Addis Ababa institute of Technology 1

STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES (CENG4123)

PART TWO: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

November 2, 2017
 2

Topic 1: Tension Members

Presentation Topic 2: Compression Members
Outline Topic 3: Flexural Members
Topic 4: Beam-Column Members

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 Topic 2: Compression Members
3

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Introduction: What are Compression members
4
Compression members are the most common of structural elements carrying either axial load with or without bending moment. This
topic deals with for the cases where members are carrying only axial load with eccentricity considered to be less than 1/1000 of the
member length.
Compression members in buildings:
It’s virtually impossible to avoid
some eccentricity in compression
members.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Introduction: Compression in Steel Members
5

Compression members in supporting structures:

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Introduction: Compression in Steel Members
6

Compression members in bridges:

Compression member
Tension Member

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 Introduction: Compression in Steel Members
7

Compression members in trusses:

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 Introduction: Tension in Steel Members
8

Compression members in frame bracings.

Depending on the direction of the load being applied either of the
members may be a compression member where as the other acts
as tension member.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Introduction: Compression in Steel Members
9

Usually members in compression are made with rolled profiles or built up sections .

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Introduction: Compression in Steel Members
10

The resistance of a steel member subject to axial compression depends on;

► the cross section resistance or
► the occurrence of instability phenomena, such as flexural buckling, torsional buckling or flexural-torsional
buckling.

In general, the design for

compression is governed
by the second condition
(instability phenomena) as
steel members are
usually of medium to
high slenderness.

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 Introduction: Buckling of compressed steel members
11

The resistance of a compression member decreases as its length increases, in contrast to the axially loaded tension
member whose resistance is independent of its length.

Thus, the compressive resistance of a very slender member

may be much less than its tensile resistance, as shown

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 Introduction: Buckling of compressed steel members
12

This decrease in resistance is caused by the action of the applied compressive load N which causes bending in a
member with initial curvature.
The curvature and the lateral deflection of a
compression member increase with the load
For the hypothetical limiting case of a perfectly
straight elastic member, there is no bending until
the applied load reaches the elastic buckling value
Ncr (EC3 refers to Ncr as the elastic critical force).

At this load, the compression member begins to

deflect laterally, as shown in the Figure, and
these deflections grow until failure occurs at the
beginning of compressive yielding.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Introduction: Buckling of compressed steel members
13
The instability or buckling phenomenon can take place flexurally, torsionally or with a combination of a flexural and a torsional behavior:

Cruciform sections, T-sections, angles and, in Cross-sections with one axis of

Compression members having typical I- or
general, all cross-sectional shapes in which all symmetry are prone to flexural-
H-shaped cross-section with two axes of
the elements converge into a single point, are torsional buckling in many cases
symmetry are generally interested by
generally sensitive to torsional buckling instead of the torsional one, owing to
flexural buckling
phenomena. the fact that both cross-sectional
centroid and shear center lie on the
axis of symmetry but are often not
coincident.

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 Design According to EC3: Approach
14

► Compression members subject to

▪ Axial compression only
▪ No bending
► However in practically real columns are
subject to
▪ Eccentricities of axial loads
▪ Transverse forces
► The treatment distinguishes between
▪ Stocky columns, and
▪ Slender columns

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 Design According to EC3: Stocky Columns
15

► The characteristics of stocky columns are

▪ Very low slenderness
▪ Unaffected by overall buckling

► The compressive strength of stocky columns is

▪ Dictated by the cross-section
▪ a function of the section classification

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 Design According to EC3: Resistance
16

Strength design for a compression member subjected to a centric axial force N Ed at a given cross section is performed
by comparing the demand to the axial resistance capacity N c,Rd , that is::
A fy
N c , Rd  cross-sections of class 1, 2 or 3:,
M0
NEd ≤ Nc,Rd
Aeff  f y
N c , Rd  cross-sections of class 4
M0
► where A and Aeff represent the gross area and the effective cross sectional area, respectively, and
► fy is the yield strength, with
► γM0 =1.0 representing the material partial safety factor.
► Local instability phenomena only penalize the axial force-carrying capacity for cross-sections belonging to class 4
A fy
N c , Rd 
because failure occurs at a stress level considerably smaller than the yielding stress.
M0
► When the cross-section of the compression member Aeff  f y is characterized by a single axis of symmetry, an additional
flexural action ΔM Ed may arise, due to the 
N c , Rdeccentricity between the gross cross-section centroid (on which the axial
M0
force is nominally applied) and the centroid of the resisting cross-section. (See Next Slides)

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 Design According to EC3: Effective area A c,eff

17

For class 4 cross-sections it is assumed that parts of the area under compression due to local
instability phenomena do not have any resistance (lost area):
Typically, the compressed portions of the cross-sections, which have to be neglected for the
resistance checks, are the parts close to the free end of an outstand flange or the central part of an
internal compressed element.

