#1

FLEX Course Material

Examine differential
equations analytically by
studying specialized
techniques for obtaining

SOLUTION OF
implicit and explicit
solutions

FIRST-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

 Separable Equations
 Variable Transformation
 Exact Equations
 Non-Exact Equations
 Integrable Combinations
 Linear Equations
 Bernoulli’s Equation

Prepared by:
Joseph D. Retumban, ChE, MS EnE
Department Chair – General Engineering
Exact Equations

Exact Equations
A first-order differential equation of the form

M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0

𝜕f
is said to be an exact equation if and only if there exists a function f such that = M and
𝜕x
𝜕f
= N throughout some region.
𝜕y Concept: Partial derivatives

Note:

A necessary and sufficient condition that the DE of the form M x, y dx + N x, y dy = 0 be an

𝜕M 𝜕N
exact DE is = .
𝜕y 𝜕x

get the partial derivative of M(x,y) with respect to y --> x is constant

get the partial derivative of N(x,y) with respect to x --> y is constant
Illustration:
--> they should be equal
Test the following DE for exactness.
M(x,y) dx + N(x,y)dy = 0
1. y 2 − 1 dx + 2xy − sin y dy = 0

M x, y = y 2 − 1 N x, y = 2xy − sin y

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 2y − 0 = 2y 1 − 0
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 2y = 2y
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
Since = the ODE is exact.
𝜕y 𝜕x

2. y cos(xy) dx + 2y + x cos(xy) dy = 0

M x, y = y cos(xy) N x, y = 2y + x cos(xy)

𝜕M 𝜕N
= y −sin xy x + cos xy 1 = 0 + x − sin xy y + cos xy 1
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= −xy sin xy + cos xy = −xy sin xy + cos xy
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
Since = the ODE is exact.
𝜕y 𝜕x

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Exact Equations

Exact Equations

Illustration:

Test the following DE for exactness.

3. 1 + 3x sin y dx − x 2 cos y dy = 0

M x, y = 1 + 3x sin y N x, y = −x 2 cos y

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 0 + 3x cos y = − cos y 2x
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 3x cos y = − 2xcos y
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
Since ≠ the ODE is not exact.
𝜕y 𝜕x

4. Find the value of k so that the DE x − 2y 3 + y 2 sin x dx = (6xy 2 + ky cos x)dy

becomes exact.

x − 2y 3 + y 2 sin x dx = (6xy 2 + ky cos x)dy

x − 2y 3 + y 2 sin x dx − 6xy 2 + ky cos x dy = 0

M x, y = x − 2y 3 + y 2 sin x N x, y = − 6xy 2 + ky cos x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 0 − 2 3y 2 + sin x 2y = − 6y 2 1 + ky − sin x
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= −6y 2 + 2y sin x = −6y 2 + ky sin x
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
For the DE to be exact, = .
𝜕y 𝜕x

−6y 2 + 2y sin x = −6y 2 + ky sin x

−6y 2 + 2y sin x = −6y 2 + ky sin x

2=k

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 Exact Equations

Solution of Exact Equations

The solution for exact ODEs is either

N1 y dy + M x, y dx = c, where N1 y is a function in terms of N(x, y) without x

or

M1 x dx + N x, y dy = c, where M1 x is a function in terms of M(x, y) without y.

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

separable? No
homogeneous? No
1. 2xy + 4x + 3 dx + x 2 + 2y − 5 dy = 0
lines? No
exact? Yes!
M x, y = 2xy + 4x + 3 N x, y = x 2 + 2y − 5

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 2x 1 + 0 + 0 = 2x + 0 + 0
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 2x = 2x (Exact)
𝜕y 𝜕x

Solution 1:
comes from N(x,y)dy --> choose the terms without x variable
N1 y dy + M x, y dx = c N(x,y) = x2+ 2y - 5

(2y − 5)dy + 2xy + 4x + 3 dx = c

y is considered as constant
2 y dy − 5 dy + 2y x dx + 4 x dx + 3 dx = c

2y 2 x2 x2
− 5y + 2y +4 + 3x = c
2 2 2
2y 2 x2 2 x2
− 5y + 2y +4 + 3x = c
2 2 2
y 2 − 5y + x 2 y + 2x 2 + 3x = c

