HISTORY

FORM TWO

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 DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY
1. 1990 Q 21
a) Give four inventions that improved textile manufacturing it Britain
during the industrial revolution.

b) State six reasons why the industrialization revolution first took place in Britain.

c) State six economic effects of the industrial revolutions in Europe.

d) State four social problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution in Europe

2. 1993 Q22
a) State 5 uses of copper in pre-colonial Africa
b) Explain impact of iron technology from the people of Africa

3. 1993 Q27b
Explain six factors which have contributed to the rise of China as a powerful
nation

4. 1994 Q4
a) State five factors which have facilitated industrialization in the third world
countries

b) Explain five ways in which industrialization in the third world

countries has affected them

5. 1995 Q 4
a) State three ways in which the industrial revolution contributed to urbanization
In Europe
b) Explain six factors which led to emergence of USA as an industrial revolution

6. 1996 Q4
Identify one use of bronze in Ancient Benin (1marks)

7. 1996 Q15 (Sect B)

a) In what ways did the development of the steam engine contribute to the
growth of industries in Europe during the nineteenth century. (3marks)

b) Explain six factors which led to the emergence of Japan as an

industrial power after the second world war. (12marks)

8. 1997 Q4
Identify three uses of bronze in the kingdom of Benin (3marks)

9. 1997 Q6
What was the main source of energy during the early period of the Industries
revolution in Europe?

10. 1997 Q11

State two government policies which have contributed to industrialization in
India (2 marks)

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 11. 1997 Q 16
(a) Describe the working conditions of factory workers in Britain during the
industrial revolution (5 marks)
(b) What factors favoured the development of industries in Britain by 1850?
(10 marks)
12. 1998 Q 4,5
State two scientific discoveries in the field of medicine in the nineteenth century
(2 marks)
Identify the main source of industrial energy in Europe from the mid
twentieth century. (1 mark)

13. 1998 Q18

(a) In what ways did overseas colonies contribute to the expansion of
industries in Europe? (3 marks)
(b) Discuss the problem which the European society faced as a result of
industrialization (12 marks)

14. 1999 Q 3,4

3. Give one main reason why trade union movements were formed in Europe
during the nineteenth century (1 mark)
4. Identify two scientific discoveries during the nineteenth century which
contributed to food preservation (2 marks)

15. 1999 Q 5
State two inventions during the eighteenth century which improved textile
industry in Britain (2 marks)

16. 1999 Q13

Show two ways in which the industrial Revolution in Europe promoted
European colonization of Africa. (2 marks)

17. 1999 Q18

(a) Describe the uses of gold in ancient Egypt
(b) Explain how the discovery of iron in Africa affected people’s lives in the
continent.

18. 2001 Q 3
State two uses of bronze in early Egypt. (2 marks)

19. 2001 Q8
Give two reasons why coal was used as the main source of industrial power in
Britain during the industrial Revolution.

20. 2001 Q13,21

13. Identify one way in which the industrial Revolution contributed to
colonization of colonization of Africa by Europeans

21. a) Which scientific inventions of the twentieth century have led

to a reduction in death rates? (5marks)
b) Explain the positive impact of scientific inventions on industry.
(10marks)
21. 2002 Q6
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 Give one disadvantage of using coal as a source of industrial energy during
the nineteenth century. (1 mark)
22. 2002 Q 9,10
9. Give two inventions that improved textile manufacturing industry in
Britain in the eighteenth century. (2 marks)
10. State one contribution of Joseph Lister in the field of medicine in the
nineteenth century (1 mark)

23. 2002 Q19

(a) What factors led to the industrialization in German in the 19th century?
(b) Explain five results of the industrial Revolution in Europe during the
19th century

24. 2003 Q3
State two disadvantages of using coal as a source of industrial energy (2 marks)

25. 2003 Q18b

(b) Explain six ways through which the invention of the railway speeded up
industrialization in Europe. (12 marks)

26. 2004 Q3
Give two uses of Bronze in Mesopotamia. (2 marks)

27. 2004 Q6
Give two contributions of the inventions of the steam to industry in the 18th
century in Europe. (2 marks)

27. 2005 Q8
Identify two economic effects of industrial revolution in North America
(2 marks)
28. 2005 Q20a
(a) What were the effects of using electricity in industries in Europe during
the 19th century? (5 marks)

29. 2006 Q 5,6

5. State two advantages of use of electricity in industries during the industrial
Revolution (2marks)
6. State the main contribution of the discovery of chloroform in the field
of medicine. (1 mark)

30. 2007 Q 4
Identify two early sources of energy. (2 marks)

31. 2008 Q 4
Identify two uses of copper in Africa during the 19th Century.

