Chapter 8: Periodic Relationships Among the Elements

1. The law of octaves was proposed by

A) G. N. Lewis. D) J. J. Thompson.
B) John Newlands. E) Ernest Rutherford.
C) Dmitri Mendeleev.
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 8.1

2. The law of octaves states that every eighth element has similar properties when arranged
in order of increasing
A) nuclear binding energy. D) atomic mass.
B) number of electrons. E) atomic number.
C) number of neutrons.
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 8.1

3. As opposed to early periodic tables based on the law of octaves, modern periodic tables
arrange the elements in order of increasing
A) nuclear binding energy. D) atomic number.
B) number of neutrons. E) atomic size.
C) atomic mass.
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 8.1

4. Mendeleev proposed the existence of an unknown element that he called eka-aluminum.

This element is now called
A) gallium. B) silicon. C) magnesium. D) boron. E) germanium.
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.1

5. The chief contribution of physicist Henry Moseley to atomic theory was

A) the discovery of the periodic law.
B) the determination of the charge of the proton.
C) the measurement of the atomic numbers of the elements.
D) the scientist who determined the electric charge of the electron.
E) the discovery of the law of octaves.
Ans: C Category: Easy Section: 8.1

6. The elements in Group 7A are known by what name?

A) transition metals D) alkaline earth metals
B) halogens E) noble gases
C) alkali metals
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 8.6

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7. The elements in Group 2A are known by what name?

A) transition metals D) alkaline earth metals
B) halogens E) noble gases
C) alkali metals
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 8.6

8. The alkali metal elements are found in _______ of the periodic table.
A) Group 1A B) Group 2A C) Group 3A D) Period 7 E) Period 1
Ans: A Category: Easy Section: 8.6

9. Which one of the following elements is a transition element?

A) Sr B) Pb C) As D) Fe E) H
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 8.2

10. Which one of the following elements is a transition element?

A) antimony B) barium C) chromium D) potassium E) selenium
Ans: C Category: Easy Section: 8.2

11. The general electron configuration for atoms of all elements in Group 5A is
A) ns2 np6 B) ns2 np5 C) ns2 np4 D) ns2 np3 E) ns2 np1
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.6

12. Which of the following is the general electron configuration for the outermost electrons
of elements in the alkaline earth group?
A) ns1 B) ns2 C) ns2 np4 D) ns2 np5 E) ns2 np6 (n -1)d6
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.6

13. The general electron configuration for atoms of the halogen group is
A) ns2 np6 B) ns2 np5 C) ns2 np6 (n -1)d7 D) ns1 E) ns2 np7
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.6

14. The general electron configuration for noble gas atoms is

A) ns2 np6 B) ns2 np5 C) ns2 np4 D) ns2 np3 E) ns2
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.6

15. An element with the general electron configuration for its outermost electrons of ns 2 np1
would be in which element group?
A) 2A B) 3A C) 4A D) 5A E) 8A
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.6

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16. In what row and group of the periodic table would you find the element with the electron
configuration [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p2 ?
A) row 4, group 4A D) row 5, group 5A
B) row 4, group 5A E) none of the above
C) row 5, group 4A
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

17. Consider the element with the electron configuration [Kr]5s2 4d7 . This element is
A) a representative element. D) an actinide element.
B) a transition metal. E) a noble gas.
C) a nonmetal.
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.2

18. Consider the element with the electron configuration [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p5 . This element is
A) a representative element D) an actinide element
B) a transition metal E) a noble gas
C) an alkali metal
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.6

19. Consider the element with the electron configuration [Xe]6s2 4f7 . This element is
A) a representative element D) an actinide element
B) a lanthanide element E) a noble gas
C) a nonmetal
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.6

20. The representative elements are those with unfilled energy levels in which the "last
electron" was added to
A) an s orbital. D) a p or d orbital.
B) an s or p orbital. E) an f orbital.
C) a d orbital.
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.2

21. How many valence electrons does an oxygen atom have?

A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.2

22. How many valence electrons does a tin (Sn) atom have?
A) 2 B) 4 C) 14 D) 36 E) 50
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.2

23. How many electrons are in the 4p orbitals of selenium?

A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

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24. How many electrons are in the 4p orbitals of vanadium?