ΔM Ed=N x NEd

Gross and effective cross-sections in the

case of axial load

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 Design According to EC3: Effective area A c,eff

18

From the design point of view, it is necessary to evaluate the effective cross-section (i.e. gross section minus all
the lost parts) in accordance with the procedures specified in EN 1993-1-5 (Design of steel structures – Part 1–
5: Plated structural elements).
In case of a class 4 circular hollow cross-section, reference has to be made to EN 1993-1-6 (Design of steel
structures – Part 1–6: Strength and Stability of Shell Structures).
The effective area of a compressed plate A eff can be obtained from the gross area, A g , as:
Ac , eff   Ac

Reduction factor ρ is defined as:

► Internal compression elements: ► Outstand compression elements:

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 Design According to EC3: Effective area A c,eff

19

Rules for the evaluation

of the effective width of
internal compression
elements.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Design According to EC3: Effective area A c,eff

20

Rules for the evaluation of the effective width

of outstand compression elements.

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 Design According to EC3: Summary
21

Cross-section Classification Summary

i. Find f y from the product standards.
ii. Get ε from Table 5.2.
iii. Substitute the value of ε into the class limits in Table 5.2 to work out the class of the flange and web .
iv. Take the least favorable class from the flange outstand, web in bending and web in compression
results to get the overall section class
Cross-section Resistance Check Summary
i. Determine the design compression force (NEd).
ii. Choose a section and determine the section classification .
iii. Determine N c,Rd , using the following equation for Class 1,2 and 3 sections, and Class 4 sections
respectively. A fy
N c , Rd 
M0
Aeff  f y
N c , Rd 
M0
iv. Carry out the cross-sectional resistance check.

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 Worked Example: Example on cross-section resistance in
compression
22

Example 3.1. A 254 x 254 x 73 UKC is to be used as a short ( λ≤0.2) compression member. Calculate the resistance of
the cross-section in compression, assuming grade S355 steel.
S 535 for t≤40mm For a nominal material thickness (tf = 14.2 mm and tw = 8.6 mm) of less than or equal to 16 mm, the
Material Properties: nominal value of yield strength fy for grade S355 steel is found from EN 10025- 2 to be 355 N/mm2.
► fy = 355 MPa Solution [I]. Section classification Step1.4: Determine class of the outstand element
► fu = 510 MPa c
Step1.1: Identify the element type.
► E= 210 GPa  7.77  10  8.14  Class 2
Flange is outstand and the web is Internal element t
254 x 254 x 73 UKC Step1.5: Determine class of the internal element
Step1.2: Evaluate the slenderness ratio (c/t or d/t)
c
c b  tw  (2  r ) 110.3  23.29  33  26.85  Class 1
outstand    7.77 t
t 2t f 14.2 Step1.6: Determine class of the cross section
► A = 9310mm2 Internal c h  2  t f  (2  r ) 200.3 The whole cross-section according to the least
   23.39
t tw 8.6 favorable classification is CLASS 2
► h = 254.1mm Step1.3: Evaluate the parameter ε. Solution [II]. Cross-section compression resistance
► b = 254.6mm Step2.1: Determine N c,Rd .
► tw = 8.6mm
► 235 235
tf = 14.2mm    0.81 A fy 9310  355 y
► r = 12.7mm fy 355 N c , Rd    103  3305kN
M0 1.00
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017
 23 End of Class Seven! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 2, 2017

 Addis Ababa institute of Technology 1

STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES (CENG4123)

PART TWO: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

November 5, 2017
 2

Topic 1: Tension Members

Presentation Topic 2: Compression Members
Outline Topic 3: Flexural Members
Topic 4: Beam-Column Members

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Topic 2: Compression Members
3