32. 2009 Q 4,5

4. Identify the greatest contribution of Michael Faraday in the field of science
(1mark)
5. Give the main use of steam power during the industrial revolution in Europe
(1mark)

33. 2009 Q6
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 State two disadvantages of using wood as a source of energy. (2marks)

34. 2009 Q19

(a) Identify three ways in which water was used in industries during the18th
century. (3marks)
(b)Explain six local effects of the industrial revolution in Europe during the
18th century (12marks)

35. 2010 Q 4
Name two metals that were used as currency in pre-colonial Africa. (1 mark)

36. 2010 Q 19
a) Give three problems faced by factory workers in Europe during the
Industrial revolution. (3 marks)
b) Expalin six factors that have promoted industrialization in South Africa
(12 marks)
37. 2011 Q19a
State three disadvantages of coal as a source of energy (3marks)

38. 2012 Q7 P2
Give two inventions that revolutionalized the textile industry in Britain
during the 18th Century. (2 marks)

39. 2012 Q19 P2

a) Give three uses of wind as a source of energy in ancient times. (3 marks)
(b) Explain six effects of iron working technology on African communities
before the 19th century. (12 marks)

40. 2013 Q5P2

Identify the earliest method of trade used during the Trans-Saharan Trade. (1mark)
41. 2013 Q19 P2
(a) Identify five uses of coal during the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
(5marks)
(b) Explain five effects of scientific inventions on medicine. (10marks)

42. 2014 Q19 P2

(a) Give three uses of electricity in Europe during the 19th century. (3 marks)
(b) Explain six factors which promoted industrial revolution in India. (12 marks)

43. 2015 Q6 P2
Identify the main sources of energy used in the early stages of
Industrial Revolution in Europe (1 mark)

44. 2015 Q7 P2
State one advantage of using steel over iron during the Industrial
Revolution in Europe. (1 mark)

45. 2016 Q4, 5. 18, 19 P2

4. Highlight two uses of copper in Africa during the 19th Century. (2 marks)

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 5. Identify two metals used as currency in pre-colonial Africa. (2 marks)

18 (a) Give three disadvantages of hunting as an economic activity by early

human beings. (3 marks)
(b) Describe six results of iron working technology on African communities
before the 19th Century. (12 marks)
19. (a) Outline three challenges faced by factory workers in Europe during the
Industrial Revolution.- (3 marks)
(b) Describe six factors that have encouraged industrialisation in South
Africa. (12 marks)
46. 2018 Q5 P2
Outline two factors which facilitated the spread of iron working technology in Africa
during the ancient times. (2 marks)
47. 2018 Q19 P2
(a)Identify five effects of scientific inventions on medicine. ( 5 marks)
(b) Describe five factors which have influenced industrialisation in India. (10 marks)

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 CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTION MAKING
1. 1996 Q15
Which provision in the Kenya constitution protects the wealth of individuals
in the country? (1mark)

2. 1996 Q12 (pp2)

What is constitution?

3. 1997 Q21a
Describe the main provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya. (3marks)

3. 1998 Q21b
Describe the constitutional amendments which took place in Kenya between
1964 and 1992. (12 marks)

4. 2000 Q22
(a) What were the three features of the independence constitution of Kenya?
(3 marks)
(b) Explain six powers that the constitution of Kenya gives to the president.
(12 marks)
5. 2001 Q12 (pp2)
State one advantage of a written constitution over an unwritten Constitution.
(1mark)
6. 2003 Q11
State two provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya. (2 marks)

7. 2003 Q14 (PP2)

State one advantage of a written constitution. (1 mark)

8. 2005 Q16
Give one way in which the constitution of Kenya guarantees the rule of law.
(1 mark)
9. 2008 Q24
a) Identify five requirements in the constitution making process (5marks)
b) Describe five features of the independence constitution of Kenya (10marks)

10. 2010 Q23a

Give three reasons why the constitution is important in Kenya. (3marks)

