Conjunctions

Conjunctions

Business English at Work

 Conjunctions

There are 3 main types of

conjunctions:
coordinating conjunctions
subordinating conjunctions
correlative conjunctions

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 Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions
Join words, phrases, or clauses that are equal
in grammatical construction and importance.
for and nor but or yet so FANBOYS
Insert a comma before a coordinating
conjunction that separates two independent
clauses.

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 Conjunctions

continued
Coordinating Conjunctions
Use but to express a contrasting idea.
Jane is rich, but Tom is poor.

Use and to show an addition.

Your thoughts and reactions to events can influence your
health.
Use or to indicate a choice.
Lee copes with stress by meditating or by making jokes
about difficult situations.
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 Conjunctions

Use yet to introduces a contrasting idea that

follows the preceding idea logically (similar to
“but”)
I always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a
single page.

Use so to indicate effect, result, or

consequence.
I’ve started dating one of the soccer players, so now I
have an excuse to watch the game each week.

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continued
Coordinating Conjunctions
Use nor to make a second choice negative.
Liz and Tony did not agree on the topics for the stress
management workshop, nor did they agree on the
speakers.

Use for to explain reason or purpose.

Scientists are trying to find a new livable planet, for the
world is coming to the end.

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 Conjunctions

Punctuate coordinating conjunctions correctly.

Pattern 1 — Connecting two main clauses
MAIN CLAUSE + , Coordinating Conjunction + MAIN CLAUSE.

- January is the first month of the year, and December

is the last.
- I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to watch the
ducks on the lake.
*Pattern 1 works with all of the coordinating conjunctions:
and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet.
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 Conjunctions

Pattern 2 — Connecting two words or phrases

WORD + Ø + Coordinating Conjunction + WORD

PHRASE + Ø + Coordinating Conjunction + PHRASE

- My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair.
- The children are energetic and noisy.
- Swimming and hiking are my favorite summer activities.

*Pattern 2 works with all of the coordinating conjunctions

except: for and so.

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 Conjunctions

Pattern 3 – Joining three or more words or

phrases in a series.
word + , + word + , + and + word

phrase + , + phrase + , + and + phrase

- My computer needs more RAM, a faster processor, and a color
printer.
- Sandy spent his summer studying basic math, writing, and reading
comprehension.
*Pattern 3 works with all of the coordinating conjunctions
except: for and so.
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continued
Coordinating Conjunctions
Do not use a comma before a coordinating
conjunction that links two words or phrases.
Relaxation can inject happiness and fulfillment into your
daily routine.
Do not use a comma before a conjunction if
the material following the conjunction is not a
complete sentence.
Losing your temper may get attention but usually makes
the situation worse.
Business English at Work PP 15-9d
 Conjunctions

continued
Coordinating Conjunctions
Use commas to separate three or more words,
phrases, or clauses in a series.
Include a comma before the coordinating
conjunction.
Ways to reduce stress include yoga, meditation, and
exercise.
Do not place a comma after the last item in a
series.
Joanne usually chooses soup, salad, or a pasta dish for
lunch.
Business English at Work PP 15-9e
 Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions
Join words, phrases, and sentences of equal
importance.
Appear in pairs, and both parts receive the
same attention.
both…..and neither…..nor
either……or not only…..but also
whether…..or

Business English at Work PP 15-10a

 Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions
Examples

Either Bernice or Lauren determines the work

schedule.
The speaker not only described the benefits of
laughter but also related some personal stories
to illustrate her point.

Business English at Work PP 15-10b

 Find the secret words
hidden in Mona Lisa.
Conjunctions
Decode these numbers
by yourself.

*Clue:
1 = the letter A

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CODE 1
Conjunctions

13-15-14-1 12-9-19-18-1-19 2-15-20-8

1 8-1-16-16-25 1-14-4
23-9-12-4 6-1-3-5.

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CODE 2
Conjunctions

19-8-5 8-1-19 14-5-9-20-8-5-18

5-25-5-2-18-15-23-19 14-14-18
5-25-5-12-1-19-8-5-19.

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Let’s find where are

correlative conjunctions
in these sentences.

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Let’s stand up.

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 Conjunctions

If you think the word in the yellow

box is correct, stand up.

If you think the word in the yellow

box is correct, just sit on your chair.

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virtue vertue

คุณธรรม

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virtue

คุณธรรม

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pearch preach

สัง่ สอน

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preach

สัง่ สอน

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achieve acheive

บรรลุ

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achieve

บรรลุ

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greatful grateful

กตัญญู

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 Conjunctions

grateful

กตัญญู

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ancester ancestor

บรรพบุรุษ

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 Conjunctions

ancestor

บรรพบุรุษ

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 Conjunctions

Propagation Propegation

การเผยแผ่

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 Conjunctions

Propagation

การเผยแผ่

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evaperate evaporate

เหือดแห้ ง

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evaporate

เหือดแห้ ง

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 Conjunctions

“either…or”
is used to join two positive options.

Example
- We can either go to the movies or stay inside
and watch Netflix.
- The sound was either a firework or a gunshot.

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 Conjunctions

“neither…nor” pairs up two negative options.

Example:
- When it comes to movies, I like neither
comedies nor romances.
- Neither Norway nor Switzerland is in the
European Union.
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 Conjunctions

Either Crystal or Julia wants to

come with us to the festival.

Either Courtney or her friends are

coming to pick me up.

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 Conjunctions

- Neither Jack nor I am driving.

