Republic of the Philippines Supreme Court Manila AM. No, 19-08-15-SC 2019 PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE REVISED RULES ON EVIDENCE RESOLUTION WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 5(5), Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution, the Supreme Court is vested with the power to promulgate rules concerning the pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged; WHEREAS, the proposed amendments to the Revised Rules on Evidence date back to 2008 when then Chief Justice Reynato S. Puno organized the Sub- Committee for its revision; WHEREAS, the Sub-Committee is composed of then Supreme Court (SC) Associate Justice (now Philippine Judicial Academy Vice-Chancellor) Romeo J. Callejo, Sr., as Chairperson; then SC Associate Justice Bernardo P. Pardo and retired Court of Appeals Justice Oscar C. Herrera,’ as Consultants, as well as the following, as members: then Court of Appeals (now Chief Justice) Lucas P. Bersamin, then Sandiganbayan Associate Justice (now SC Associate Justice) Diosdado M. Peralta, Judge Aloysius C. Alday, then Judge (now Deputy Court Administrator) Raul B. Villanueva, Atty. Rogelio A. Vinluan, Atty. Francis Ed Lim, and Atty. Jose C. Sison, representing the academe and private practitioners; WHEREAS, after a series of intensive consultative meetings, the Sub- Committee was able to complete and submit its proposed amendments in 2010, but their approval was put on hold in view of advances in technology and developments in both procedural and substantive law, jurisprudence, as well as intemational conventions; WHEREAS, after several meetings in 2019, the re-organized Committee on the Revision of the Rules of Court (Mother Rule Committee)'—which included the original Sub-Committee members, like Chief Justice Bersamin (Chairperson), Justice Peralta (Vice/Working Chairperson), Justice Callejo and Atty. Lim, as well as new members, namely: SC Associate Justice Francis H. Jardeleza, SC Associate Memorandum Order No, 03-2019 dated January H, 2019, aJustice Alfredo Benjamin S. Caguioa, SC Associate Justice Alexander G. Gesmundo, Department of Justice Secretary Menardo I. Guevara, Philippine Judicial Academy Chancellor and retired SC Associate Justice Adolfo S. Azcuna, Court Administrator Jose Midas P. Marquez; Atty. Tranquil Gervacio S. Salvador III and Atty. Ramon S. Esguerra (representing the academe and private practitioners); and Atty. Amador Z, Tolentino, Jr. (representing the Integrated Bar of the Philippines)—has finally finished amending and updating the 2010 Proposed Amendments to the Revised Rules on Evidence, in order to incorporate the technological advances and developments in law, jurisprudence and international conventions in the past decade; NOW, THEREFORE, acting on the recommendation of the Chairperson of the Committee on the Revision of the Rules of Court, the Court resolves to APPROVE the “2019 Proposed Amendments to the Revised Rules on Evidence.” ‘The 2019 Proposed Amendments to the Revised Rules on Evidence shall take effect on May 1, 2020, following its publication in the Official Gazette or in two newspapers of national circulation. October 8, 2019, Manila, Philippines. RSAMIN ief Justice ANTONIO T. CARPIO Associate Justice ESTEJA nt Cerevane Associate Justice ANDRES/BAREVES, JR. Associate Justice - = A ‘EGESMUNDO Om CeeK an. Associate Justice Associate Justice “Associate Justice a As ssociate JusticeOn official business-but left his vote exe QIK Associate Justice ‘TINGRepublic of the Philippines Supreme Court Manila AM. No, 19-08-15-SC 2019 PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE REVISED RULES ON EVIDENCE, RULE 128 GENERAL PROVISIONS Section 1. Evidence defined. — Evidence is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. (1) See. 2. Scope. ~The rules of evidence shall be the same in all courts and in all trials and hearings, except as otherwise provided by law or these rules. (2) Sec. 3. Admissibility of evidence, — Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the issue and not excluded by the Constitution, the law or these Rules. (3a) Sec. 4. Relevaney; collateral matters. ~ Evidence must have such a relation to the fact in issue as to induce belief in its existence or non-existence. Evidence on collateral matters shall not be allowed, except when it tends in any reasonable degree to establish the probability or improbability of the fact in issue. (4) RULE 129 WHAT NEED NOT BE PROVED Section 1. Judicial notice, when mandatory. - A court shall take judicial notice, without the introduction of evidence, of the existence and territorial extent of states, their political history, forms of government and symbols of nationality, the law of nations, the admiralty and maritime courts of the world and their seals, the political constitution and history of the Philippines, official acts of the legislative, executive and judicial departments of the National Government of the Philippines, the laws of nature, the measure of time, and the geographical divisions. (1a) Sec. 2. Judicial notice, when discretionary. ~ A court may take judicial notice of matters which are of public knowledge, or are capable of unquestionable demonstration, or ought to be known to judges because of their judicial functions. @) Ww Page 10f 26See. 3. Judicial notice, when hearing necessary. ~ During the pre-trial and the trial, the court, motu proprio ot upon motion, shali hear the parties on the propriety of taking judicial notice of any matter. Before judgment or on appeal, the court, motu proprio or upon motion, may take judicial notice of any matter and shall hear the parties thereon if such matter is decisive of a material issue in the case. (3a) Sec. 4. Judicial admissions. - An admission, oral or written, made by the party the course of the proceedings in the same case, does not require proof. The admission may be contradicted only by showing that it was made through palpable mistake or that the imputed admission was not, in fact, made. (4a) RULE 130 RULES OF ADMISSIBILITY A. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE Section 1. Object as evidence. ~ Objects as evidence are those addressed to the senses of the court. When an object is relevant to the fact in issue, it may be exhibited to, examined or viewed by the court. (1) B. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE Sec. 2. Documentary evidence. - Documents as evidence consist of writings, recordings, photographs or any material containing letters, words, sounds, numbers, figures, symbols, or their equivalent, or other modes of written expression offered as proof of their contents. Photographs include still pictures, drawings, stored images, x-ray films, motion pictures or videos. (2a) 1. Original Document Rule Sec. 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions. - When the subject of inquiry is the contents of a document, writing, recording, photograph or other record, no evidence is admissible other than the original document itself, except in the following cases: (a) When the original is lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror; (b) When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party against whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after reasonable notice, or the original cannot be obtained by local judicial processes or procedures; ar Page 20625,(©) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact sought to be established from them is only the general result of the whole; (d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public officer or is recorded in a public office; and (e) When the original is not closely-related to a controlling issue. (3a) Sec. 4. Original of document. — (a) An “original” of a document is t ment itself or any counterpart intended to have the same effect by a person executing or issuing it. An “original” of a photograph includes the negative or any print therefrom. If data is stored in a computer or similar device, any printout or other outp readable by sight or other means, shown to reflect the data accurately, is an b) A “duplicate” is a counterpart produced by the same impression as the original, or from the same matrix, or by means of photography, includin, enlargements and miniatures, or by mechanical or electronic re-recording, or by chemical reproduction, or by other equivalent techniques which accurately reproduce the original (©) A duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless (1) a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the original, or (2) in the circumstances, it is unjust or inequitable to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original. (4a) 2. Secondary Evidence Sec. 5. When original document is unavailable. — When the original document has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, the offeror, upon proof of its execution or existence and the cause of its unavailability without bad faith on his or her part, may prove its contents by a copy, or by recital of its contents in some authentic document, or by the testimony of witnesses in the order stated. (Sa) Sec. 6. When original document is in adverse party's custody or control. ~ If the document is in the custody or under the control of the adverse party, he or she must have reasonable notice to produce it. I after such notice and after satisfactory proof of its existence, he or she fails to produce the document, secondary evidence may be presented as in the case of its loss. (6a) Sec. 7. Summaries. — When the contents of documents, records, photographs, or numerous accounts are voluminous and cannot be examined in court without great lo: ie. and the fact sought to be established is only the general result of the whole, the contents of such evidence may be present the form of a chart, summary, or calculation, Page 30625,‘The originals shall be available for examination or copying, or both, by the adverse party at a reasonable time and place. The court may order that they be produced in court. (n) Sec. 8. Evidence admissible when original document is a public record. — When the original of a document is in the custody of a public officer or is recorded in a public office, its contents may be proved by a certified copy issued by the public officer in custody thereof. (7) Sec. the production of a document and inspects the same is not obliged to offer it as evidence. (8) Party who calls for document not bound to offer it. — A party who calls for 3. Parol Evidence Rule See. 10. Evidence of written agreements. — When the terms of an agreement have been reduced to writing, itis considered as containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, as between the parties and their successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the written agreement, However, a party may present evidence to modify, explain or add to the terms of the written agreement if he or she puts in issue in a verified pleading: (a) An intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or imperfection in the written agreement; (b) The failure of the written agreement to express the true intent and agreement of the parties thereto; (©) The validity of the written agreement; or (d) The existence of other terms agreed to by the parties or their successors in interest after the execution of the written agreement. The term "agreement" includes wills. (9a) 4. Interpretation of Documents Sec. LL. Interpretation of a writing according to its legal meaning. — The language of a writing is to be interpreted according to the legal meaning it bears in the place ofits execution, unless the parties intended otherwise. (10) Sec. 12. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all provisions. — In the construction of an instrument, where there are several provisions or particulars, such a construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all. (11) Sec. 13. Interpretation according to intention; general and particular provisions. —In the construction of an instrument, the intention of the parties is to be pursued; and when a general and a particular provision are inconsistent, the latter is paramount a Pages of 26,to the former. So a particular intent will control a general one that with it. (12) Sec. 14. Interpretation according to circumstances. — For the proper construction. of an instrument, the circumstances under which it was made, including the situation of the subject thereof and of the parties to it, may be shown, so that the judge may be placed in the position of those whose language he or she is to interpret. (13a) Sec. 15. Peculiar signification of terms. — The terms of a writing are presumed to have been used in their primary and general acceptation, but evidence is admissible to show that they have a local, technical, or otherwise peculiar signification, and were so used and understood in the particular instance, in which case the agreement must be construed accordingly. (14) Sec. 16. Written words control printed. — When an instrument consists partly of written words and partly of a printed form, and the two are inconsistent, the former controls the latter. (15) Sec. 17. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining certain writings. — When the characters in which an instrument is written are difficult to be deciphered, or the language is not understood by the court, the evidence of persons skilled in deciphering the characters, or who understand the language, is admissible to declare the characters or the meaning of the language. (16) See. 18. Of two constructions, which preferred. — When the terms of an agreement have been intended in a different sense by the different parties to it, that sense is to prevail against either party in which he or she supposed the other understood it, and when different constructions of a provision are otherwise equally proper, that is to be taken which is the most favorable to the party in whose favor the provision was made. (17a) Sec. 19. Construction in favor of natural right. — When an instrument is equally susceptible of two interpretations, one in favor of natural right and the other against it, the former is to be adopted. (18) Sec. 20, Interpretation according to usage. ~ An instrument may be construed according to usage, in order to determine its true character. (19) C. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE 1. Qualification of Witnesses Sec. 21. Witnesses; their qualifications. — All persons who can perceive, and perceiving, can make known their perception to others, may be witnesses. (20a) Religious or political belief, interest in the outcome of the case, or conviction of a crime, unless otherwise provided by law, shall not be a ground for disqualification. (20) — awalification by reason of mental incapacity or_immaturit Sec. 22. Testimony confined to personal knowledge. — A witness can testify only to those facts which he or she knows of his or her personal knowledge; that is, which are derived from his or her own perception. (36a) Sec. 23. Disqualification by reason of marriage. ~ During their marriage, the husband or the wife cannot testify against the other without the consent of the affected spouse, except in a civil case by one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime committed by one against the other or the latter’s direct descendants or ascendants. (22a) See. 24. Disqualification by reason of privileged communications. ~ The following persons cannot testify as to matters learned in confidence in the following cases: (a) The husband or the wife, during or after the marriage, cannot be examined without the consent of the other as to any communication received in confidence by one from the other during the marriage except in a civil case by one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime committed by one against the other or the latter's direct descendants or ascendants, (b) An attorney or person reasonably believed by the client to be licensed to engage in the practice of law cannot, without the consent of the client, be examined as to any