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Buckling : Elastic compression members
4

Buckling of straight members:

The load Ncr at which a straight compression member buckles
laterally can be determined by finding a deflected position which is
one of equilibrium.
Euler has done this assuming half sinusoidal buckling curve and
came up with the expression for Ncr;

The elastic buckling load Ncr and the elastic buckling stress cr.
In which i=√(I/A) is the
→
radius of gyration

The buckling load varies inversely as the

square of the slenderness ratio L/i, as
shown in Figure, in which the dimensionless will return to
buckling load Ncr/Ny is plotted against the If its stable here then, original position
generalized slenderness ratio when Unloaded,
If its unstable here then, will collapse,

If its neither stable nor neutral equilibrium

Addis Ababa institute of Technology unstable here then, November 5, 2017
 Buckling : Thin-walled section properties
5

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Buckling : Elastic compression members
6

Bending of members with initial curvature:

Real structural members are not perfectly straight, but have small initial curvatures, which causes it to bend from
the commencement of application of the axial load, and this increases the maximum stress in the member.

As the deflections v increase with the load N, so also do the bending moments and the stresses.

The limiting axial load NL at which the compression member first yields (due to a combination of axial plus bending
stresses) is given by;

in which

For stocky members, the limiting load NL approaches the squash load Ny,
while for slender members the limiting load approaches the elastic buckling
load Ncr.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Buckling : Inelastic compression members
7

Tangent modulus theory of buckling:

The analysis of a perfectly straight elastic compression member discussed in the pervious slides applies only to a material
whose stress–strain relationship remains linear.
However, the buckling of an elastic member of a non-linear material, such as that whose stress–strain relationship is shown
in the figure, can be analyzed by a simple modification of the linear elastic treatment.

It is only necessary to note that the small bending

stresses and strains, which occur during buckling, are
related by the tangent modulus of elasticity Et
corresponding to the average compressive stress N/A
instead of the initial modulus E.
Ncr,t is obtained by substituting Et for E, whence

It can be seen that the deviation of Ncr,t from Ncr

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increases as the slenderness ratio L/i decreases.
November 5, 2017
 Buckling : Inelastic compression members
8

Buckling of members with residual stresses:

The presence of residual stresses in an intermediate length steel compression member may cause a significant reduction in its
buckling resistance.
Residual stresses are established during the cooling of a hot-rolled or welded steel member (and during plastic deformation such as
cold-rolling).

Residual stress could;

► Cause yielding with
axial stresses,
► Reduce effective area

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Buckling : Real Compression Members
9

The conditions under which real members act differ in many ways from the idealized conditions assumed in the pervious
slides for the analysis of the elastic buckling of a perfect member.
Real members;
► are not perfectly straight,
► their loads are applied eccentrically, and
► accidental transverse loads may act,
These imperfections can be represented by an increased equivalent
initial curvature which has a similar effect on the behavior of the member
as the combined effect of all of these imperfections.(Curve A)
Real members;
► A real member also has residual stresses, and
► its elastic modulus E and yield stress fy may vary throughout the
member.
These can be represented by an equivalent set of the residual
stresses.(Curve B)

Thus the real member behaves as a member with equivalent initial curvature (curve A)until the elastic limit is reached. It then
follows a path which is similar to and approaches that of a member with equivalent residual stresses (curve B).

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Design for Instability According to EC3: Approach
10

► Compression members subject to

▪ Axial compression only
▪ No bending
► However in practically real columns are
subject to
▪ Eccentricities of axial loads
▪ Transverse forces
► The treatment distinguishes between
▪ Stocky columns, and
▪ Slender columns

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Design for Instability According to EC3: Slender
Columns
11

► The characteristics of slender columns are

▪ Columns of medium slenderness are very sensitive to the effects of imperfections
▪ Inelastic buckling occurs before the Euler buckling load due to various imperfections
▪ Initial out-of-straightness
▪ Residual stresses
▪ Eccentricity of axial applied loads
▪ Strain-hardening

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 Design According to EC3: Resistance
12

In compression members it must also be verified that:

