Philippine Constitution - Ang konstitusyon ay ang pinakamataas na batas ng bansa.

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napatupad na batas, ito ang pinaka mahalaga. Ito ay sistema ng batas na may ugnay sa paniniwala ng
isang bansa, estado, o samahan na pinamumunuan. Ito ay itinatag na batas o kalakaran at kautusan
mula sa nasa kataas taasang katungkulan. Sa pamamagitan ng pagtatag nito, maisasaayos ang
sosyodad at ang mga taong sakop nito. Ang pangunahing katungkulan nito na magbigay
kapangyarihan sa mga nanunungkulan at mag saad ng karapatan sa lahat.
The Preamble is the first part of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Every Filipino
must know the Preamble and know its meaning by heart. Most students in college who study law and
political science, memorize the Preamble as it is the introductory part of studying the Philippine
Constitution and it is also important to master its words and meaning behind it.

The 1987 phil cons - Every word in the Preamble is meaningful. It encourages love and passion for
our country, the Philippines. It shows significant messages about our deep roles and responsibilities to
every Filipino and the society. As a free nation, we must act and spend our liberty with responsibility
focusing on love of country, peace and unity.

Nature- Nature of Constitution can define as the relationship of the government and its people. Each
state have their own version of Preamble and Articles which makes their constitution unique. It’s not
acceptable to a state to exist without a constitution defining the relationship of the people who
govern the state and people who completed the state itself.
Purposes - Purpose of the Constitution dictate permanent framework of the government to form a
more perfect union to establish justice and ensure peace of the nation, constitution provide principles
how the government can run itself , following the rules and laws written in the constitution of each
state keeps them balanced and effective government to the state and people.

Constitution Law - is the field of law which deals on the one hand with the constitution and its
fudamental rights and the organisation and the principles of a state and its organs. On the other hand
constitutional law deals with laws related to the constitution, for example the terms and conditions of
a parliament.
""Saligang" is the correct translation. However, "konstitusyonal na batas" is an accepted term.
Ex: Ang kanyang panukalang batas ay naayon sa saligang batas.

Typology of Constitution-
1. Conventional or enacted- Conventional or Enacted Constitution One is enacted
by a constituent assembly or granted by a monarch of his subject
2. Cumulative of evolved—one which is a product of a long period of development originating in
customs, traditions, judicial decisions etc, rather than from deliberate and formal enactment. (e.g.
English Constitution)
3. Written Constitution —is a formal document defining the nature of
the constitutional settlement, the rules that govern the political system and
the rights of citizens and governments in a codified form.
4. Unwritten Constitution-  a constitution not embodied in a single document but based
chiefly on custom and precedent as expressed in statutes and judicial decisions.
5. Rigid Constitution is a constitution which stands above the other laws of
the country, while flexible constitutions do not. ... In contrast, a flexible
constitution is one in which the legislature may amend
the constitution's content and principles through use of the ordinary
legislative process.

Pros and cons of a written constitution -

ADVANTAGES

The written constitution is very clear and precise. It is free from doubts and
ambiguity.
It lays emphasis on rule of law.
It is indispensable to federalism. It properly distributes powers between the centre
and federal units - states or provinces.
It protects the fundamental rights of the individual, fundamental rights are very
essential for the liberty of the individual, and rights are part of a written constitution.
It will be unconstitutional to deprive individual of any of these rights.
It protects the interests of minorities.
As a written constitution is clear, the ruler (government) cannot exercise powers
arbitrarily.
DISADVANTAGES - A written constitution cannot easily cope with the changes taking
place in the course of time. With the passage of time changes take place in the
condition of a country. The constitution needs revision or modification to deal with
such changes, a written constitution, being rigid, is not easily amenable to necessary
modification or revision.
When a written constitution fails to cope with the march of time and consequent
changes in the condition of the country, the people, being angry, may revolt against
the government.
As it gives more importance to written laws, the importance of public opinion
decreases.
In a country with a written constitution, customs, traditions and conventions their
value.

A good written constitution must possess three characteristics: brief, broad, and
definite.

Brief: since its outlines the objectives of the state not on a limited scope but in a
measurable extent. It is a written instrument that should not contain many details in
form.
Broad: in its extent with the purpose of outlining the framework of the organization
of the state. A declaration of domains and functions of the government, and the
interrelationships between those in power and the governed, necessitates an
extensive or broad document.
Definite: The possible inclusion of vague or unclear words or phrases having two or
more possible meanings may cause conflict of interpretation.
Preamble - A preamble serves as an introduction to the constitution. It is used to
explain the system and the vision of the people. The preamble of the Philippines
Constitution states: . is a preliminary statement which explains in capsule form what
follows. It is an introduction to the main subject.
Purpose of preamble- The preamble sets the stage for the Constitution
(Archives.gov). It clearly communicates the intentions of the framers and the
purpose of the document. The preamble is an introduction to the highest law of the
land; it is not the law. It does not define government powers or individual rights.
Value pf preamble- The values expressed in the Preamble are expressed as
objectives of the Constitution. These are sovereignty, socialism, secularism,
democracy, republican character of Indian State, justice, liberty, equality, fraternity,
human dignity and the unity and integrity of the Nation.
Article1- PAMBANSANG TERITORYO The national territory comprises the Philippine
archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other
territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, ng Pilipinas, na
binubuo ng mga kalupaan, katubigan, at himpapawirin nito, kasama ang dagat
teritoryal, ang lalim ng dagat, ang kailaliman ng lupa, ang mga kalapagang insular, at
ang iba pang mga pook submarina nito. Ang mga karagatang nakapaligid,
nakapagitan at nag-uugnay sa mga pulo ng kapuluan, maging ano man ang lawak at
mga dimensyon ay nag-aanyong bahagi ng panloob na karagatan ng Pilipinas.

