Module 8: Resource Management

and Monitoring

© 2020 VMware, Inc.

Importance
Although the VMkernel works proactively to avoid resource contention, maximizing performance
requires both analysis and ongoing monitoring. Developing skills in resource management, you
can dynamically reallocate resources so that you can use available capacity more efficiently.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8-2
Module Lessons
1. Virtual CPU and Memory Concepts
2. Resource Controls
3. Resource Monitoring Tools
4. Monitoring Resource Use
5. Using Alarms

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Virtual Beans: Resource Management and Monitoring
Virtual Beans wants to proactively manage and monitor its vSphere environment.
Virtual Beans administrators must be able to:
• Increase allocation of CPU and memory resources for business-critical workloads, particularly
during peak months.
• Monitor VM performance to troubleshoot user problems.
• Monitor ESXi host performance to avoid potential problems in the infrastructure.
• Create monthly reports, for management, that contain graphs of VM resource usage.
• Set notifications for when ESXi hosts experience high resource use.
As a Virtual Beans administrator, you must use the available tools in vSphere for managing and
monitoring the vSphere environment.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8-4
Lesson 1: Virtual CPU and Memory Concepts

© 2020 VMware Inc. All rights reserved.

Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Describe CPU and memory concepts in relation to a virtualized environment
• Recognize techniques for addressing memory resource overcommitment
• Identify additional technologies that improve memory usage
• Describe how VMware Virtual SMP works
• Explain how the VMkernel uses hyperthreading

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8-6
Memory Virtualization Basics
vSphere has the following layers of memory:
• Guest OS virtual memory is presented to
applications by the operating system.
• Guest OS physical memory is presented to
the virtual machine by the VMkernel.
• Host machine memory that is managed by
the VMkernel provides a contiguous,
addressable memory space that is used by
the VM.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8-7
VM Memory Overcommitment
Memory is overcommitted when the combined
configured memory footprint of all powered-on
VMs exceeds that of the host memory sizes.
When memory is overcommitted:
• VMs do not always use their full allocated
memory.
• To improve memory usage, an ESXi host
transfers memory from idle VMs to VMs that
need more memory.
• Overcommitted memory is stored in the
.vswp file.
• Memory overhead is stored in the vmx-
*.vswp file.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8-8
Memory Overcommit Techniques
An ESXi host uses memory overcommit techniques to allow the overcommitment of memory
while possibly avoiding the need to page memory out to disk.
Methods Used by the ESXi Host Details
Transparent page sharing This method economizes the use of physical memory pages. In this
method, pages with identical contents are stored only once.
Ballooning This method uses the VMware Tools balloon driver to deallocate
memory from one VM to another. The ballooning mechanism
becomes active when memory is scarce, forcing VMs to use their
own paging areas.
Memory compression This method tries to reclaim some memory performance when
memory contention is high.
Host-level SSD swapping Use of a solid-state drive on the ESXi host for a host cache swap
file might increase performance.
VM memory paging to disk Using VMkernel swap space is the last resort because of poor
performance.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8-9
Configuring Multicore VMs
You can build VMs with multiple virtual CPUs (vCPUs). The number of vCPUs that you configure
for a single VM depends on the physical architecture of the ESXi host.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 10

About Hyperthreading
With hyperthreading, a core can execute two
threads or sets of instructions at the same time.
• Hyperthreading provides more scheduler
throughput.
• Hyperthreading is enabled by default.
To enable hyperthreading:
• Verify that the host system supports
hyperthreading.
• Enable hyperthreading in the system BIOS.
• Ensure that hyperthreading for the ESXi host
is turned on.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 11

CPU Load Balancing
The VMkernel balances
processor time to guarantee
that the load is spread smoothly
across processor cores in the
system.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 12

Review of Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Describe CPU and memory concepts in relation to a virtualized environment
• Recognize techniques for addressing memory resource overcommitment
• Identify additional technologies that improve memory usage
• Describe how VMware Virtual SMP works
• Explain how the VMkernel uses hyperthreading

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 13

Lesson 2: Resource Controls

© 2020 VMware Inc. All rights reserved.

Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Assign share values for CPU and memory resources
• Describe how virtual machines compete for resources
• Define CPU and memory reservations and limits

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 15

Reservations, Limits, and Shares
Beyond the CPU and memory configured for a
VM, you can apply resource allocation settings
to a VM to control the amount of resources
granted:
• A reservation specifies the guaranteed
minimum allocation for a VM.
• A limit specifies an upper bound for CPU or
memory that can be allocated to a VM.
• A share is a value that specifies the relative
priority or importance of a VM's access to a
given resource.