A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.2

25. What is the charge on the monatomic ion that calcium forms in its compounds?
A) +2 B) +1 C) –1 D) –2 E) –3
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.2

26. What is the charge on the monatomic ion of nitrogen, the nitride ion?
A) +2 B) +1 C) –1 D) –2 E) –3
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

27. What is the charge on the stable ion formed by selenium?

A) +2 B) +1 C) –1 D) –2 E) –3
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.2

28. Which one of the following elements forms a stable 2+ cation?

A) Kr B) I C) Se D) Al E) Ba
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

29. Which two electron configurations represent elements that would have similar chemical
properties?
(1) 1s2 2s2 2p4 (2) 1s2 2s2 2p5 (3) [Ar]4s2 3d5 (4) [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5
A) (1) and (2) B) (1) and (3) C) (2) and (3) D) (2) and (4) E) (3) and (4)
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.2

30. Which of the following make an isoelectronic pair: Cl– , O2– , F, Ca2+, Fe3+?
A) Ca2+ and Fe3+ D) Cl– and Ca2+
B) O2– and F E) None of the above.
C) F and Cl–
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.2

31. Which one of the following pairs are isoelectronic?

A) Mn2+ and Ar D) Cl– and S
2+ 2+
B) Zn and Cu E) K+ and Cl–
C) Na+ and K+
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

32. Which one of the following is not isoelectronic with the others: Br– , Rb+, Se2– , Sr2+, Te2– ?
A) Br– B) Rb+ C) Se2– D) Sr2+ E) Te2–
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

33. Which ion is isoelectronic with Ar?

A) Fe2+ B) F– C) Br– D) Ga3+ E) Ca2+
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

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34. Which one of the following is not isoelectronic with Kr?

A) As3+ B) Se2– C) Rb + D) Sr2+ E) Br–
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.2

35. Which of the following is the electron configuration for the aluminum ion?
A) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 D) 1s2 2s2 2p6
B) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 E) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
2 2 6 2 1
C) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.2

36. Which of the following is the electron configuration for the bromide ion?
A) [Ar] B) [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p7 C) [Kr] D) [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p7 E) [Xe]
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.2

37. Which of the following is the electron configuration of a sulfide ion?

A) [Ne]3s2 3p4 B) [Ne] C) [Ne]3s2 3p1 D) [Ar] E) [Ne]3s2 3p2
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.2

38. Which of the following is the electron configuration of the iron(III) ion?
A) [Ar]3d5 B) [Ar]4s1 3d5 C) [Ar]4s2 3d3 D) [Ar]3d6 E) [Ar]4s2 3d9
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.2

39. The electron configuration of a copper(I) ion is

A) [Ar]4s2 3d8 B) [Ar]4s1 3d9 C) [Ar]3d10 D) [Ar]4s2 3d6 4p2 E) [Kr]
Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 8.2

40. The sulfide ion, S2– , is isoelectronic with which one of the following?
A) O2– B) F– C) Na+ D) Al3+ E) K+
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

41. Which one of the following does not have [Kr] as its electronic configuration?
A) Se2– B) Br– C) Rb + D) Y3+ E) Zn2+
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

42. Which one of the following does not have [Xe] as its electronic configuration?
A) Te2– B) I– C) Cs+ D) Ba2+ E) Sn4+
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

43. The cobalt(III) ion, Co3+, has how many 3d electrons?

A) 0 B) 7 C) 6 D) 5 E) 4
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.2

44. How many 3d electrons does the manganese(II) ion, Mn2+, have?
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 7
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.2

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45. How many 3d electrons does an Fe3+ ion have?

A) 9 B) 6 C) 5 D) 4 E) 3
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.2

46. Which of the following ground-state ions has the largest number of unpaired electrons?
A) Cr2+ B) Mn2+ C) Ni2+ D) Cu+ E) Co2+
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.2

47. Which of the following ground-state ions has unpaired electrons?

A) P3– B) V5+ C) Mg2+ D) Sc2+ E) S2+
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.2

48. Which of the atoms listed below has the smallest radius?
A) Al B) P C) As D) Te E) Na
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.3

49. Which of the atoms listed below has the largest radius?
A) Cl B) I C) P D) Sb E) Se
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.3