A fy
N b , Rd   cross-sections of class 1, 2 or 3:,
where Nb,Rd is the design buckling  M1
NEd ≤ Nb,Rd resistance of the compression member
Aeff  f y
and this generally controls design. N b , Rd   cross-sections of class 4
 M1
► where A and Aeff represent the gross area and the effective cross sectional area, respectively, and
► fy is the yield strength, with
► γM1 =1.0 representing the material partial safety factor.
► X is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode. It is obtained from the following expression:
where is the non-dimensional slenderness coefficient,
given by.
1

  2  
2  
, but  1.0   0.5 1     0.2   2 
  L 1 cross-sections of class 1,
  Af y / N cr  cr
i 1 2 or 3:,
L Aeff / A
  Aeff f y / N cr  cr cross-sections of class 4
Addis Ababa institute of Technology i 1 November 5, 2017
 Design According to EC3: Resistance
13

Where;
► is the imperfection factor;
► Ncr is the elastic critical load (Euler’s critical load) for the relevant buckling mode;
► Lcr is length of the corresponding buckling mode;
►i is the radius of gyration of the cross section;
► And
1    E / f   93.9 ;
y

  235 / f y with f y in N / mm 2

where is the non-dimensional slenderness coefficient,

given by.
1
 , but  1.0
 
  0.5 1     0.2   
2

  2  
2
  Lcr 1 cross-sections of class 1,
  Af y / N cr 
i 1 2 or 3:,
L Aeff / A
  Aeff f y / N cr  cr cross-sections of class 4
Addis Ababa institute of Technology i 1 November 5, 2017
 Design According to EC3: Elastic buckling load & buckling Length
14

The elastic buckling load Ncr varies with;

► the member geometry,
► loading, and
► restraints,
but there is no guidance given in EC3 for determining either Ncr or Lcr.

But the following equation is generally  2 EI

N cr 
applicable for compression members; Lcr
The buckling lengths for isolated members, for several support conditions.

It should be noted that it is often

necessary to consider the member
behavior in each principal plane, since
the effective lengths Lcr,y and Lcr,z may
also differ, as well as the radii of gyration
iy and iz.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Design According to EC3: European design buckling curves
15

The effect of imperfections is included by the imperfection factor , which assumes values of 0.13, 0.21, 0.34,
0.49 and 0.76 for curves a0 , a, b, c and d (European design buckling curves), respectively
The imperfection factor  and the
associated buckling curve to be adopted in
design of a given member depends;
► on the geometry of the cross sections,
► on the steel grade,
► on the fabrication process and
► on the relevant buckling plane,
as described in Table 6.2 of EC1993-1-1
(see next slide);

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Design According to EC3: European design buckling curves
16

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Design According to EC3: European design buckling curves
17

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Design According to EC3: Slenderness for torsional and torsional-
flexural buckling
18

In compression members with open cross sections, account should be taken of the possibility that resistance to
torsional or flexural-torsional buckling could be less than the resistance to flexural buckling.
The design process for these members is very similar to that for flexural buckling, the non-dimensional
slenderness coefficient being replaced by the non-dimensional slenderness coefficient for Torsion, evaluated
by the following expressions;

 T  Af y / N cr ; cross-sections of class 1, 2 or 3,
where Ncr is the lower of the values Ncr,T and Ncr,TF. Ncr,T
is the elastic critical load for torsional buckling and Ncr,TF is
 T  Aeff f y / N cr the elastic critical load for flexural-torsional buckling.
cross-sections of class 4
1   2 EIW 
N cr ,T  2  GIT  
ic  LET 2 
For members with symmetric cross section with
respect to the y axis, the torsional and flexural-
1 
 N cr , y  N cr ,T    cr , y cr ,T   4 Ncr , y Ncr ,T 
2
torsional buckling critical load is given by; N cr ,TF  N  N

2 

For both phenomena, the imperfection coefficient  can be taken as corresponding

to flexural buckling about the z axis, obtained from Table 6.2 of EC1993-1-1
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Design According to EC3: Slenderness for torsional and torsional-
flexural buckling
19

Where;
► ic is the radius of polar gyration given by ; ic2=yc2+(Iy+Iz)/A
► GIT is the stiffness of the section in uniform torsion;
► IT is the torsion constant;
► EIW is the warping stiffness;
► IW is the warping constant;
► LET is an equivalent length that depends on the restrictions to torsion and warping at the end sections;
► N cr,y is the critical load for flexural buckling about the y axis
► is a factor given by =1-(yc/ic)2, where yC is the distance along the y axis between the shear center
and the centroid of the section.
1   2 EIW 
For members with symmetric cross section with N cr ,T  2  GIT  
ic  LET 2 
respect to the y axis, the torsional and flexural-
torsional buckling critical load is given by;
1  
 Ncr , y  Ncr ,T   N 
2
N cr ,TF   N  4  N cr , y N cr ,T 
2  
cr , y cr ,T