communication made by the client to him or her, or his or her advice given thereon in the course of, or with a view to, professional employment, nor can an attomey’s secretary, stenographer, or clerk, or other persons assisting the attorney be examined without the consent of the client and his or her employer, concerning any fact the knowledge of which has been acquired in such capacity, except in the following cases: (i) Fwtherance of crime or fraud. If the services or advice of the lawyer were sought or obtained to enable or aid anyone to commit or plan to commit what the client knew or reasonably should have known to be a crime or fraud: (ii) Claimants through same deceased client, As to a communication relevant to an issue between parties who claim through the same deceased client regardless of whether the claims are by testate or intestate or by inter vivos transaction: (iii) Breach of duty by lawyer or client. As to a communication relevant to an issue of breach of duty by the lawyer to his or her client, or by the client to his or her lawyer; (iv) Document attested by the lawyer, As to a communication relevant to an issue concerning an atte ument to which the lawyer is an attesti itness; or Page 6025(v) Joint clients. As toa communication relevant to a matter of common interest between two or more clients if the communication was made by any of them to a lawyer retained or consulted in common, when offered in an action between any of the clients, unless they have expressly agreed otherwi (c)A physician, psychotherapist or person reasonably believed by the patient to be authorized to practice medicine or psychotherapy cannot in a civil case, without the consent of the patient, be examined as to any confidential communication se of diagnosis or treatment of the patient’s physical, mental ‘or emotional condition, including alcohol or drug addiction, between the patient and his or her physician or psychotherapist. This privilege also applies to persons, including members of the patient’s family, who have participated in the diagnosis or treatment of the patient under the direction of the physician or psychotherapis A “psychotherapist” is: treatment of a mental or emotional condition, or (b) A person licensed as a psychologist by the government while similarly engaged, (@) A minister, priest or person reasonably believed to be so cannot, without the consent of the affected person, be examined as to any communication or confession made to or any advice given by him or her. in his or her professional character, in the course of discipline enjoined by the church to which the minister or priest belong: (©)A public officer cannot be examined during or after his or her tenure as to communications made to him or her in official confidence, when the court finds that the public interest would suffer by the disclosure. ‘The communication shall remain privileged, even in the hands of a third person who may have obtained the information, provided that the original parties to the communication took reasonable precaution to protect its confidentiality. (24a) 2. Testimonial Privilege See. 25. Parental and filial privilege. - No person shall be compelled to testify against his or_her parents, other direct ascendants, children or other direct descendants, except when such testimon nnsable in a crime against that person or by one parent against the other. (25a) icc. 26. Privilege relating to trade secrets. ~ A person cannot be compelled to testify about any trade secret, unless the non-discl will conceal fraud or otherwise work injustice. When disclosure is directed, the court shall take such age 025 i”protective measure as the interest of the owner of the trade secret and of the parties and the furtherance of justice may require. (n) 3. Admissions and Confessions Sec. 27. Admission of a party. ~ The act, declaration or omission of a party as to a relevant fact may be given in evidence against him or her. (26a) Sec. 28. Offer of compromise not admissible. — In civil cases, an offer of compromise is not an admission of any liability, and is not admissible in evidence against the offeror. Neither is evidence of conduct nor statements made in compromise negotiations admissible, except evidence otherwise discoverable or offered for another purpose, such as proving bias or_prejudice of a witness, negativing a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution. Incriminal cases, except those involving quasi-offenses (criminal negligence) or those allowed by law to be compromised, an offer of compromise by the accused may be received in evidence as an implied admission of guilt. A plea of guilty later withdrawn or an unaccepted offer of a plea of guilty to a lesser offense is not admissible in evidence against the accused who made the plea or offer. Neither is any statement made in the course of plea bargaining with the prosecution, which does not result in a plea of guilty or which results in a plea of ‘guilty later withdrawn, admissible, An offer to pay, or the payment of medical, hospital or other expenses occasioned by an injury, is not admissible in evidence as proof of civil or criminal liability for the injury. (27a) Sec. 29. Admission by third party. ~The rights of a party cannot be prejudi an act, declaration, or omission of another, except as hereinafter provided. (28) id by Sec. 