50. Which of the elements listed below has the greatest atomic radius?
A) B B) Al C) S D) P E) Si
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.3

51. Which one of the following ions has the largest radius?
A) Cl– B) K+ C) S2– D) Na+ E) O2–
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.3

52. Arrange the following ions in order of increasing ionic radius: K+, P3– , S2– , Cl– .
increasing radius →
A) K+ < Cl– < S2– < P3– D) Cl– < S2– < P3– < K +
+ 3– 2– –
B) K < P < S < Cl E) Cl– < S2– < K+ < P3–
C) P3– < S2– < Cl– < K+
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.3

53. Arrange the following ions in order of decreasing ionic radius: Al3+, Mg2+, Na+, O2– .
decreasing radius →
A) Al3+ > Mg2+ > O2– > Na+ D) O2– > Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+
B) Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > O2– E) O2– > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+
+ 2+ 3+ 2–
C) Na > Mg > Al > O
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.3

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54. For which of the following reactions is the enthalpy change equal to the second ionization
energy of nitrogen?
A) N2+(g) → N3+(g) + e– D) N– (g) + e– → N2– (g)
B) N2+(g) + e– → N+(g) E) N+(g) → N2+(g) + e–
C) N(g) → N (g) + 2e
2+ –

Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.4

55. For which of the following reactions is the enthalpy change equal to the third ionization
energy of vanadium?
A) V2+(g) → V3+(g) + e– D) V2– (g) + e– → V3– (g)
B) V3+(g) + e– → V2+(g) E) V3+(g) → V4+(g) + e–
C) V(g) → V (g) + 3e
3+ –

Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.4

56. Which of the elements listed below has the highest first ionization energy?
A) He B) Ne C) Ar D) Kr E) Xe
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.4

57. Which of the elements listed below has the highest first ionization energy?
A) C B) Ge C) P D) O E) Se
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.4

58. Which of the elements listed below has the smallest first ionization energy?
A) C B) Ge C) P D) O E) Se
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.4

59. Which of the following elements has the smallest first ionization energy?
A) Cl B) Na C) Be D) K E) As
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.4

60. Which of the following elements has the smallest ionization energy?
A) Li B) Na C) Be D) K E) Rb
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.4

61. Which element will display an unusually large jump in ionization energy values between
I3 and I4 , its third and fourth ionization energies?
A) Na B) Mg C) Al D) Si E) P
Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 8.4

62. For silicon atoms, which ionization energy will show an exceptionally large increase over
the preceding ionization energy?
A) 2nd B) 3rd C) 4th D) 5th E) 6th
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 8.4

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63. For phosphorus atoms, which ionization energy will show an exceptionally large increase
over the previous ionization energy?
A) 2nd B) 3rd C) 4th D) 5th E) 6th
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 8.4

64. Which of the elements listed below has the following pattern for its first six ionization
energies? (I1 = first ionization energy, I2 = second ionization energy, etc.)

A) Ca B) Si C) Al D) Se E) P
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 8.4

65. The successive ionization energies of a certain element are I1 = 589.5 kJ/mol, I2 =1145
kJ/mol, I3 = 4900 kJ/mol, I4 = 6500 kJ/mol, and I5 = 8100 kJ/mol. This pattern of
ionization energies suggests that the unknown element is
A) K B) Si C) As D) Ca E) S
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 8.4

66. The successive ionization energies of a certain element are I1 = 577.9 kJ/mol, I2 = 1820
kJ/mol, I3 = 2750 kJ/mol, I4 = 11,600 kJ/mol, and I5 = 14,800 kJ/mol. This pattern of
ionization energies suggests that the unknown element is
A) K B) Al C) Cl D) Se E) Kr
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 8.4

67. Which of the following elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive
value)?
A) Mg B) Al C) Si D) P E) S
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.5

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68. Which of the following elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive
value)?
A) K B) Br C) As D) Ar E) I
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.5

69. Which of the following atoms has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)?
A) S B) P C) Ga D) Li E) Br
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.5

70. The first ionization energy of sodium is 495.9 kJ/mol. The energy change for the
reaction
Na(s) → Na+(g) + e– is therefore
A) 495.9 kJ/mol.
B) less than 495.9 kJ/mol.
C) greater than 495.9 kJ/mol.
D) is equal to the electron affinity of sodium.
E) is equal to the second ionization energy of sodium.
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.4