Article2- ARTICLE II DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES PAHAYAG

NG MGA SIMULAIN
(EXPLANATION) A republican government is a democratic government by
representatives chosen by the people at large. The essence therefore, of a
republican state is indirect rule. ... The observance of the principle that ours is a
government of laws, and not of men.The Philippines is a democratic and republican
State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates
from them. Ang Pilipinas ay isang Estadong republikano at demokratiko. Ang ganap
na kapangyarihan ay angkin ng sambayanan at nagmumula sa kanila ang lahat ng
mga awtoridad na pampamahalaan.
Article3- KATIPUNAN NG MGA KARAPATAN it is the Bill of Rights. It establishes the
relationship of the individual to the State and defines the rights of the individual by
limiting the lawful powers of the State. It is one of the most important political
achievements of the Filipinos. Hindi dapat alisan ng buhay, kalayaan, or ari-arian ang
sino mang tao nang hindi kaparaanan ng batas, ni pagkaitan ang sino mang tao ng
pantay na pangangalaga ng batas.
Article4-PAGKAMAMAMAYAN Those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at
the time of the adoption of this Constitution. Those born in the Philippine Islands of
foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had been elected to
public office in the Philippine Islands.Yaong mga mamamayan ng Pilipinas sa
panahon ng pagkakapatibay ng Konstitusyong ito;
(2) Yaong ang mga ama o mga ina ay mga mamamayan ng Pilipinas;
3. Yaong mga isinilang bago sumapit ang Enero 17, 1973 na ang mga ina ay
Pilipino, na pumili ng pagkamamamayang Pilipino pagsapit sa karampatang
gulang; at(4) Yaong mga naging mamamayan ayon sa batas.

