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Differential Equations, An Introduction

The document provides an introduction to differential equations including their wide applications, language, definition, classification by type, order, and linearity. It also discusses methods and techniques for solving differential equations such as variable separable form, homogeneous equations, exact differential equations, linear equations, Bernoulli's equation, method of undetermined coefficients, and method of reduction of order. An example problem is also presented on using Newton's law of cooling to determine the murder time based on temperature measurements of a body.

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64 views

Differential Equations, An Introduction

The document provides an introduction to differential equations including their wide applications, language, definition, classification by type, order, and linearity. It also discusses methods and techniques for solving differential equations such as variable separable form, homogeneous equations, exact differential equations, linear equations, Bernoulli's equation, method of undetermined coefficients, and method of reduction of order. An example problem is also presented on using Newton's law of cooling to determine the murder time based on temperature measurements of a body.

Uploaded by

Kobe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
PRESENTED BY : ANASTACIO G. PANTALEON, JR.
WIDE APPLICATIONS OF
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Economics  Chemistry

Mechanics Biology

Physics Crime Analytics

Engineering Social Science


LANGUAGE OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
➢DEGREE OF ODE
➢ ORDER OF ODE
➢ SOLUTIONS OF ODE
❖ GENERAL SOLUTION
❖ PARTICULAR SOLUTION
❖ TRIVIAL SOLUTION
❖ SINGULAR SOLUTION
❖ EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT SOLUTION
➢ HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
➢ NON-HOMOGENEOUS EQUTIONS
➢ INTEGRATING FACTOR
DEFINITION
A Differential Equation is an equation containing the derivative of one or
more dependent variables with respect to one or more independent
variables.

For example,
CLASSIFICATION
Differential Equations are classified by : Type, Order, Linearity,
Classifiation by Type:
Ordinary Differential Equation

If a Differential Equations contains only ordinary derivatives of one or


more dependent variables with respect to a single independent variables, it
is said to be an Ordinary Differential Equation or (ODE) for short.

For Example,

Partial Differential Equation


If a Differential Equations contains partial derivatives of one or more
dependent variables of two or more independent variables, it is said to be a
Partial Differential Equation or (PDE) for short.

For Example,
Classifiation by Order:

The order of the differential equation (either ODE or PDE) is the order of the
highest derivative in the equation.

For Example,
Order = 3

Order = 2

Order = 1

General form of nth Order ODE is

= f(x,y,y1,y2,….,y(n))

where f is a real valued continuous function.

This is also referred to as Normal Form Of nth Order Derivative

So, when n=1, = f(x,y)

when n=2, = f(x,y,y1) and so on …


CLASSIFICATIONS BY LINEARITY
Linear

The n th Order ODE is said to be linear if F( x , y , y  , y  ,......, y ) = 0


(n)

is linear in y 1 , y 2 , ......., y n

In other words, it has the following general form:


dny d n−1 y d2y
an ( x) n
+ an−1( x ) n−1
+ ...... + a 2 ( x ) 2
+ a 1 ( x ) dy + a 0 ( x ) y = g ( x )
dx dx dx dx

now for n = 1, a 1 ( x ) dy + a 0 ( x ) y = g ( x )
dx
d2y
and for n = 2, a2( x) 2
+ a 1 ( x ) dy + a 0 ( x ) y = g ( x )
dx dx
Non-Linear :

A nonlinear ODE is simply one that is not linear. It contains nonlinear


functions of one of the dependent variable or its derivatives such as:
siny ey ln y
Trignometric Exponential Logarithmic
Functions Functions Functions
LINEAR
For Example, ( y − x ) dx + 5 x dy = 0
y − x + 5 xy = 0
5 xy + y = x st
which are linear 1 Order ODE

Likewise,

Linear 2nd Order ODE is y  − 5 xy + y = 2 x 2

Linear 3rd Order ODE is y  + xy − 5 y = e x

Non-Linear

For Example, (1 − y )y + 5 y = e x

y  + cos y = 0

y (4 ) + y 2 = 0
SUMMARY ON THE
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
➢Type: Ordinary Partial

➢Order : 1st, 2nd, 3rd,....,nth

➢Linearity : Linear Non-Linear


METHODS AND TECHNIQUES COVERED BY OUR
SUBJECT
• ➢VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM
• ➢VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM, BY SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION
• ➢HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
• ➢HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION, BY SUITABLE
SUBSTITUTION
• (I.E. NON-HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION)
• ➢EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
• ➢EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION, BY USING INTEGRATING
FACTOR
• ➢LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
• ➢LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION, BY SUITABLE
SUBSTITUTION
• ➢BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
• ➢METHOD OF UNDETERMINED CO-EFFICIENTS
• ➢METHOD OF REDUCTION OF ORDER
• ➢METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS
• ➢SOLUTION OF NON-HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION HAVING NTH
• ORDER
PROBLEM

In a certain House, a police were called about 3’O Clock where a


murder victim was found.


Police took the temperature of body which was found to be34.5 C.

After 1 hour, Police again took the temperature of the body which

was found to be 33.9 C.

The temperature of the room was 15 C

So, what is the murder time?


“ THE RATE OF
COOLING OF A BODY IS
PROPORTIONAL TO
THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN ITS
TEMPERATURE AND
THE TEMPERATURE OF
Sir Issac Newton
THE SURROUNDING AIR
”
TEMPERATURE(ф)
TIME(T)
First Constant Ф = 34.5OC

Second Constant Ф = 33.9OC

1. The temperature of the room 15OC


2. The normal body temperature of human being 37OC
MATHEMATICALLY, EXPRESSION CAN BE WRITTEN AS –

d
 ( − 15 .0 )
dt
d
= k ( − 15 .0 )
dt
where ' k' is the constant of proportion ality
d
= k .dt .... (Variable Separable Form )
( − 15 .0 )
ln ( − 15 .0 ) = k.t +c
where ' c' is the constant of integration
ln (34.5 -15.0) = k(0) + c
c = ln19.5

ln (33.9 -15.0) = k(1) + c


ln 18.9 = k+ ln 19.5
k = ln 18.9 - ln 19.5
= - 0.032
ln (Ф -15.0) = -0.032t + ln 19.5

Substituting, Ф = 37OC
ln22 = -0.032t + ln 19.5

( ln 2 2 − ln 1 9 . 5 )
t = − 3 . 8 6 h ou r s
= − 0 .032
= − 3 h ou r s 5 1 m in u te s
So, subtracting the time four our zero instant of time
i.e., 3:45 a.m. – 3hours 51 minutes
i.e., 11:54 p.m.

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