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 Design According to EC3: Summary
20

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Worked Example: Example on resistance in compression against
buckling
21

Example 3.2. Design the column BD of the steel structure represented in the figure below, using a HEB cross
section in S 355 steel, according to EC1993-1-1. The column is fixed at the base and hinged at section B (with respect
to the two principal axis of the cross section). Cross section B is fixed in both horizontal directions, in the plane
of the structure (due to the beam itself) and in the perpendicular plane (because of secondary bracing members).
Loading s already factored for ULS.
S 335 for t≤40mm Material Properties:
► fy = 355 MPa
► fu = 510 MPa
► E= 210 GPa
Solution
Step1: Compute the design applied compressive
axial force N Ed.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Worked Example: Example on resistance in compression against
buckling
22

Step2: Select a preliminary cross section.

Assuming class 1,2 or 3 cross sections, and considering
minimum cross sectional resistance.

a a

As it is expected that buckling resistance will govern the a-a

member design, a HEB 240 in S 355 steel is proposed (class 1
in pure compression), with the following properties
(geometrical and mechanical):
HEB 240
► h = 254.1mm ► A = 106cm2
► b = 254.6mm ► Iy = 11260cm4
► tw = 10mm ► Iz = 3923cm4 Because the buckling lengths are equal in both planes, the
► tf = 17mm ► iy = 10.31cm orientation of the cross section is arbitrary. For constructional
► r = 10mm ► iz = 6.08cm reasons, the section is placed as shown in the Figure, with the
Step3: Check for instability. strong axis (y axis) in the perpendicular direction to the
Step3.1: Identify the Buckling length in both direction. plane of the structure.
According to the support conditions, the buckling lengths
are equal in both planes, given by:
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017
 Worked Example: Example on resistance in compression against
buckling
23

Step3.3: Determine the slenderness coefficients.

Since the selected section is section of class 1:
About axis y-y

Lcry 1
y 
i y 1

 0.71 1    E / f y 
5.6 1
y  2

10.3110 76.4
1    210 106 / 355 103 
About axis z-z

Lcrz 1 1
z  1  76.4  
iz 1
z
z  z   z
2 2
 z  0.5  
z 
1     0.2   2 
z 

5.6 1
z  2
  1.21  
1 z  0.5  1  0.49  1.21  0.2   1.212 
6.08. 10 76.4 z
1.48  1.482  1.212   1.48
z
Step3.4: Calculation of the reduction factor Xmin  z  0.43
Step4: Section Verification.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Worked Example: Example on resistance in compression against
buckling
24

Xy=0.78

Alternatively and conservatively the

reduction factor, X ,for each buckling
axis can be calculated from the buckling
Xz=0.43
curve provided in EC1993-1-1

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 Worked Example: Example on checking a UB compression member
25

Example 3.3. The 457 × 191 UB 82 compression member of S275 steel of is simply supported about both principal
axes at each end (Lcr,y = 12.0 m), and has a central brace which prevents lateral deflections in the minor principal
plane (Lcr,z = 6.0 m). Check the adequacy of the member for a factored axial compressive load corresponding to a
nominal dead load of 160 kN and a nominal imposed load of 230kN.
S 275 for t≤40mm Material Properties: Flange = external or outstand element.
► fy = 275 MPa c b  tw  (2  r ) 191.3  9.9  (2 10.4)
   5.026
► fu = 430 MPa t 2t f 2 16.0
► E= 210 GPa c
 5.026  9  Class 1
Solution t
Step1: Compute the design applied compressive Web = internal or stiffened element.
axial force N Ed.
c h  (2  t f )  (2  r ) 460  (2 16.0)  (2 10.2)
   41.118
t tw 9.9
c
Step2: Classify the cross-section.  41.118  42  Class 4
t
Flange = external or outstand element. and so the cross section is Class 4 (slender).
Web = internal or stiffened element.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Worked Example: Example on checking a UB compression member
26

Step3: Compute the Effective area. the cross-section Aeff .