11. 2011 Q7
What constitutional Amendment made Kenya return to multi-party state (1mark)
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 12. 2013 Q6 P1
State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008
affected the composition of the government in Kenya (2marks)

13. 2014 Q22 P1

(a) State five decisions reached after the first Lancaster House conference of 1960.
(5 marks)
(b) Describe five main features of the constitution of Kenya. (10 marks)

14. 2018 Q7 P1
Give two types of constitutions. (2 marks)
15. 2018 Q15 P1
Which constitutional amendment reintroduced multiparty democracy
in Kenya (1 mark)
16. 2018 Q24 P1
(b) Discuss six features of the Constitution of Kenya (2010). (12 marks)

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 DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
1. 1991 Q25
Explain how the bill of rights in Kenya Constitution protects the rights of the
individuals.

2. 1997 Q21b
b) Explain the circumstances which may force the government to limit the rights
and the freedoms of the individual. (12marks)

3. 1998 Q14
State one fundamental right of the individual which a person in prison is
deprived of (2 marks)

4. 2002 Q6b
(b) Explain six ways in which the Bill of Rights protests the rights of the
individual (12 marks)

5. 2003 Q 3
State one reason why the government may limit the freedom of speech (1 mark)

6. 2006 Q8
Identify two development rights of children (2 marks)

7. 2006 Q7
What is direct democracy? (1 mark)

8. 2006 Q22
(a) What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right
to vote in Kenya (5 marks)

(b) Explain the right to an accused person during trial in a court of law in
Kenya (10 marks)

9. 2007 Q17 (pp2)

Identify two types of democracy. (2 marks)

10. 2008 Q12

Give one reason why the government of Kenya may limit a persons
Freedom Of speech (1mark)

11. 2010 Q17

Give one type of human rights. (1 mark)

12. 2011 Q8
Name the document which contains the rights of the child in Kenya (1mark)
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 13. 2012 Q10 P1
State two advantages of representative democracy. (2marks)

14. 2012 Q22 P1

(a) Give three circumstances in which one's right to life may be taken away.
(3 marks)
(b) Explain six reasons why it is important to respect human rights.
(12 marks)
15. 2014 Q23 P1
(a) Give five reasons why human rights are important. (5 marks)

(b) Explain five functions of the Kenya National Commissions on

Human Rights.
(10 marks)
16. 2015 Q8 P1
State two ways in which direct democracy is exercised in Kenya. (2 marks)

17. 2016 Q8 P1
State the meaning of "Direct democracy". (1 mark)

18. 2018 Q9 P1
State two types of democracy, (2 marks)

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 TRADE
1. 1991 Q23
a) State five factors which contributed to the development of Trans – Sahara trade.
b) Explain five factors which contributed to the decline of the Trans –Saharan Trade.

2. 1992 Q21b, c
b) Give ways in which the Tuaregs contributed to the development of
Trans - Saharan trade. The Tuaregs
c) State five ways in which the Trans - Saharan trade led to development
of the Kingdom of Old Ghana.

3. 1993 Q23
a) Identify 5 factors which led to the development of the trade between
East Africa and the outside world up to the 19th century
b) What were the effects of the trade on East Africa?
4. 1995 Q3
a) Identify three factors leading to the abolition of slave trade in the
19th Century?
b) Explain six effects of the Trans-Atlantic slave on West Africa

5. 1996 Q7
a) What is barter trade? (1mark)
b) Identify one limitation of using barter as a method of trade. (1mark)

6. 1996 Q2 (section B)
a) What factors led to the development of trade between North Africa
and West Africa during the pre-colonial period? (3marks)

b) Describe the effects of the Trans – Saharan trade of West African

societies? (12marks).