71. The first ionization energy of mercury is 1006 kJ/mol. The energy change for the
reaction
Hg(l) → Hg+(g) + e– is therefore
A) 1006 kJ/mol.
B) greater than 1006 kJ/mol.
C) less than 1006 kJ/mol.
D) is equal to the electron affinity of mercury.
E) is equal to the second ionization energy of mercury.
Ans: B Catego ry: Medium Section: 8.4

72. The electron affinity of fluorine is essentially equal to

A) the negative of the ionization energy F.
B) the ionization energy F– .
C) the negative of the ionization energy F– .
D) the ionization energy Ne.
E) the negative of the ionization energy Ne.
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.5

73. Which pair of elements from different groups resemble each other the most in their
chemical properties?
A) Be and B B) Al and Si C) Li and Be D) Al and Be E) Be and C
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.6

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74. In a surprisingly large number of their properties, beryllium resembles aluminum and
boron resembles silicon. Such a relationship is called
A) amphoterism. D) the periodic law.
B) an allotropic relationship. E) an isoelectronic series.
C) a diagonal relationship.
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

75. Which of the following elements has the greatest metallic character?
A) Br B) F C) Ge D) Mn E) Sc
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.6

76. Which of the following elements has the greatest metallic character?
A) Br B) Se C) Ni D) As E) Si
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

77. Which of the following elements has the greatest metallic character?
A) Ca B) Mg C) Ba D) As E) Se
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

78. If the radius of atom X is greater than the radius of atom Y, then it is also likely that
A) X has a larger electron affinity than Y does.
B) X has a larger effective nuclear charge than Y does.
C) X has greater metallic character than Y does.
D) X has a larger first ionization energy than Y does.
E) X is a poorer conductor of electricity than Y when in the solid state.
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

79. Which of the following is an amphoteric oxide?

A) Na2 O B) MgO C) Al2 O3 D) SO2 E) Cl2 O7
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

80. Which of the following is a basic oxide?

A) CO2 B) CaO C) SO2 D) H2 O E) NO2
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.6

81. Which of the following is an acidic oxide?

A) P4 O10 B) MgO C) Fe2 O3 D) K2 O E) Cr2 O3
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.6

82. Which of the following is a basic oxide?

A) CO2 B) MgO C) As2 O3 D) SO2 E) Cl2 O7
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.6

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83. Which of the following is a basic oxide?

A) NO2 B) H2 O C) Na2O D) SnO E) SO2
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.6

84. Since arsenic is a nonmetal, As2 O3 is expected to be a/an _____ oxide.

A) acidic B) ionic C) amphoteric D) neutral E) basic
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.6

85. Since zirconium is a metal, ZrO 2 is expected to be a/an _____ oxide.

A) acidic B) ionic C) amphoteric D) neutral E) basic
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.6

86. Which of the following elements behaves chemically similarly to calcium?

A) magnesium B) sodium C) sulfur D) chlorine E) iron
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.2

87. Which of the following elements behaves chemically similarly to potassium?

A) magnesium B) sodium C) beryllium D) chlorine E) iron
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.2

88. Which of the following elements behaves chemically similarly to oxygen?

A) magnesium B) sodium C) sulfur D) chlorine E) iron F) beryllium
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.2

89. Which of the following elements behaves chemically similarly to silver?

A) nickel B) gold C) sulfur D) chlorine E) iron F) beryllium
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 8.2

90. The second ionization energy of Mg is ________ than its first ionization energy, and is
__________ than the second ionization energy of Na.
A) higher, higher B) lower, higher C) higher, lower D) lower, lower
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.4

91. Consider the following reaction: 3Li + Z → Li3 Z. What is the formula for the compound
if we substitute sodium for lithium?
A) NaZ B) Na2 Z C) NaZ2 D) Na3 Z E) NaZ3
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 8.2

92. Consider the following reaction: 3Li + Z → Li3 Z. What is the formula for the compound
if we substitute magnesium for lithium?
A) MgZ B) Mg2 Z C) MgZ2 D) Mg3 Z E) Mg3 Z2
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 8.2