- Neither Timmy nor Pookie likes fish.

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 Conjunctions

 Neither Yolanda nor the cousins expressed

their disappointment when blind Aunt
Sophie set down the plate of burnt
hamburgers.

 Neither the cousins nor Yolanda expressed

her disappointment when blind Aunt Sophie
set down the plate of burnt hamburgers.
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 Conjunctions

 When you use “either…or”

“neither…nor,
be careful about verb agreement.

 If you connect two subjects, the

second one must agree with the verb
that follows.
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 Conjunctions

 Be careful about pronoun

agreement.

 If you connect two antecedents with

a correlative conjunction, the second
one must agree with the pronoun
that follows.
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 Conjunctions

“whether…or” also pairs up two

options, but they must be clauses. It’s
similar to the subordinating
conjunction “if” in that it brings up
hypothetical conditions, but in pairs.

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 Conjunctions

 Whether I drink a lot or a little, my

face still gets red.

 Whether it’s sunny out or raining,

we’re still going to see the concert.

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 Conjunctions

A common usage of this

correlative conjunction is in
the form “whether…or not” or
simply “whether or not.”

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 Whether the earrings are cheap

or not, I’m still going to buy
them.

 You have to take this

class, whether or not you want to.

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BOTH…AND
This correlative conjunction is
used to join two equal items
together.
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 Conjunctions

 I don’t know why, but both Jane and Colin

have stopped talking to me.
 The hurricane was devastating both
emotionally and economically.

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NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO

This correlative conjunction is
similar to “both…and” and
emphasizes that two items belong
in a pair.
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 Conjunctions

Michael grilled meat for not only Tiffany

but also Rocket, her dog.

Michael grilled meat not only for

Tiffany but also for Rocket, her dog.

Not only did Michael grill a steak for

Tiffany, but he also prepared a hotdog
for Rocket, her dog.
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 Conjunctions

- He’s not only intelligent but also funny.

- The car not only is economical but
also feels good to drive.
- Not only did she forget my birthday, but
she also didn’t even apologise for
forgetting it.
- Not only was it raining all day at the
wedding but also the band was late.

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 Conjunctions

The Class Survey

activity

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 Conjunctions

Write 5 sentences about the information

you got by using correlative conjunctions.

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 Conjunctions

Conjunctive Adverbs
Show the relationship between two independent
clauses of equal weight. The words are adverbs,
but they also function as connectors.
Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb when it
joins two independent clauses.
Use a comma after a conjunctive adverb of two or
more syllables.

Business English at Work PP 15-12a

 Conjunctions

• Conjunctive adverbs are words that describe a

relationship between two clauses.
• They act as transitional phrases and connect ideas
of one sentence or clause to those of a previous
sentence or clause.
• Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a
sentence.

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 Conjunctions

• Show Relationship - The primary purpose of

conjunctive adverbs is to connect ideas by
showing a time relationship.

• When two clauses are related by a conjunctive

adverb, they must be separated by a period or a
semicolon.

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 Conjunctions

Independent Clause + ; +Conjunctive Adverb, +Independent Clause

Michele wrote the letter; consequently, Julie mailed it to Jeffrey .

IC SC CA C IC P

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The Pattern for Joining Two Independent

Clauses with a Conjunctive Adverb:

IC + ; + CA + , + IC = Complete Sentence

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continued
Conjunctive Adverbs
consequently furthermore hence
however indeed instead
likewise moreover nevertheless
otherwise similarly still
therefore thus
Business English at Work PP 15-12b
 Conjunctions

continued
Conjunctive Adverbs
Examples
Exercise can reduce lower-back pain; nevertheless,
you should see a doctor before beginning an exercise
program.
Chris and I planned to eat lunch together; instead, I
ate a sandwich at my desk.
I felt isolated and stressed working at home;
therefore, I requested a transfer to a local branch
office.
Business English at Work PP 15-12c
 Conjunctions

Choose the sentence that is written correctly.

1. a. I will go therefore you can stay home.
b. I will go; therefore, you can stay home.
c. I will go, therefore, you can stay home.
d. I will go, therefore; you can stay home.

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2. a. Anna came to the meeting however she had to leave early.

b. Anna came to the meeting, however, she had to leave early.
c. Anna came to the meeting; however, she had to leave early.
d. Anna came to the meeting; however she had to leave early.

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3. a. Dinosaurs are extinct; otherwise, we would be very afraid.

b. Dinosaurs are extinct, otherwise, we would be very afraid.
c. Dinosaurs are extinct; otherwise we would be very afraid.
d. Dinosaurs are extinct otherwise we would be very afraid.

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4. a. Fifty girls signed up for a prom dress; finally;

they had to close the contest.
b. Fifty girls signed up for a prom dress; finally,
they had to close the contest.
c. Fifty girls signed up for a prom dress finally they
had to close the contest.
d. Fifty girls signed up for a prom dress, finally
they had to close the contest.

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5. a. Liam left the house subsequently he forgot his books.

b. Liam left the house, subsequently, he forgot his books.
c. Liam left the house; subsequently, he forgot his books.
d. Liam left the house, subsequently; he forgot his books.

Business English at Work

 Conjunctions

• Separate you into 4 group.

• Search for the conjunctive adverbs in the following topics.
AND type
BUT type
OR type
SO type + FOR type
There should be list of conjunctive adverbs, explanations, some
exercises, and some examples .
• Present your work on any application that you want to.

Business English at Work