7. 1997 Q7
State two ways through which slaves were obtained in West Africa during the
Trans- Atlantic trade. (2 marks)

8. 1997 Q17
(a) What factors contributed to the development of the Trans- Saharan Trade?
(8 marks)
(b) Describe the difficulties faced by the Trans- Saharan traders (7 marks)

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 9. 1998 Q7
Give one reason why the general agreement on tariffs and Trade (GATT)
was established (1 mark)

10. 1999 Q6-8

6. Give two ways in which air transport has improved trade between nations
(2 marks)
7. Distinguish between barter and currency systems of trade (2 marks)

8. (a) State the role played by the Tuaregs in the Trans- Saharan trade (1 mark)
(b) Identify two trade routes which connected trading centers in the
Western Sudan and North Africa during the Trans-Saharan trade. (2 marks)
9. Give the main aim of the United Nations Conference ob trade and
development (UNCTAD) (1 mark)

11. 2000 Q6, 7

6. State two objectives of international trade agreements. (1 mark)
7. What is the difference between barter trade and trade in which
currency is used as the medium of exchange? (2 marks)

12. 2000 Q20

(a) What five factors undermined the trans- Saharan trade? (5 marks)
(b) Explain five ways in which West African communities benefited
from the Trans- Saharan Trade. (10 marks)

13. 2001 Q18

a) Describe how the Trans – Sahara trade was organized (8marks)
b) What problems did the trans- Saharan trader face? (7marks)

14. 2002 Q3
State one main limitation of barter trade during the Trans- Saharan Trade.
(1 mark)
15. 2002 Q18
(a) Describe three ways through which slaves were obtained during the
Trans- Atlantic slaves trade
(b) Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Trans- Atlantic trade

16. 2003 Q4
Identify one advantage of barter as a method of exchange in the Trans-
Saharan trade. (1 mark)

17. 2003 Q7
State one reason why internal Trade Agreement are signed. (1 mark)

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 18. 2003 Q20
(a) Describe the organization of the Trans- Atlantic Trade. (3 marks)
(b) What were the results of the Trans- Atlantic Trade in West Africa?
(12 marks)
19. 2003 Q22a
(a) Give three reasons why the preferential Trade Area (PTA) was formed.
(3 marks)
20. 2004 Q9
Identify tow problems that may hinder the effective operation of international
Trade Agreements. (2 marks)

21. 2004 Q21

(a) What was the role of the Tuaregs in the trans- Saharan trade? (3 marks)
(b) Explain six effects of the trans-Saharan trade on the people of Western
Sudan. (12 marks)

22. 2005 Q 7
Identify the main commodity from Africa in the Trans- Atlantic trade (1 mark)

23. 2006 Q3
Identify one type of trade. (1 mark)

24. 2007 Q7
Identify the main method of trade in Africa during the pre-colonial period.
(1mark)
25. 2007 Q19
(a) Identify the three types of trade.
(3marks)
(b) Describe the organization of the Trans-Saharan trade. (12
marks)

26. 2008 Q7
State the problems faced by traders when using the barter trade system (2marks)

27. 2008 Q19

a) Give three methods used to acquire slaves from West Africa during the
Trans-Atlantic trade (3marks)
b) Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade
(12marks)
28. 2009 Q8
State two advantages of the use of money over barter as a medium of
exchange. (2marks)
29. 2010 Q6
Give the two main items of the Trans-Saharan trade. (2 marks)

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 30. 2011 Q5
Why was ‘silent trade’ practised by Trans-Saharan traders (1mark)
31. 2011 Q20
a) State three factors that contributed to the development of Trans-Atlantic
Trade (3marks)
b) Explain six negative effects on Trans-Atlantic trade on African
Communities (12marks)
32. 2012 Q4,5 P2
4. Give the main form of transport used in the Trans-Saharan Trade. (1 mark)
5. Name two groups of people that were involved in the Trans-Atlantic Trade.
(2 marks)
33. 2013 Q4 P2
State one theory of origin about the knowledge of iron working in Africa. (1mark)

34. 2013 Q6 P2
State two ways in which Africans participated in the Trans-Atlantic Trade.
(2marks)
35. 2015 Q19 P2
(a) State five disadvantages of using barter trade during the
Trans-Saharan trade. (5 marks)
(b) Describe the organisation of the Trans-Saharan Trade. (10 marks)

23. 2006 Q3
Mention one type of trade. (1 mark)

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 DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
1. 1990 Q23
Discus the role played by telecommunication service in modern society.

2. 1992 Q24b
Explain the impact of the development of transport and communication
network in Zimbabwe during the colonial period (1930).
3. 1994 Q3b
What has been the result of the development of telecommunication
Technology in the modern world?