30. Admission by co-pariner or agent. ~ The act or declaration of a partner or agent authorized by the party to make a statement conceming the subject, or within the scope of his or her authority, and during the existence of the partnership or agency, may be given in evidence against such party after the partnership or agency is shown by evidence other than such act or declaration. The same rule applies to the act or declaration of a joint owner, joint debtor, or other person jointly interested with the party. (29a) Sec. 31. Admission by conspirator. ~The act or declaration of a conspirator in furtherance of the conspiracy and during its existence may be given in evidence against the co-conspirator after the conspiracy is shown by evidence other than such act of declaration. (30a) Sec. 32. Admission by privies. — Where one derives title to property from another, the latter's act, declaration, or omission, in relation to the property, is evidence against the former if done while the latter was holding the title, (31a) Pages (*Sec. 33. Admission by silence. — An act or declaration made in the presence and within the hearing or observation of a party who does or says nothing when the act or declaration is such as naturally to call for action or comment if not true, and when proper and possible for him or her to do so, may be given in evidence against him or her. (32a) Sec. 34. Confession. — The declaration of an accused acknowledging his or her guilt of the offense charged, or of any offense necessarily included therein, may be given in evidence against him or her. (33a) 4. Previous Conduct As Evidence Sec. 35. Similar acts as evidence. — Evidence that one did or did not do a certain thing at one time is not admissible to prove that he or she did or did not do the same or similar thing at another time; but it may be received to prove a specific intent or knowledge, identity, plan, system, scheme, habit, custom or usage, and the like. (34a) Sec. 36. Unaccepted offer. ~ An offer in writing to pay a particular sum of money or to deliver a written instrument or specific personal property is, if rejected without valid cause, equivalent to the actual production and tender of the money, instrument, or property. (35) ‘Sec. 36. Testimony generally confined to personal knowledge: hearsay excluded. (Transposed to Sec. 22. Testimony confined to personal knowleds 5. Hearsay, Sec. 37._Hearsay. — Hearsay is a statement other than one made by the declarant while testifying at a trial or hearing, offered to prove the truth of the facts asserted therein. A statement is (1) an oral or written assertion or (2) a non-verbal conduct of a_person. if it is intended by him or her as an assertion. Hearsay evidence is inadmissible except as otherwise provided in these Rules. A statement is not hearsay if the declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is (a) inconsistent with the declarant’s testimony, and was given under oath subject to the nalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in a deposition; (b) consistent with the declarant’s testimony and is offered to rebut an express or implied ¢ against the declarant of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive; or (c) one of identification of a person made after perceiving him or her. (n) 6. Exceptions To The Hearsay Rule Sec. 38. Dying declaration. ~ The declaration of a dying person, made under the consciousness of an impending death, may be received in any case wherein his or her death is the subject of inquiry, as evidence of the cause and surrounding circumstances of such death, (37a) Page 90625,Sec. 39. Statement of decedent or person of unsound mind, ~ In an action against an executor or administrator or other representative of a deceased person, or against a person of unsound mind, upon a claim or demand against the estate of such deceased person or against such person of unsound mind, where a party or assignor of a party ‘ora person in whose behalf'a case is prosecuted testifies on a matter of fact occurring, before the death of the deceased person or before the person became of unsound ‘mind, any statement of the deceased or the person of unsound mind, may be received in evidence if the statement was made upon the personal knowledge of the deceased ‘or the person of unsound mind ata time when the matter had been recently perceived by him or her and while his or her recollection was clear. Such statement, however, is inadmissible if made under circumstances indicating its lack of trustworthiness, (23a) Sec. 40. Declaration against interest. ~ The declaration made by a person deceased or unable to testify against the interest of the declarant, if the fact asserted in the declaration was at the time it was made so far contrary to the declarant's own interest. ‘that a reasonable person in his or her position would not have made the declaration unless he or she believed it to be true, may be received in evidence against himself or herself or his or her successors in interest and against third persons. A statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability and offered to exculpate the accused js not admissible unless corroborating circumstances clearly indicate the trustworthiness of the statement, (38a) Sec. 41. Act or declaration about pedigree. ~The act or declaration of a person deceased or unable to testify, in respect to the pedigree of another person related to him or her by birth, adoption, or marriage or, in the absence thereof, with whose family he or she was so intimately associated as to be likely to have accurate information conceming his or her pedigree, may be received in evidence where it oceurred before the controversy, and the relationship between the two persons is shown by evidence other than such act or declaration. The word "pedigree" includes relationship, family genealogy, birth, marriage, death, the dates when and the places where these facts occurred, and the names of the relatives, It embraces also facts of family history intimately connected with pedigree. (39a) See. 42. Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree. — The reputation or tradition existing in a family previous to the controversy, in respect to the pedigree of any one of its members, may be received in evidence if the witness testifying thereon be also a member of the family, either by consanguinity, affinity, or adoption. Entries in family bibles or other family books or charts, engraving on rings, family portraits and the like, may be received as evidence of pedigree. (40a) Sec. 43. Common reputation. — Common reputation existing previous to the controversy, as to boundaries of or customs affecting lands in the community and reputation as to events of general history important to the community, or respecting, marriage or moral character, may be given in evidence. Monuments and inscriptions in public places may be received as evidence of common reputation. (41) Page 10 of 26Sec. 44. Part of the res gestae. — Statements made by a person while a startling occurrence is taking place or immediately prior or subsequent thereto, under the stress of excitement caused by the occurrence with respect to the circumstances thereof, may be given in evidence as part of the res gestae. So, also, statements accompanying an equivocal act material to the issue, and giving it a legal significance, may be received as part of the res gestae. (42) Sec. 45. Records of regularly conducted business activity. ~ A memorandum, report, record or data compilation of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made by writing, typing, electronic, optical or other similar means at or near the time of or from transmission or supply of information by a person with knowledge thereof, and kept in the regular course or conduct of a business activity, and such was the regular practice to make the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation by electronic, optical or similar means, all of which are shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witnesses, is excepted from the rule on hearsay evidence. (43a) Sec. 46. Entries in official records. — Entries in official records made in the performance of his or her duty by a publie officer of the Philippines, or by a person in the performance of a duty specially enjoined by law, are prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated. (44a) Sec, 47. Commercial lists and the like. - Evidence of statements of matters of interest nan occupation contained in a list, register, periodical, or other published compilation is admissible as tending to prove the truth of any relevant ‘matter so stated if that compilation is published for use by persons engaged in that ‘occupation and is generally used and relied upon by them therein. (45) Sec. 48. Learned treatises. — A published treatise, periodical or pamphlet on a subject of history, law, science, or art is admissible as tending to prove the truth of a matter stated therein if the court takes judicial notice, or a witness expert in the subject testifies, that the writer of the statement in the treatise, periodical or pamphlet is recognized in his or her profession or calling as expert in the subject. (46a) Sec. 49. Testimony or deposition at a former proceeding. ~ The testimony or deposition of a witness deceased or out of the Philippines or who cannot, with due diligence, be found therein, or is unavailable or otherwise unable to testify. given in a former case or proceeding, judicial or administrative, involving the same parties and subject matter, may be given in evidence against the adverse party who had the ‘opportunity to cross-examine him or her. (47a) Sec. 50. Residual exception. — A statement not specifically covered by any of the foregoing exceptions, having equivalent circumstantial guarantees _ of trustworthiness, is admissible if the court determines that (a) the statement is offered as evidence of a material fact; (b) the statement is more probative on the point for which itis offered than any other evidence which the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts: and (c) the general purposes of these rules and the interests of justice will be best served by admission of the statement into evidence. However, a ‘statement may not be admitted under this exception unless the proponent makes known to the adverse party, sufficiently in advance of the hearing, or by the pre-trial Page 11 of 25stage in the case of a trial of the main case, to provide the adverse party with a fair ‘opportunity to prepare to meet it, the proponent’ s intention to offer the statement and the particulars of it, including the name and address of the declarant. (n) 7. Opinion Rule Sec. 