From the Perspective of

Psychology
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

• Discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of

the self according to psychological perspective.
• Examine the different factors, influences, and forces that shape
the self.
• Analyze the effects of various factors identified in psychology In
the formation of the self
• Compare and contrast how the self has been represented
across different discipline.
What is Psychology?
• derived from the Greek words ‘psyche’
which means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ which
means ‘the study of’
• scientific study of human behavior and
mental processes
• It is the field of social sciences that
deals with the description, explanation,
prediction and control of behavior.
Goals of Psychology

•Describe
•Explain
•Predict
•Control
Nature vs. Nurture Controversy
• the longstanding controversy
over the relative contributions
that genes and experiences
make to the development of
psychological traits and
behaviors
Sigmund Freud’s
Psychoanalysis
I. Overview of the theory
• Unconscious motives/desires
Sex and Agression

• “The child is the father of the man”

• All human behavior have a cause.

II. Freud’s biography
• Freisber, Moravia; Vienna, Austria; England
• First of six children
• Excellent student
• Ana Freud
Levels of Mental Life

1. Conscious
2. Unconscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious Proper
Provinces of the Mind
• Id
• Ego
• Superego
conscience
ego-ideal
The Self as Proactive and Agentic
• Albert Bandura, a Canadian-
American psychologist, is the
proponent of the personality theory
known as The Social Cognitive
Theory
• Humans are seen as proactive and
agentic which means that we have
the capacity to exercise control over
life
The Social Cognitive Theory

The outstanding characteristic of people is plasticity

that is people have the flexibility to learn through direct
experiences, although he places more emphasis on
vicarious learning or learning through observing others.
Triadic Reciprocal Causation Paradigm
• Explains how human beings are affected
by the interaction among environmental
events, behavior and personal factors
• Ex. A child does not like a particular
subject, so he/she will not study it
(personal factor). This will lead to getting
lower marks in the exam, which will lead
to the child being at the receiving end of
his parents' and teacher's reprimands
(environment). This will make the child not
want to study that subject even more, and
he/she may also begin disliking the
teacher (behavior), creating further
problems.
• Social cognitive theory take an argentic perspective, meaning
people have the competence to exercise control over the nature
and quality of their lives. People are the producers and products
of social system.

• People regulate their action through external and internal

factors. External factor includes people’s physical and social
environment, while internal factor includes self-observation,
judgmental process and self-reaction.
• When people discover themselves in an unclear situation they
typically try to regulate their behavior through moral agency
which includes redefining behavior, disregarding or distorting
the consequences of the behavior and doing away responsibility
for their actions.
Core Features of Human Agency
• Intentionality – deals with the forming of
intentions that include action plans and strategies
to realize themes or goals.
• Forethought – refers to the person’s anticipation
of likely outcomes of their actions
• Self-Reactiveness – refers to the process of
motivating and regulating our own actions
• Self-Reflectiveness – refers to the examining our
own functioning; thinking about and evaluating our
motivations, values, life goals, and the actions of
other people have on us.
• Self efficacy – the person’s belief that he is capable of
behavior that will produce the desired positive results
Self-regulation
According to Albert Bandura, self-
regulation is a continuously active
process in which we:

1. Monitor our own behavior, the

influences on our behavior, and the
consequences of our behavior;
2. Judge our behavior in relation to our
own personal standards and
broader, more contextual standards;
3. React to our own behavior (i.e.,
what we think and how we feel
about our behavior)
Other Selves in Psychology
Real and Ideal Self-concepts
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Born on January 8, 1902
• Humanistic Psychologist
• He proposed the personality
theory known as the Client-
centered or Person-Centered
Theory
• For a person to grow, he must need an environment that can
provide him with genuineness or openness and self-
disclosure.

• He believes that a person has one basic motive, that is, to self-
actualize.

• He believes a person to be self-actualized must be in a state of

congruence.
Self-concept

• It refers to how the person thinks about or perceives

himself
• Includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s
experiences that are perceived in awareness (though
not always accurately) by the individual
There are two types of self-concept:
Ideal self-concept Real self-concept
Self-concept

Real self-concept Ideal self-concept

• Refers to all information and • It is the model version the
person has of himself and what
perception the person has the person aims for himself to
about himself be
• This is who the person • This idealized view was borne
out of his experiences,
actually is standards and demands of
society and the heroes and
• Answers the question, “Who models which he chooses to
am I? imitate
• Answers the question “Who do I
want to be?”
True and False Selves
• Came from an English
Pediatrician and
Psychoanalyst, Donald
Woods Winnicott
• D.W. Winnicott suggests that
play is significant in the
development of the child
• True Self – is one in which the self is seen as creative,
spontaneously experiencing each day of their lives,
appreciating being alive, real, integrated and connected to the
whole of existence
• False Self – a defense, a kind of mask that hides the true
person for fear of the pain of rejection and failure
Self-Discrepancy Theory
• developed by Edward Tory Higgins in
1987
• individuals compare their “actual” self
to internalized standards or the
“ideal/ought self” or self-guides.
• Self-discrepancy is when the self is
found to be deviating/diverting from
the self-guide. It may cause
emotional discomfort and can be
manifested as guilt or worst as
indifference
Multiple and Unified Selves
• Multiple selves theory
suggests that there exists in
the individual different
aspects of the self
• Unified self is the integration
of the different and conflicting
aspects of the self
The Global Self
• Represents the overall value that a
person places upon himself
• The group of people we interacts with
every day of our life strongly influence us
• Global self is the product of all
experiences that we had in the society
which accounts for the kind of person we
presently are
Differentiated Self
• Coined by Murray Bowen who was an American Psychiatrist and
professor of Psychiatry. He developed the Family Therapy and
Systemic Therapy. His observation of the family (particularly his own)
he came up with the concept of a differentiated self
• According to this theory there are two forces that affect the person,
Togetherness and Individuality.
• Too much togetherness creates friction and conflict and prevents
development of the person’s sense of self
• Too much individuality results in distant and estrange feelings
towards family and other people
• A balance should be maintained between these two forces
Differentiated Self
• Enables the person to
develop and sustain unique
identity, make own choices,
and accept responsibility for
behavior and still be able to
stay emotionally connected
with family and friends
• Being able to free himself
from the influence of others
allow him to define himself
THANK YOU!
Activity No. 5: From the Perspective of
Psychology
• Go to this link https://kevan.org/johari
• Pick 5 or 6 words that you feel/think best describes you from the
list
• Enter your “full name” and save your results.
• Ask several of your family, friends and classmates to say which
words they associate with you. (You can post this on your
facebook, or send the link to your friends)
Activity No. 5: From the Perspective of
Psychology
• Read the instruction below. You can direct them to your link
indicated below. E.g.

• Watch your Johari window by saving the link for viewing. E.g.
Activity No. 5: From the Perspective of
Psychology
• Once finished, review your Johari Window assessment.
Compare notes between self and others assessment.
• Create a table for Arena quadrant, Façade quadrant, Blind spot
quadrant, Unknown quadrant.

1. Compare the feedback, what were you surprised by?

DED NA SI LOLO MOVIE

• Reaction paper about the movie integrating the lessons in

sociology, anthropology, and psychology

• Two dominant cultures of the Filipinos: the strong family ties

and the superstitious beliefs