4. 1996 Q5
List two forms of communication used to send messages to distant places in
the shortest possible time. (2marks)

5. 1996 Q3
a) Explain three ways in which Macadamised roads are an improvement
to road transport. (3marks)
b) What were the results of the development of railway transport in
Europe up the end of the Nineteenth century? (12marks)

6. 1998 Q6
Give one way in which poor transport network hinders industrialization in the
Third World countries. (1 mark)

7. 1998 Q20
(a) Describe the results of the development of railway transport during the
nineteenth century (5 marks)
(b) Discuss ways through which the modern society has benefited from the
development in telecommunications (10 marks)
8. 2000 Q3, 4
3. State two characteristics of the Macadamized roads (2 marks)
4. Give one advantage of drum beating as a form of communication over the
use of smoke signals in Africa during the pre- colonial period (1 mark)

9. 2001 Q4
Identify one way in which invention of the wheel promoted early transport.
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 (1 mark)
10. 2001 Q 14
State tow ways in which poor transport systems have contributed to food
shortages in Africa. (2marks)

11. 2002 Q 11
State two effects of the development of railway transport in the nineteenth
century

12. 2003 Q18a

(a) Give three developments that have taken place in road transport
systems since 1750. (3 marks)

13. 2004 Q5
Give two disadvantages of human transport. (1 mark)

14. 2004 Q7
State one advantage of the telephones as a means of communication. (1 mark)

15. 2005 Q2
Give two advantages of using the steam engine in the transport industry
in the 19th Century (2 marks)

16. 2005 Q4, 5

4. Identify one form of picture writing during the early civilizations (1mark)
5. State two advantages of cinemas (2 marks)

17. 2006 Q 4
Identify two improvements which were made on macadamized roads in
the Nineteenth century. (2marks)

18. 2006 Q19

a) Give three factors which should be considered when sending a message.
(3marks)
b) Explain the effects of Telecommunications on modern society. (12marks)

19. 2007 Q5, 6

5. State one disadvantage of using a messenger to pass on information.
(1mark)
6. State the main advantage of using air transport. (1mark)

20. 2008 Q6
State two disadvantage of using fire and smoke signals as a means of
communication (2marks)

21. 2008 Q18

a) Give three ways in which the invention of the wheel revolutionised
transport in Europe before the 19th Century (3marks)

b) What are the disadvantages of using air transport (12marks)

22. 2009 Q7
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 Give two means of water transport used during the ancient times. (2marks)

23. 2010 Q5
State one advantage of using the pipeline over vehicles in transporting oil.
(1 mark)
24. 2011 Q4
State two limitations of using animal transport (2marks)

25. 2012 Q6 P2
State two negative effects of the development of motor vehicle transport. (2 marks)

26. 2013 Q7 P2
Identify two modern means of print media. (2marks)

27. 2014 Q4, 5, 6, 7 P2

4. Give the main reason why the camel was preferred as the means of transport
during the Trans-Saharan Trade. (1 mark)

5. Outline one role that was played by the middlemen during the
Trans-Atlantic Trade. (1 mark)

6. Give two benefits of the development of the railway transport in Europe

during the 19th century. (2 marks)

7. State two advantages of using fire and smoke signals to pass message in
traditional societies.

(2 marks)

28. 2015 Q5-6 P2

5. Give two features of the Roman roads by 300 AD (2
marks)

6. State one advantage of horn blowing as a means of communication

during the pre-colonial period (1 mark)

29. 2015 Q20 P2

(a) Identify five forms of print media used in communication. (5 marks)
(b) Explain five positive effects of telecommunication in society. (10 marks)

30. 2018 Q4 P2
State two advantages of using animal transport. (2 marks)

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 URBANIZATION
1. 1990 Q22
a) State five factors that led to urbanization in pre-colonial Africa
b) Discuss the problems of urbanization in Cairo

2. 1993 Q24
a) List 5 factors which led to rapid development of urban centers.
b) Explain the result of urbanization in Europe in the 19th Century.

3. 1996 Q3
Give two factors which led to the early urbanization in Africa (2marks)

4. 1998 Q2
Give two factors which influenced the development of urban centers in
Ancient Greece (2 marks)

5. 2000 Q17
(a) What five factors influenced the development of early urban centers in
Africa? (5 marks)

(b) Explain five consequences of urbanization on European communities

during the nineteenth century. (10 marks)

6. 2001 Q1
a) What factors led to the development of urban centres in Africa
during the pre-colonial period? (8marks)

b) Explain the social effects of urbanization in Europe during the

nineteenth century. (7marks)

7. 2002 Q8
Identify two features of Early Greek city states (2 marks)
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 8. 2003 Q2
Give two factors that influenced the growth of early urban centres in Africa.
(2 marks)
9. 2004 Q4
State two functions of early urban centers in Egypt. (2 marks)

10. 2006 Q7
Identify two factors that led to the growth of Athens as an urban centre.