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93. Consider the following reaction 2A + 3F2 → 2AF 3 . What is the formula for the reaction
product if we substitute iodine for fluorine?
A) A2 I3 B) A3 I2 C) AI3 D) A3 I E) AI
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 8.2

94. Consider the following reaction 2A + 3F2 → 2AF 3 . What is the formula for the reaction
product if we substitute sulfur for fluorine?
A) A2 S3 B) A3 S2 C) AS 3 D) A3 S E) AS
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 8.2

95. Write the ground-state electron configuration for S2– .

Ans: [Ar]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

96. Write the ground-state electron configuration for Ca2+.

Ans: [Ar]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

97. Write the ground-state electron configuration for Cr3+.

Ans: [Ar]3d3
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

98. Write the ground-state electron configuration for Ni2+.

Ans: [Ar]3d8
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

99. Write the ground-state electron configuration for Br– .

Ans: [Kr]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

100. Write the ground-state electron configuration for K+.

Ans: [Ar]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

101. Write the ground-state electron configuration for Al3+.

Ans: [Ne]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

102. Write the ground-state electron configuration for O2– .

Ans: [Ne]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

103. Write the ground-state electron configuration for I– .

Ans: [Xe]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

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104. Write the ground-state electron configuration for Mg2+.

Ans: [Ne]
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

105. Why is the Mg2+ ion smaller than F– , even though they are isoelectronic?
Ans: Mg2+ has a higher nuclear charge than F–
Category: Medium Section: 8.3

106. Which species has the greater radius, an I– ion or an I atom? Briefly explain your choice
of answer.
Ans: I– ; I and I– have the same number of protons, but I– has a greater number of
electrons. The additional electron–electron repulsion in I– causes the radius of the
ion to be larger than that of the neutral atom.
Category: Medium Section: 8.3

107. Briefly explain why the atomic radius decreases within a period when moving from left
to right.
Ans: Effective nuclear charge increases in that direction. As the effective nuclear charge
increases, the electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus and thus the radius of the
atom decreases.
Category: Medium Section: 8.3

108. Given the following melting point data, what is a reasonable estimate of the melting point
of potassium.
Lithium 180o C
Sodium 98o C
Rubidium 39o C
Cesium 29o C

Ans: Around 60o C

Category: Difficult Section: Chemistry in Action: The Third Liquid Element? (end of
Section 8.3)

109. What is the difference between a calcium atom and a calcium ion?
Ans: A calcium atom has two more electrons than a calcium ion.
Category: Easy Section: 8.2

110. Consider the following reaction: 3Li + Z → Li3 Z. What is a reasonable guess for the
identity of element Z?
Ans: Nitrogen, or other elements in group 5A (student answers will vary).
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

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111. Consider the following reaction 2A + 3F2 → 2AF 3 . What is a reasonable guess for the
identity element A?
Ans: Aluminum, or other elements in group 3A (student answers will vary).
Category: Medium Section: 8.2

112. The following successive ionization energies correspond to an element in the third row of
the periodic table: I1 = 786.3 kJ/mol, I2 =1,580 kJ/mol, I3 = 3,230 kJ/mol, I4 = 4,360
kJ/mol, I5 = 16,000, and I6 = 20,000 kJ/mol. Based on this pattern of ionization energies,
identify the element.
Ans: silicon
Category: Medium Section: 8.4

113. Why do the group 5A elements have relatively small electron affinities compared to the
neighboring nonmetals in the corresponding rows?
Ans: Because the np orbitals are half- filled, reducing the affinity for gaining another
electron relative to the neighboring nonmetals in that row.
Category: Medium Section: 8.5

114. The radii of ions are always smaller than the radii of the corresponding atoms of the same
element.
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 8.3

115. Electron affinity is always a positive quantity.

Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 8.5

116. The electron configuration of the outermost electrons of atoms of the halogen group is
ns2 np7 .
Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 8.6

117. Amphoteric oxides exhibit both acidic and basic properties.

Ans: True Category: Easy Section: 8.6

118. For Mg atoms a very large jump in the magnitudes of the ionization energies will occur
between the second and the third ionization energies.
Ans: True Category: Medium Section: 8.4

119. Sodium ions are more reactive than sodium atoms.

Ans: False Category: Medium Section: 8.4

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