Of Software
Software History 62

History

• The first theory about software was proposed by

Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable
numbers with an application to the
Entscheidungs problem (Decision problem).
• The first generation of software for early stored-
program digital computers in the late 1940s had
its instructions written directly in binary code,
generally written for mainframe computers.
• The term "software" was first used in print by
John W. Tukey in 1958. The term is often used to
mean application software.
The History of Programming Language 63

History

• Software tells the computer what to

do and how to do.
• A computer performs different
operations according to the
instruction of software. Software is
developed in a computer
programming language.
• In this case, the history of software
is related closely to the history of
programming language itself.
First Generation (1GL) 64

The History of Programming Language

• During the 1950's the first computers were

programmed by changing the wires and set
tens of dials and switches.
• One for every bit sometimes these settings
could be stored on paper tapes that looked
like a ticker tape from the telegraph.
• The instructions in 1GL are made of binary
numbers, represented by 1s and 0s. This
makes the language suitable for the
understanding of the machine but far more
difficult to interpret and learn by the human
programmer.
Second Generation (2GL) 66

The History of Programming Language

• The first generation "languages" were

regarded as very user unfriendly people set
out to look for something else, faster and
easier to understand.
• The result was the birth of the second
generation languages (2GL) at the mid of the
1950’s.
• In modern programs, second generation, also
refer to: assembly languages, are rarely used.
The vast majority of programs are written in a
Third-generation programming language or a
Fourth-generation programming language.
Third Generation (3GL) 67

The History of Programming Language

• At the end of the 1950's the 'natural

language’ interpreters and compilers were
made.
• But it took sometime before the new
languages were accepted by enterprises.
• About the oldest 3GL is FORTRAN (Formula
Translation) which was developed around 1953
by IBM.
• This is a language primarily intended for
technical and scientific purposes.
Forth Generation (4GL) 68

The History of Programming Language

• A 4GL is an aid which the end user or programmer can

use to build an application without using a third
generation programming language.
• Therefore knowledge of a programming language is
strictly spoken not needed.
• 4GL languages tend to be specialized toward very
specific programming domains.
• 4GL languages may include support for database
management, report generation, mathematical
optimization, GUI development, or web development.
• Example for 4GL: SAS, SPSS, R, PL/SQL, MANTIS, ABAP,
NATURAL.
Fifth Generation (5GL) 69

The History of Programming Language

• While fourth-generation programming languages

are designed to build specific programs, fifth-
generation languages are designed to make the
computer solve a given problem without the
programmer.
• This way, the user only needs to concern with the
problems need to be solved and what conditions
need to be met, without worrying about how to
implement a routine or algorithm to solve them.
• Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in
artificial intelligence research.
Main Classification of Software 70

Classification

System Software

Programming Software Application Software

Application Software / Program / Apps 71

Apps

• Application software are developed

to perform one or more specific task.
These are mostly designed for end
users.
• Word processor
• Spreadsheet
• Presentation Software
• Database Management System
• Desktop Publisher
• Graphic Editor
• Web Browser
System Software 72

Software

• It is used to control the usage and

allocation of different hardware
components.
• Operating Systems (OS) –
coordinates and handles the details
of working with the computer
hardware.
• It manages all computer (device)
components and operations.
System Software 73

Software

• Utility software – provides

additional tools to maintain and
service your system (many utility
software tasks are now included in
the OS).
System Software 74

Software

• Driver or Device Driver – a

program that is used to operate
and control a device attached to
the computer. It is the interface
between OS and the Hardware.
Programming Software 75

Software

• Programming Software is a software

that can be used to develop computer
software, even to develop other
programming software.
• The programming software usually
provides Tools to assist a programmer in
writing computer programs.
• Compilers are the most common example
included of this kind of software.
• Other important tools are: Debugger,
Interpreters, Linkers, and Text Editors.
 76

Software
License
Software Licensing 77

Licensing

• Software License is a legal instrument (by way of contract law) governing the
usage or redistribution of software, allowing an individual or group to use a
piece of software.
• All applications are mostly licensed. Some are based on the number machines
on which the licensed program can run whereas others are based on the
number of users that can use the program.
• License Key term is common in the Software Industries.
• To obtain the license, we would need to pay sum amount of money. This
software known as proprietary (or commercial) software. There is also free
license type software, that allow us to use the software for free.
End User License Agreement (EULA) 78

Licensing

States the following:

• Owner of the software
• Whether copies can be made
• Number of installations allowed
• Warranties
Freeware vs Open Source Software 79

Comparation

Freeware Open Source

Computer software that is available for use with Computer software that is available for use with
no cost or for an optional fee no cost or for an optional fee
Software Piracy 80

Piracy

• The unauthorized copying of software.

• Refers to ways of obtaining software
without the permission of the software
holder.
• Some common types of software
piracy include:
• Counterfeit software
• OEM unbundling
• Softlifting
• Hard disk loading
• Internet software piracy
 81

Software
Creation
How to Create Computer Software? 82

Creation

• Editing / writing the program

(output: source codes)
• Compiling
(output: .obj file)
• Linking with compiled files
(output .exe file)
• Loading and executing
• Testing the program
Writing Program 83

Creation

• Example of coding in
one of popular Programing
Language.
Writing Program 84

Creation

• Example of coding in
one of popular Programing
Language.
 85

Source: www.techlobsters.com

The most common process in software development is called Waterfall Model (Life Cycles).
THE SUMMARY so far.. 86

Software

• User interacts with Application

Software
• Then, Application Software interacts
with the System Software to use
specific hardware devices
 87

Modern
Software
Software as a Service (SaaS) 88

Modern Software

• Software installed in the

cloud (internet)
• No Installation Required
• Require Internet for
Usage
• Available for
Commercial and Free
License
• Piracy can be minimized
Web-based Collaborate
applications online
 89

Common example of SaaS

 90

Source: www.servicecore.com
 91

SaaS as a part of BIG Cloud Service

 92

Source: m.oursky.com
Exploration of Software in Your Environment 93

Exploring examples of software relevant to your study

program
This section is intentionally left blank.
Please provide list of the software used in your study program in one way or another.
Any kind of delivery to this material is based on your decision, for example by opening
discussion, etc.
94