11. 2007 Q8, 20

8. Identify one reason that led to the decline of Meroe as an early urban centre.
(1mark)
20. (a) State three factors that have contributed to the growth of Johannesburg
city. (3 marks)
(b) Describe six social problems faced by the residents of Johannesburg
since the end of apartheid. (12marks)

12. 2008 Q8
What is the meaning of the term “Urbanisation” (1mark)

13. 2009 Q9
Give two reasons why early urban centres in ancient Egypt developed in the
Nile valley (2marks)

14. 2010 Q7
Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece.
(2 marks)
15. 2011 Q6
Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the Ancient town of Meroe
(1mark)
16. 2012 Q8 P2
Identify the main factor that contributed to the growth of Athens in
Ancient Greece. (1 mark)

17. 2013 Q8 P2
State the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Kilwa. (1mark)

18. 2014 Q 8 P2
State two ways in which the growth of the city of Cairo was influenced by the
River Nile. (2 marks)

19. 2015 Q8 P2
Give the main factor that contributed to the emergence of Johannesburg
as a modern urban centre. (1 mark)

20. 2016 Q6, 7, 8, 9 P2

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 6. Identify two groups who participated in the Trans-Atlantic Trade. (2 marks)

7. Give one reason that led to the decline of Meroe as an early urban centre,(1 mark)

8. Outline the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Kilwa.(1 mark)

9. Identify two reasons why early urban centres in ancient Egypt developed along
the Nile Valley. (2 marks)
21. 2018 Q6 P1
State two natural factors that were responsible for the rise of Nairobi as
an urban centre. (2 marks)

22. 2018 Q20 P2

(a) State five functions of the ancient city of Athens. (5 marks)
(b) Describe five challenges experienced in the city of Johannesburg. (10 marks)

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

AFRICAN SOCIETIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
1. 1992 Q22a
Give three characteristics of African traditional education

2. 1993 Q25
a) State three factors which led to the growth of Buganda
b) Describe the Buganda system of government during pre-colonial period

3. 1996 Q8
Give two functions of the Buganda traditional parliament (2marks)

4. 1997 Q9
State two functions of the Lukiko of the Buganda Kingdom during the pre-
colonial rule (2 marks)

5. 1998 Q 10,21
10. State one way in which centralization of authority contributed to the
growth of the Buganda Kingdom. (1 mark)
21. (a) What were the economic activities of the people of the Asante Empire?
(3 marks)
(b) Describe the political organization of the Asante Empire during the
nineteenth century (12 marks)

6. 1999 Q12
Give the main reason why the Golden stool was important for the Asante
Empire (1 mark)

7. 2000 Q10
Give two functions of the Kabaka of Buganda. (2 marks)

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 8. 2000 Q22
(a) Describe the social organization of the Shona during the Pre- colonial
period. (5 marks)

(b) Explain the political organization of Mwene Mutapa Kingdom during the
pre- colonial period. (10marks)

9. 2001 Q2
State the main function of the Golden stool in the Asante Empire during the
pre- colonial period. (1 mark)

10. 2002 Q7
State two factors that facilitated the growth of the Asante Kingdom (2 marks)

11. 2003 Q9
State two similarities between the Buganda and the Ndebele system of
government in the 19th century. (2marks)
12. 2004 Q22
(a) What were the economic activities of the Buganda during the pre-
colonial period? (3 marks)
(b) Describe the political organization of Buganda during the pre- colonial
period. (12 marks)
13. 2005 Q6
Give one importance of the Odwira festival in the ancient kingdom of
Ashanti (1 mark)

14. 2005 Q12

Give one reason why the Shona supported the British during the Ndebele war
of 1893 (1 mark)
15. 2006 Q8
Name two officials who assisted the ruler of the shona to administer the
Kingdom. (2marks)
16. 2006 Q22
a) Give three ways through which trade contributed to the rise of Asante
Kingdom during the eighteenth century. (10marks)

b) Describe the social organization of Asante Kingdom in the eighteenth

century. (12marks)

17. 2007 Q9
State the role of the ‘golden stool’ in the Asante Kingdom during the 19th
century. (1mark)

18. 2008 Q9
State two functions of the Saza Chiefs among the Baganda in the 19th Century
(2marks)
19. 2009 Q10
State two economic activities of the shona during the pre-colonial period
(2marks)
20. 2010 Q9, 10
9. Which was the main factor tht unified the communities of the Shone
Kingdom during the pre-colonial period?

