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Engineering Mathematics -II

Assignment Solution - Week 4
TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ/MSQ
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QUESTION 1:
1
What is the value of the integral 𝐼 = ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶: |𝑧| = 2?
𝑧
a. 𝜋𝑖
b. 2𝜋𝑖
c. 3𝜋𝑖
d. 4𝜋

Correct Answer: b .

Solution:
Using Cauchy integral formula,
𝑓 (𝑧 )
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝐶 𝑧 − 𝑧0

where 𝐶 is a simple closed curve enclosing the point 𝑧0 .

Here, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 1 and 𝑧0 = 0.
Hence,
1
𝐼=∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖
𝐶 𝑧
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QUESTION 2:
𝑒𝑧
What is the value of the integral 𝐼 = ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶: |𝑧| = 1?
𝑧4
a. 𝜋𝑖/3
b. 2𝜋𝑖/3
c. 𝜋𝑖
d. 4𝜋𝑖/3

Correct Answer: a .

Solution:
Using Cauchy integral formula for derivatives,
𝑛! 𝑓 (𝑧 )
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑧0 )
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛+1
Here, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 , 𝑧0 = 0 and 𝑛 = 3. Then,
𝑒𝑧 𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖 ‘’’ 𝜋𝑖
𝐼=∮ 𝑑𝑧 = ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓 (0) =
𝐶 𝑧4 𝐶 (𝑧 − 0) 3+1 3! 3
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QUESTION 3:
Consider the power series
∞
(𝑧 − 6)𝑛
∑
𝑛𝑛
𝑛=0

Which of the following option(s) is (are) CORRECT for the power series?

a. Radius of convergence is ∞
b. The power series converges for all 𝑧 ∈ ℂ
c. Radius of convergence is 0
d. The power series converges only for 𝑧 = 6

Correct Answer: a, b .

Solution:
The radius of convergence of power series
∞

∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛
𝑛=0
is
1 𝑎𝑛+1
= lim | |
𝑟 𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
1
Here, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛. Thus,
1 𝑛𝑛 1 1
= lim | | = lim 𝑛 = lim =0
𝑟 𝑛→∞ (𝑛 + 1)𝑛+1 𝑛→∞ 1 𝑛→∞ 𝑒 ⋅ (𝑛 + 1)
(1 + 𝑛) ⋅ (𝑛 + 1)
It implies
𝑟=∞
Hence, the power series converges ∀ 𝑧 ∈ ℂ
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QUESTION 4:
The Taylor series expansion for
1
𝑓(𝑧) =
1 − 𝑧2
about the point 𝑧 = 0 is

a. ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑧 , |𝑧| < 1
b. ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) 𝑧 , |𝑧| < 1
c. ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=0(1 + (−1) )𝑧 , |𝑧| < 1
1
d. ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=0(1 + (−1) )𝑧 , |𝑧| < 1
2

Correct Answer: d .

Solution:
The Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is
𝑓 ‘’ (𝑧0 ) 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑧0 )
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑓 (𝑧0 ) + (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑓 ‘ (𝑧0 ) + (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )2 + ⋯ + (𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) +⋯
2! 𝑛!
Now,
1 1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = = +
1 − 𝑧 2 2(1 − 𝑧) 2(1 + 𝑧)
1
= 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + ⋯
1−𝑧
1
= 1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 + ⋯
1+𝑧
Thus,
∞ ∞
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑧 𝑛 + ∑(−1)𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 , |𝑧| < 1
2 2
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
∞
1
= ∑(1 + (−1)𝑛 )𝑧 𝑛 , |𝑧| < 1
2
𝑛=0
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QUESTION 5:
Let
sin 𝑧
𝑓 (𝑧 ) =
𝑧
What is the residue of 𝑓 at 𝑧 = 0?

a. 0
b. 1
c. 1/5!
d. −1/3!

Correct Answer: a .

Solution:
sin 𝑧 1 𝑧3 𝑧5 𝑧2 𝑧4
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = = (𝑧 − + − ⋯ ) = 1 − + − ⋯
𝑧 𝑧 3! 5! 3! 5!
1
The coefficient of 𝑧−0 is zero.

Hence, residue of 𝑓 at 0 is 0.
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QUESTION 6:
The Laurent series expansion for
𝑧
𝑓 (𝑧 ) =
𝑧2 + 1
about the point 𝑧 = 𝑖 is

1 1 (𝑧−𝑖)𝑛
a. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2(𝑧−𝑖) + 4𝑖 ⋅ ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑖) 𝑛
, 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑖 | < 2.
1 1 (−1)𝑛 (𝑧−𝑖)𝑛
b. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2(𝑧−𝑖) + 2𝑖 ⋅ ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑖) 𝑛
, 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑖 | < 2.
1 1 (−1)𝑛 (𝑧−𝑖)𝑛
c. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2(𝑧−𝑖) + 4𝑖 ⋅ ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑖) 𝑛
, 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑖 | < 2.
1 1 (𝑧−𝑖)𝑛
d. 𝑓(𝑧) = 2(𝑧−𝑖) + 2𝑖 ⋅ ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑖) 𝑛
, 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑖 | < 2.

Correct Answer: c .