Article5-MGA KARAPATAN SA PAGHAHALAL Suffrage may be exercised by all

citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least
eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one
year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote, for at least six months
immediately preceding the election.Ang karapatan sa halal ay maaaring gampanan
ng lahat ng mga mamamayan ng Pilipinas na hindi inalisan ng karapatan ng batas, na
labingwalong taong gulang man lamang, at nakapanirahan sa Pilipinas sa loob ng
isang taon man lamang, at anim na buwan man lamang sa lugar na kanilang
bobotohan kagyat bago maghalalan.
Article6- ANG KAGAWARANG TAGAPAGBATAS The legislative power shall be
vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House
of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on
initiative and referendum. Dapat masalalay sa isang Kongreso ng Pilipinas ang
kapangyarihang Tagapagbatas, na dapat binubuo ng isang Senado at isang
Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan, maliban sa lawak na inilaan sa mga taongbayan ng
tadhana tungkol sa pagpapatiuna at referendum.
Article7- KAGAWARAN NG TAGAPAGPAGANAP The executive power shall be
vested in the President of the Philippines.Ang kapangyarihang tagapagpaganap ay
dapat masalalay sa isang Pangulo ng Pilipinas.
Article8 -ANG KAGAWARANG PANGHUKUMAN The judicial power shall be vested in
one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.Dapat
masalalay ang kapangyarihang panghukuman sa isang Kataastaasang Hukuman at sa
mga nakakababang hukuman na maaaring itatag ng batas.
Article9 - or ANG MGA KOMISYONG KONSTITUSYONAL An unrelated concept is a
"constitutional commission", which is a commission created by the 1987
Constitution. These are governmental bodies that are independent of the three main
branches of government. These constitutional commissions are the:
Civil Service Commission. Commission on Audit. Commission on election
(Ang mga Komisyong Konstitusyonal, na dapat na malaya, ay ang Komisyon sa
Sebisyo Sibil, Komisyon sa Halalan, at Komisyon sa Audit.)
Civil Service Commission.- The Civil Service shall be administered by the Civil Service
Commission composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners who shall be natural-
born citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-
five years of age, with proven capacity for public administration, and hindi kailanman
naging kandidato sa ano mang katungkulang halal sa halalang iniraos kagyat bago
ang kanilang pagkakahirang.
Commission on election- Ang Komisyon sa Halalan Dapat magkaroon ng isang
Komisyon sa Halalan na binubuo ng isang Tagapangulo at anim (6) na mga
Komisyonado na dapat ay mga katutubong ipinanganak na mamamayan ng Pilipinas
at, sa panahon ng pagkakahirang sa kanila, tatlumpu't limang taon man lamang ang
gulang, nagtataglay ng titulo sa kolehiyo, and must not have been candidates for any
elective position in the immediately preceding elections. ang mayorya nito, kasama
ang Tagapangulo, ay dapat na mga kabilang sa Philippine Bar na nag-practice bilang
abogado sa loob ng sampung (10) taon man lamang.
Commission on Audit- Dapat magkaroon ng isang Komisyon sa Audit na bubuuin ng
isang Tagapangulo at dalawang Komisyonado, na dapat na mga katutubong inianak
na mga mamamayan ng Pilipinas at, sa panahon ng pagkahirang sa kanila, tatlumpu't
limang taon man lang mang gulang, mga certified public accountant. with not less
than ten years of auditing experience, or members of the Philippine Bar who have
been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years, and must not have been
candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their
appointment. At no time shall all Members of the Commission belong to the same
profession.
Article10- PAMAHALAANG LOKAL Constitution grants each local government unit
the power to create its own sources of revenue and to levy taxes, but this power is
"subject to such guidelines and limitations as the Congress may provide."The
territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the
provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays.Dapat magkaroon ng mga
awtonomiyang rehiyon sa Muslim Mindanao at sa mga Cordillera ayon sa
itinatadhana nito.
Article11-KAPANAGUTAN NG MGA PINUNONG BAYAN Public office is a public
trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people,
serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. Ang pagtitiwala ng bayan ay angkin ng
katungkulang pambayan. Ang mga pinuno at mga kawaning pambayan at
kinakailangang mamalaging nananagutan sa mga taong-bayan, maglingkod sa kanila
na taglay ang pinakamataas na pakundangan, dangal, katapatan, at kahusayan,
manuparan na taglay ang pagkamakabayan at katarungan, at mamuhay nang buong
kapakumbabaan.
Article12-PAMBANSANG EKONOMIYA AT PATRIMONYA The goals of the national
economy are a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth; a
sustained increase in the amount of goods and services. sustenandong pagpaparami
ng mga kalakal at mga paglilingkod na liha ng bansa para sa kapakinabangan ng
sambayanan and an expanding productivity bilang susi sa pag-aangat ng uri ng
pamumuhay para sa lahat, lalo na sa mga kapus-palad.
Article13- KATARUNGANG PANLIPUNAN AT MGA KARAPATANG PANTAO Dapat pag-
ukulan ng Kongreso ng pinakamataas na priority ang pagsasabatas ng mga hakbangin
na mangangalaga at magpapatingkad sa karapatan ng lahat ng mga mamamayan sa
dignidad na pantao, magbabawas sa mga di pagkakapantay-pantay na panlipunan,
pangkabuhayan, at pampulitika, at papawi sa mga di pagkakapantay-pantay na
pagkalinangan sa pamamagitan ng pantay na pagpapalaganap ng kayamanan at
kapangyarihang pampulitika para sa kabutihan ng lahat. To this end, the State shall
regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its
increments.
Article14- EDUKASYON, AGHAM AT TEKNOLOHIYA, MGA SINING, KULTURA, AT
SPORTS The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all.Dapat pangalagaan at itaguyod ng Estado ang karapatan ng lahat ng
mga mamamayan sa mahusay na edukasyon sa lahat ng antas at dapat magsagawa
ng angkop na mga hakbang upang matamo ng lahat ng gayong edukasyon.
Article15- ANG PAMILYA The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation
of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its
total development. Kinikilala ng Estado ang pamilyang Pilipino na pundasyon ng
bansa. Sa gayon, dapat nitong patatagin ang kaisahan ng pamilyang Pilipino at
aktibong itaguyod ang lubos na pag-unlad niyon.
Article16- MGA TADHANANG PANGKALAHATAN The flag of the Philippines shall be
red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the
people and recognized by law. Ang bandila ng Pilipinas ay dapat na pula, puti, at
bughaw, na may isang araw at tatlong bituin, na dinadakila at iginagalang ng
sambayanan at kinikilala ng batas.
Article17- MGA SUSOG O MGA PAGBABAGO Any amendment to, or revision of, this
Constitution may be proposed by:The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all
its Members; or(2) A constitutional convention.Ang ano mang susog o pagbabago sa
Konstitusyong ito ay maaaring ipanukala:
(a) ng Kongreso sa pamamagitan ng tatlong-kapat na boto ng lahat ng mga Kagawad
nito; o
(b) sa pamamagitan ng isang Kumbensyong Konstitusyonal.
Article18- MGA TADHANANG LILIPAS The first elections of Members of the Congress
under this Constitution shall be held on the second Monday of May, 1987. Ang
unang halalan ng mga kagawad ng Kongreso sa ilalim ng Konstitusyong ito ay dapat
iraos sa ikalawang Lunes ng Mayo, 1987.