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 Exact Equations

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

Solution 2:
comes from M(x,y)dx --> choose the terms without y variable
M1 x dx + N x, y dy = c M(x,y) = 2xy + 4x + 3

4x + 3 dx + x 2 + 2y − 5 dy = c
x is considered as constant
4 x dx + 3 dx + x 2 dy + 2 y dy − 5 dy = c

x2 y2
4 + 3x + x 2 y + 2 − 5y = c
2 2
2 x2 y2
4 + 3x + x 2 y + 2 − 5y = c
2 2
2x 2 + 3x + x 2 y + y 2 − 5y = c

2. 3x xy − 2 dx + x 3 + 2y dy = 0 Separable? No
Homogeneous? No
M x, y = 3x xy − 2 N x, y = x 3 + 2y Lines? No
= 3x 2 y − 6x Exact? Yes!

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 3x 2 1 − 0 = 3x 2 + 0
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 3x 2 = 3x 2 (Exact)
𝜕y 𝜕x

Solution 1:

N(x,y) = x3+ 2y
N1 y dy + M x, y dx = c

2y dy + 3x xy − 2 dx = c

2y dy + 3x 2 y − 6x dx = c

y 2 + x 3 y − 3x 2 = c 5
 Exact Equations

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

2. 3x xy − 2 dx + x 3 + 2y dy = 0

Solution 1:

2y dy + 3x 2 y − 6x dx = c
y is considered as constant
2 y dy + 3y x 2 dx − 6 x dx = c

y2 x3 x2
2 + 3y −6 =c
2 3 2
y2 x3 3 x2
2 + 3y −6 =c
2 3 2
y 2 + x 3 y − 3x 2 = c

Solution 2:
M(x,y)dx = 3x(xy - 2) = 3x2y - 6x
M1 x dx + N x, y dy = c

−6x dx + x 3 + 2y dy = c

−6 x dx + x 3 dy + 2 y dy = c

2
3 x 3
y2
−6 +x y+2 =c
2 2
−3x 2 + x 3 y + y 2 = c

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 Exact Equations

Example:
Separable? No
Solve the following differential equations. Homogeneous? No
Lines? No
3. x cos x + y sin y dx + x y cos y + sin y dy = 0 Exact? Yes!
M x, y = x cos x + y sin y N x, y = x y cos y + sin y

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 0 + y cos y 1 + sin y 1 = y cos y + sin y 1
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= y cos y + sin y = y cos y + sin y (Exact)
𝜕y 𝜕x

Solution: N(x,y)= x(ycosy+siny)

=xycosy + xsiny
N1 y dy + M x, y dx = c

x cos x dx
0 dy + x cos x + y sin y dx = c
y is constant Use IBP (Shortcut):

0 dy + x cos x dx + y sin y dx = c + x cos x

− 1 sin x
c + x sin x + cos x + y sin y x = c 0 −cos x
+ cos x
x sin x + xy sin y = c − c c
= x sin x − −cos x + c
x sin x + cos x + xy sin y = c = x sin x + cos x + c

Separable? No Exact? Yes!

Homogeneous? No
4. 2x + y cos(xy) dx + x cos(xy) dy = 0 Lines? No
M x, y = 2x + y cos(xy) N x, y = x cos(xy)

𝜕M 𝜕N
= 0 + y − sin xy x + cos xy 1 = x −sin xy y + cos xy 1
𝜕y 𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕N
= −xy sin xy + cos(xy) = −xy sin xy + cos(xy) (Exact)
𝜕y 𝜕x

Solution:

M(x,y)= 2x + y cos(xy)
𝑀1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

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 Exact Equations

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

4. 2x + y cos(xy) dx + x cos(xy) dy = 0

Solution:
cos xy dy
2x dx + x cos(xy) dy = c
Let u = xy
x is constant du = x dy
du
= dy
2 x dx + x cos xy dy = c x

du
2 = (cos u)
x 1 x
2 +x sin xy =c
2 x 1
= cos u du
x
x2 1
2 +x sin xy =c 1
2 x = sin u + c
x
1
x 2 + sin(xy) = c = sin xy + c
x