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Resource Allocation Reservations: RAM
RAM reservations:
• Memory reserved to a VM is guaranteed
never to swap or balloon.
• If an ESXi host does not have enough
unreserved RAM to support a VM with a
reservation, the VM does not power on.
• Reservations are measured in MB, GB, or
TB.
• The default is 0 MB.
• Adding a vSphere DirectPath I/O device to a
VM sets memory reservation to the memory
size of the VM.

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Resource Allocation Reservations: CPU
CPU reservations:
• CPU that is reserved for a VM is guaranteed to be immediately scheduled on physical cores.
The VM is never placed in a CPU ready state.
• If an ESXi host does not have enough unreserved CPU to support a VM with a reservation, the
VM does not power on.
• Reservations are measured in MHz or GHz.
• The default is 0 MHz.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 18

Resource Allocation Limits
RAM limits:
• VMs never consume more physical RAM
than is specified by the memory allocation
limit.
• VMs might use the VM swap mechanism
(.vswp) if the guest OS attempts to consume
more RAM than is specified by the limit.
CPU limits:
• VMs never consume more physical CPU
than is specified by the CPU allocation limit.
• CPU threads are placed in a ready state if
the guest OS attempts to schedule threads
faster than the limit allows.
Usually, specifying a limit is not necessary.

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Resource Allocation Shares
Shares define the relative importance of a VM:
• If a VM has twice as many shares of a resource as another VM, the VM is entitled to consume
twice as much of that resource when these two VMs compete for resources.
• Share values apply only if an ESXi host experiences contention for a resource.
You can set shares to high, normal, or low. You can also select the custom setting to assign a
specific number of shares to each VM.

Setting CPU Share Values Memory Share Values

High 2,000 shares per vCPU 20 shares per MB of configured VM memory
Normal 1,000 shares per vCPU 10 shares per MB of configured VM memory
Low 500 shares per vCPU 5 shares per MB of configured VM memory

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 20

Resource Shares Example (1)
VMs are resource consumers. The default resource settings that you assign during VM creation
work well for most VMs.

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Resource Shares Example (2)
You can add shares to a virtual machine while it is running.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 22

Resource Shares Example (3)
Shares guarantee that a VM is given a certain amount of a resource.

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Resource Shares Example (4)
When you delete or power off a VM, fewer total shares remain, so the surviving VMs get more
access.

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Defining Resource Allocation Settings for a VM
You can edit a VM's settings to configure CPU
and memory resource allocations.

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Viewing VM Resource Allocation Settings
You can view reservations, limits, and shares settings for all VMs in a cluster.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 26

Review of Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Assign share values for CPU and memory resources
• Describe how virtual machines compete for resources
• Define CPU and memory reservations and limits

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 28

Lesson 3: Resource Monitoring Tools

© 2020 VMware Inc. All rights reserved.

Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Describe the performance-tuning methodology
• Identify resource-monitoring tools
• Use vCenter Server performance charts to view performance

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 30

Performance-Tuning Methodology
You can tune the performance of your vSphere
environment:
• Assess performance:
– Use appropriate monitoring tools.
– Record a numerical benchmark before
changes.
• Identify the limiting resource.
• Make more resources available:
– Allocate more resources.
– Reduce competition.
– Log your changes.
• Benchmark again.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 31

Resource-Monitoring Tools
Many resource-monitoring and performance-monitoring tools are available for use with vSphere.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 32

Guest Operating System Monitoring Tools
To monitor performance in the
guest operating system, use
tools that you are familiar with,
such as Windows Task
Manager.

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Using Perfmon to Monitor VM Resources
The Perfmon DLL in VMware Tools provides VM processor and memory objects for accessing
host statistics in a VM.

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Using esxtop to Monitor VM Resources
The esxtop utility is the primary real-time performance monitoring tool for vSphere:
• Can be run from the host’s local vSphere ESXi Shell as esxtop
• Can be run remotely from vSphere CLI as resxtop
• Works like the top performance utility in Linux operating systems
In this example, you enter lowercase c and uppercase V to view CPU metrics for VMs.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 35

Monitoring Inventory Objects with Performance Charts
The vSphere statistics
subsystem collects data on the
resource usage of inventory
objects, which include:
• Clusters
• Hosts
• Datastores
• Networks
• Virtual machines

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Working with Overview Performance Charts
The overview performance charts display the most common metrics for an object in the inventory.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 37

Working with Advanced Performance Charts
Advanced charts support data
counters that are not supported
in other performance charts.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 38

Chart Options: Real-Time and Historical
vCenter Server stores statistics at different specificities.