Solution:
𝑧 1 1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = = +
𝑧2 + 1 2(𝑧 − 𝑖 ) 2(𝑧 + 𝑖 )
∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑧−𝑖 𝑛
= = = ⋅ = ⋅ ∑ (−1)𝑛 ( )
𝑧 + 𝑖 𝑧 − 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 (𝑧 − 𝑖 ) + 2𝑖 2𝑖 1 + (𝑧 − 𝑖 ) 2𝑖 2𝑖
2𝑖 𝑛=0

Hence,
∞
1 1 𝑛
𝑧−𝑖 𝑛
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = + ⋅ ∑ (−1) ( )
2(𝑧 − 𝑖 ) 4𝑖 2𝑖
𝑛=0

It is valid in the region 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑖 | < 2.

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QUESTION 7:
Let
1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) =
𝑧 2 (𝑧 2 + 4)

Which of the following option(s) is (are) TRUE for 𝑓(𝑧)?

a. 𝑓 has simple poles at 𝑧 = ±2𝑖

b. 𝑓 has an essential singularity at 𝑧 = ±2𝑖
c. 𝑓 has a simple pole at 𝑧 = 0
d. 𝑓 has a pole of order 2 at 𝑧 = 0

Correct Answer: a, d .

Solution:
1 1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = =
𝑧 2 (𝑧 2 + 4 ) 𝑧 2 (𝑧 − 2𝑖 )(𝑧 + 2𝑖 )

1 1
lim 𝑧 2 𝑓(𝑧) = lim =
𝑧→0 𝑧→0 (𝑧 − 2𝑖 )(𝑧 + 2𝑖 ) 4

It implies 𝑓 has double pole at 𝑧 = 0

1 1 1 1
lim (𝑧 − 2𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧) = lim = ⋅ = −
𝑧→2𝑖 𝑧→2𝑖 𝑧 2 (𝑧 + 2𝑖 ) −4 4𝑖 16𝑖

It implies 𝑓 has a simple pole at 𝑧 = 2𝑖

1 1 1 1
lim (𝑧 + 2𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧) = lim = ⋅ =
𝑧→−2𝑖 𝑧→−2𝑖 𝑧 2 (𝑧 − 2𝑖 ) −4 −4𝑖 16𝑖

It implies 𝑓 has a simple pole at 𝑧 = −2𝑖

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QUESTION 8:
Let
𝑒𝑧 − 1 2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑒 1/𝑧
𝑧

Which of the following is (are) true for 𝑓 and 𝑔?

a. 𝑓 has a simple pole at 𝑧 = 0

b. 𝑔 has a removable singularity at 𝑧 = 0
c. 𝑓 has a removable singularity at 𝑧 = 0
d. 𝑔 has an essential singularity at 𝑧 = 0

Correct Answer: c, d .

Solution:
𝑒𝑧 − 1 𝑒𝑧
lim 𝑓 (𝑧) = lim = lim = 1
𝑧→0 𝑧→0 𝑧 𝑧→0 1

It implies that 𝑓 has a removable singularity at 𝑧 = 0.

1 1 1 1
𝑔 (𝑧 ) = 𝑒 𝑧 2 = 1 + + + +⋯
𝑧 2 2! 𝑧 4 3! 𝑧 6
Clearly, 𝑔(𝑧) has an essential singularity at 𝑧 = 0.
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QUESTION 9:
Using residue theorem, evaluate the integral
1
𝐼=∮ 𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝑧2 + 1

along 𝐶: |𝑧| = 4. The value of the integral is

a. 𝜋
b. 0
c. 1/𝜋
d. 2𝜋

Correct Answer: b .

Solution:
𝑓 (𝑧) has simple poles at 𝑧 = ±𝑖.

Residue of 𝑓 at 𝑧 = 𝑖 is

1 1
lim(𝑧 − 𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧) = lim =
𝑧→𝑖 𝑧→𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑖 2𝑖
Residue of 𝑓 at 𝑧 = −𝑖 is

1 1
lim (𝑧 + 𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧) = lim =−
𝑧→−𝑖 𝑧→−𝑖 𝑧 − 𝑖 2𝑖
Using residue theorem, we have

1 1 1
𝐼=∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[𝑅𝑒𝑠(𝑓, 𝑖) + 𝑅𝑒𝑠(𝑓, −𝑖)] = 2𝜋𝑖 [ − ]=0
𝐶 𝑧2 + 1 2𝑖 2𝑖
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QUESTION 10:
Using residue theorem, evaluate the integral
1
𝐼=∮ 𝑧4 sin 𝑑𝑧
|𝑧|=1 𝑧
The value of the integral is

a. 𝜋
b. 0
c. 𝜋𝑖
d. 𝜋𝑖/60

Correct Answer: d .

Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑧 4 sin = 𝑧4 ( − + − ⋯ ) = 𝑧 3
− 𝑧 + −⋯
𝑧 𝑧 3! 𝑧 3 5! 𝑧 5 3! 5! 𝑧
1
Residue of 𝑓 at 𝑧 = 0 is 5!

1 2𝜋𝑖 𝜋𝑖
𝐼=∮ 𝑧4 sin 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑅𝑒𝑠(𝑓, 0) = =
|𝑧|=1 𝑧 5! 60