Step4: Compute the Cross-section compression resistance Nc,Rd.

Aeff  f y
N c , Rd  cross-sections of class 4
M0
10067  275
N c , Rd   2768kN  561kN  N Ed
1.0
Step5: Compute the Buckling resistance of the Member Nb,Rd.
Since the selected section is section of class 4: Slenderness coefficient

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 Worked Example: Example on checking a UB compression member
27

Select the buckling curve and corresponding “” value

and so the member is satisfactory!

Xy=0.83
Buckling will occur about the minor (z) axis. For a rolled UB section
(with h/b > 1.2 and tf ≤ 40mm), buckling about the z-axis, use
buckling curve (b) with α = 0.34.

Xz=0.305

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 Worked Example: Example on buckling resistance of a CHS
compression member
28

Example 3.4. A hot finished circular hollow section (CHS) member is to be used as an internal column in a multi-storey
building. The column has pinned boundary conditions at each end, and the inter-storey height is 4m, as shown. The
critical combination of actions results in a design axial force of 2110kN. Assess the suitability of a hot-rolled 244.5 x 10
CHS in grade S355 steel for this application.

Step2: Compute the Cross-section compression resistance Nc,Rd.

Solution
S 355 for t≤40mm
Material Properties: Step1: Classify the cross-section.
► fy = 355 MPa Step3: Compute the Buckling resistance of the Member Nb,Rd.
► fu = 510 MPa
► E= 210 GPa Tubular sections (Table 5.2, sheet 3):
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 Worked Example: Example on buckling resistance of a CHS
compression member
29

Elastic critical force and non-dimensional slenderness for flexural

buckling

X=0.74

For a hot-rolled CHS, use buckling curve a (Table 6.5 (Table 6.2
of EN 1993-1-1)). For buckling curve a, = 0.21

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017

 Worked Example: Example on Designing an RHS compression
member
30

Example 3.5. Design a suitable hot-finished RHS of S355 steel to resist the loading of example 3.3.
S 355 for t≤40mm Material Properties: All plate members = internal or stiffened element.
► fy = 355 MPa
► fu = 510 MPa
► E= 210 GPa

Solution
Step1: Compute the design applied compressive
axial force N Ed.

c h  (2  t )  (2  r ) 25.0  (2  8.0)  (2  4.0)

Step2: Select a cross section based on an assumed reduction    28.25
value. t t 8.0
c
 33  28.25  38  Class 2
t
and so the cross section is Class 2.
Try a 250 × 150 × 8 RHS, withA = 60.8cm2, iy = 9.17cm,
iz = 6.15cm, t = 8.0mm, r=4.0mm. Hence, verification is only required for buckling resistance
Step3: Classify the cross-section.

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 Worked Example: Example on Designing an RHS compression
member
31

Step4: Verify the Buckling resistance of the Member Nb,Rd Vs Nb,Ed.

Since the selected section is section of class 2: Slenderness
coefficient
and so the member is satisfactory!

Select the buckling curve and corresponding “” value

Xz=0.484

Buckling will occur about the major (y) axis. For a hot-finished Xy=0.296
RHS, use buckling curve (a) with α = 0.21

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 Worked Example: Example on buckling of double angles
32

Example 3.6. Two steel 125 × 75 × 10 UA are connected together at 1.5 m intervals to form the long compression
member whose properties are given. The minimum second moment of area of each angle is 49.9 cm4. The member is
simply supported about its major axis at 4.5 m intervals and about its minor axis at 1.5 m intervals. Determine the
elastic buckling load of the member Ncr. 2
To calculate the elastic buckling load  EI
Material Properties: following equation is generally N cr 
► E= 210 GPa applicable for compression members; Lcr
Solution
Step1: Compute the elastic buckling load about Step2: Compute the elastic buckling
the major and minor axis, N cr,y and Ncr,Z for the load, N cr for a single angle about its
whole section. own minor axis.
Member buckling about the major axis:

and so for both angles

2Ncr,min=2 × 459.7= 919kN < 1520kN.
Member buckling about the minor axis:
The lowest buckling load of 919 kN
corresponds to the case where each
unequal angle buckles about its own
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 33 End of Class Eight! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!

Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 5, 2017