Time Interval Data Frequency Number of Samples

Real-time (past hour) 20 seconds 180
Past day 5 minutes 288
Past week 30 minutes 336
Past month 2 hours 360
Past year 1 day 365

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Chart Types: Bar and Pie
Depending on the metric type and object, performance metrics are displayed in different types of
charts, such as bar charts and pie charts.

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Chart Types: Line
A line chart displays metrics for a single inventory object, for example, metrics for each CPU on
an ESXi host.

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Chart Types: Stacked
Stacked charts are useful for comparing resource allocation and usage across multiple hosts or
VMs.

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Chart Types: Stacked Per VM
Per-VM stacked graphs are available only for hosts.

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Saving Charts
You click the Save Chart icon above the graph to save performance chart information.
You can save information in PNG, JPEG, SVG, and CSV formats.

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About Objects and Counters
Performance charts graphically display CPU, memory, disk, network, and storage metrics for
devices and entities managed by vCenter Server.
Objects are instances or aggregations of Counters identify which statistics to collect:
devices: • Examples:
• Examples: – CPU: Used time, ready time, usage (%)
– vCPU0 – NIC: Network packets received
– vCPU1 – Memory: Memory swapped
– vmhba1:1:2
– Aggregation over all NICs

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About Statistics Types
The statistics type is the unit of measurement that is used during the statistics interval.

Statistics Type Description Example

Rate Value over the current interval CPU use (MHz)
Delta Change from previous interval CPU ready time
Absolute Absolute value, independent of interval Memory active

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About Rollup
Rollup is the conversion function between statistics intervals:
• 5 minutes of past-hour statistics are converted to one past-day value:
– Fifteen 20-second statistics are rolled up into a single value.
• 30 minutes of past-day statistics are converted to 1 past-week value:
– Six 5-minute statistics are rolled up into a single value.

Rollup Type Conversion Function Sample Statistic

Average Average of data points CPU use (average)
Summation Sum of data points CPU ready time (milliseconds)
Latest Last data point Uptime (days)
Minimum Current or average minimum data point Available in all counters when
Maximum Current or average maximum data point vCenter Server statistics collection is
set to level 4

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 47

Review of Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Describe the performance-tuning methodology
• Identify resource-monitoring tools
• Use vCenter Server performance charts to view performance

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 48

Lesson 4: Monitoring Resource Use

© 2020 VMware Inc. All rights reserved.

Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Monitor the key factors that can affect a virtual machine's performance
• Use performance charts to view and improve performance

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 50

Interpreting Data from Tools
vCenter Server monitoring tools and guest OS monitoring tools provide different points of view.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 51

CPU-Constrained VMs (1)
If CPU use is continuously high, the VM is constrained by the CPU. However, the host might have
enough CPU for other VMs to run.

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CPU-Constrained VMs (2)
Multiple VMs are constrained by the CPU if the following conditions are present:
• High CPU usage in the guest operating system
• Relatively high CPU readiness values for the VMs

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Memory-Constrained VMs (1)
Compare a VM's memory consumed and granted values to determine whether the VM is
memory-constrained.

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Memory-Constrained VMs (2)
If a VM consumes its entire memory allocation, the VM might be memory-constrained, and you
should consider increasing the VM’s memory size.

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Memory-Constrained Hosts
Any evidence of ballooning or swapping is a sign that your host might be memory-constrained.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 56

Disk-Constrained VMs
Disk-intensive applications can saturate the storage or the path.
If you suspect that a VM is constrained by disk access, take these actions:
• Measure the throughput and latency between the VM and storage.
• Use the advanced performance charts to monitor throughput and latency:
– Read rate and write rate
– Read latency and write latency

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Monitoring Disk Latency
To determine disk performance problems, monitor two disk latency data counters:
• Kernel command latency:
– This counter is the average time that is spent in the VMkernel per SCSI command.
– High numbers (greater than 2 milliseconds or 3 milliseconds) represent either an overworked
array or an overworked host.
• Physical device command latency:
– This counter is the average time that the physical device takes to complete a SCSI
command.
– High numbers represent a slow or overworked array, for example:
• For spinning disks (HDDs), greater than 15 milliseconds or 20 milliseconds
• For SSDs, greater than 3 milliseconds or 4 milliseconds

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 58

Network-Constrained VMs
Network-intensive applications often bottleneck on path segments outside the ESXi host:
• Example: WAN links between server and client
If you suspect that a VM is constrained by the network, take these actions:
• Verify that VMware Tools is installed and that VMXNET3 is the virtual network adapter.
• Measure the effective bandwidth between the VM and its peer system.
• Check for dropped receive packets and dropped transmit packets.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 59

Lab 16: Managing vApp
Lab 17: Managing Resource Pools
Lab 18: Monitoring VM performance

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 60

Review of Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Monitor the key factors that can affect a virtual machine's performance
• Use performance charts to view and improve performance

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 61

Lesson 5: Using Alarms

© 2020 VMware Inc. All rights reserved.

Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Use predefined alarms in vCenter Server
• View and acknowledge alarms
• Create custom alarms

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 63

About Alarms
An alarm is a notification that is sent in response to an event or condition that occurs with an
object in the inventory.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 64

Predefined Alarms (1)
You can access many
predefined alarms for various
inventory objects, such as
hosts, virtual machines,
datastores, networks, and so
on.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 65

Predefined Alarms (2)
You can edit predefined alarms,
or you can make a copy of an
existing alarm and modify the
settings as needed.

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Creating a Custom Alarm
In addition to using predefined alarms, you can create custom alarms in the vSphere Client.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 67

Defining the Alarm Target Type
On the Name and Targets page, you name the alarm, give it a description, and select the type of
inventory object that this alarm monitors.

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Defining the Alarm Rule: Trigger (1)
An alarm rule must contain at least one trigger.

A trigger can monitor the current condition or A trigger can monitor events that occur in
state of an object, for example: response to operations occurring on a managed
• A VM’s current snapshot is more than 2 GB. object, for example:
• A host is using 90 percent of its total memory. • The health of a host’s hardware changes.
• A datastore is disconnected from all hosts. • A license expires in the data center.
• A host leaves the distributed switch.

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Defining the Alarm Rule: Trigger (2)
You select and configure the events, states, or conditions that trigger the alarm.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 70

Defining the Alarm Rule: Setting the Notification
You configure the notification method to use when the alarm is triggered. The methods are
sending an email, sending an SNMP trap, or running a script.

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Defining the Alarm Reset Rules
You can select and configure the events, states, or conditions to reset the alarm to normal.
Sometimes, as in this example, you can access only one option to reset the alarm.

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Enabling the Alarm
On the Review page, the new alarm definition is enabled by default.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 73

Configuring vCenter Server Notifications
If you use email or SNMP traps as the notification method, you must configure vCenter Server to
support these notification methods.

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Lab 19: Using Alarms

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 75

Review of Learner Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to meet the following objectives:
• Use predefined alarms in vCenter Server
• View and acknowledge alarms
• Create custom alarms

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 76

Activity: Virtual Beans Resource Monitoring (1)
Which tools can Virtual Beans use to meet its goals for managing and monitoring the vSphere
environment? Match each Virtual Beans requirement with the appropriate vSphere feature.
Virtual Beans Requirements vSphere Features
o Increase compute resources for business- o Alarms
critical workloads, particularly during peak o Shares, limits, reservations
months.
o VMware Skyline
o Provide proactive recommendations to help
o vCenter Server performance charts
avoid problems before they occur.
o Create monthly reports, for management,
that contain graphs of VM resource usage.
o Be notified when ESXi hosts experience high
CPU and memory usage.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 77

Activity: Virtual Beans Resource Management and Monitoring (2)
Which tools can Virtual Beans use to meet its goals for managing and monitoring the vSphere
environment? Match each Virtual Beans requirement with the appropriate vSphere feature.

Virtual Beans Requirement vSphere Feature

Increase compute resources for business-critical workloads, Shares, limits, and reservations
particularly during peak months.
Provide proactive recommendations to help avoid problems VMware Skyline
before they occur.
Create monthly reports, for management, that contain graphs vCenter Server performance charts
of VM resource usage.
Be notified when ESXi hosts experience high CPU and Alarms
memory usage.

© 2020 VMware, Inc. VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage [V7] | 8 - 78

Key Points
• An ESXi host uses memory overcommit techniques to allow the overcommitment of memory
while possibly avoiding the need to page memory out to disk.
• The VMkernel balances processor time to guarantee that the load is spread smoothly across
processor cores in the system.
• You can apply reservations, limits, and shares against a VM to control the amount of CPU and
memory resources granted.
• The key to interpreting performance data is to observe the range of data from the perspective
of the guest operating system, the virtual machine, and the host.
• You use alarms to monitor the vCenter Server inventory objects and send notifications when
selected events or conditions occur.
Questions?

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