51. General rule. — The opinion of a witness is not admissible, except as indicated in the following sections. (48) Sec. 52, Opinion of expert witness. ~The opinion of a witness on a matter requiring special knowledge, skill, experience, training or education, which he or she is shown to possess, may be received in evidence. (49a) Sec. 53. Opinion of ordinary witnesses. ~ The opinion of a witness, for which proper basis is given, may be received in evidence regarding — (a) The identity of a person about whom he or she has adequate knowledge; (b) A handwriting with which he or she has sufficient familiarity; and (c) The mental sanity of a person with whom he or she is sufficiently acquainted. The witness may also testify on his or her impressions of the emotion, behavior, condition or appearance of a person. (50a) Character Evidence Sec. 54. Character evidence not generally admissible; exceptions. — Evidence of a person's character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except: (a)In Criminal Cases: (1) The character of the offended party may be proved if it tends to establish in any reasonable degree the probability or improbability of the offense chargei (2)The accused may prove his or her good moral character, pertinent to the moral trait involved in the offense charged. However, the prosecution may not prove his or her bad moral character unless on rebuttal. (b)In Civil Cases: Evidence of the moral character of a party in a civil case is admissible only when pertinent to the issue of character involved in the case. (c)In Criminal and Civil Cases: OA Page 120125Evidence of the good character of a witness character has been impeached. not admissible until such [Link] cases in which evidence of character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instances of conduct, In cases in which character or a trait of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim or defense, proof may also be made of specific instances ‘of that person’s conduct, (51a; 14, Rule 132) RULE 131 BURDEN OF PROOF, BURDEN OF EVIDENCE AND PRESUMPTIONS. Section 1. Burden of proof and burden of evidence. ~ Burden of proof is the duty of a party to present evidence on the facts in issue necessary to establish his or her claim or defense by the amount of evidence required by law. Burden of proof never shifts. Burden of evidence is the duty of a party to present evidence sufficient to establish or rebut a fact in issue to establish a prima facie case, Burden of evidence may shift from one party to the other in the course of the proceedings, depending on the exigencies of the case. (1a) Sec. 2. Conclusive presumptions. - The following are instances of conclusive presumptions (a) Whenever a party has, by his or her own declaration, act, or omission, intentionally and deliberately led another to believe a particular thing true, and to act upon such belief, he or she cannot, in any litigation arising out of such declaration, act or omission, be permitted to falsify it; and (b)The tenant is not permitted to deny the title of his or her landlord at the time of the commencement of the relation of landlord and tenant between them. (2a) Sec. 3. Disputable presumptions. — The following presumptions are satisfactory if, uncontradicted, but may be contradicted and overcome by other evidence: (@) That a person is innocent of crime or wrong; (>) That an unlawfil act was done with an unlawful intent; (©) Thata person intends the ordinary consequences of his or her voluntary act; (@) That a person takes ordinary care of his or her concerns; WV Page 13.0f 25() wo (g) (h) a) (k) oO (m) (n) (0) () @ ©) (s) o (u) That evidence willfully suppressed would be adverse if produced; ‘That money paid by one to another was due to the latter; ‘That a thing delivered by one to another belonged to the latter; That an obligation delivered up to the debtor has been paid; That prior rents or installments had been paid when a receipt for the later one is produced; ‘That a person found in possession of a thing taken in the doing of a recent wrongful act is the taker and the doer of the whole act; otherwise, that things which a person possesses, or exercises acts of ownership over, are owned by him or her; That a person in possession of an order on himself or herself for the payment of the money, or the delivery of anything, has paid the money or delivered the thing accordingly; ‘That a person acting in a public office was regularly appointed or elected toit; That official duty has been regularly performed; That a court, or judge acting as such, whether in the Philippines or elsewhere, was acting in the lawful exercise of jurisdiction; That all the matters within an issue raised in a case were laid before the court and passed upon by it; and in like manner that all matters within an issue raised in a dispute submitted for arbitration were laid before the arbitrators and passed upon by them; That private transactions have been fair and regular; ‘That the ordinary course of business has been followed; That there was a sufficient consideration for a contract; That a negotiable instrument was given or indorsed for a sufficient consideration; ‘That an indorsement of a negotiable instrument was made before the instrument was overdue and at the place where the instrument is dated; ‘That a writing is truly dated; YY Page 14 of 26