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 10. State two fgunctions of the Lukiko in Bunganda Kingdom during the
19thCentury. (2 marks)

21. 2011 Q22

a) Give three function of the Kabaka of Buganda kingdom during the pre-
colonial Period (3marks)
b) Describe the political Organisation of the Shona during the pre-colonial
period (12marks)

22. 2012 Q20 P2

(a) State five economic activities of the Asante during the 19th century. (5 marks)
(b) Describe the social organization of the Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial
period. (5 marks)

23. 2013 Q9 P2
Give one reason why the ‘Goldenstool’ was important in the Asante Empire.
(1mark)
24. 2013 Q10 P2
Apart from an empire, name one other type of government that existed
in Africa during the pre-colonial period. (1mark)

25. 2014 Q9, 10 P2

8. Identify one symbol of unity in shona kingdom during the pre-colonial period.
(1 mark)
9. State one way in which the acquisition of fire arms enabled the king
of Buganda to expand during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark)

26. 2015 Q22 P2

(a) Give three functions of the Lukiiko in the kingdom of Buganda
during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks)

(b) Discuss three factors that led to the growth of the Asante empire
by the 19th Century. (12 marks)

26. 2016 Q10, 20 P2

10. Identify two officials who assisted the ruler of the Shona to administer the
Kingdom. (2 mks)
th
20. (a) Outline five economic activities of the Asante during the 19 Century.(5 mks)
(b) Highlight the social organisation of the Buganda Kingdom during the
pre-colonial period. (10 mks)
27. 2018 Q12 P2
Give one function of the Odwira festival among the Asante during the
19th Century. (1 mark)
28. 2018 Q14 P2
State two ways in which the Royal Fire was important in the Mwene Mutapa Kingdom.
(2 marks)

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 DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY
MARKING SCHEME
1996 Q4
 Making royal regalia
 Making status of rulers, noble men and warriors
 Making ornaments/decorations
 Making religious Figurines e.g gods
 Making weapons (1mark)
1997 Q4
 It was used to make weapons
 It was used to make decorations/ornaments
 It was used as a currency.
 It was used for statues.
 It was used as an item of trade.
1997 Q6
 Coal
1997 Q11
 Restriction on improved goods
 Promotion of technical and scientific education
 Development of heavy industries by the state government plans.
 Emphasis on industrialization in the five year development.
 Encouragement of foreign investment in the country.
1997 Q16
(a)
 Factory workers were subjected to long working hours
 Workers received low wages
 Under- age children were employed to work in the factories
 Poor working conditions e.g over – crowding, inadequate lighting and poor
ventilation.
 Lack of insurance covers for the workers/ no workman’s compensation
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  Exposure to dangerous machines/ no protection against dangerous machines
 Frequent outbreak of epidemic e.g. cholera, dysentery, typhoid and T.B
 Unhygienic conditions.
(b)
 Availability of some machines
 Existence of a large population which provided steady market for her
manufactured goods.
 Availability of external markets in her colonies for her industrial goods
 Availability of iron. Ore for heavy industries
 Existence of cottage industries which acted as a base for industrial expansion.
 Availability of labour force especially following the displacement of the people
from the rural areas as a result of the agrarian revolution.
 Existence of capitalists/entrepreneurs who were willing to invest in the industries.
 Scientific improvement and expansion of industries
 Existing banks and insurance systems gave financial help and security to
industrialists.
 Britain had a strong navy which protected her merchants from foreign
competitions
 Britain’s policy of free trade encouraged industrialization
 Availability of skilled labour force.
 Britain accumulated wealth / availability of capital which was invested in
industries.
1998 Q 4,5
 Discovery of the principle of vaccinations in controlling the spread of diseases.
 Prevention of water borne diseases through boiling water to kill microbes/pests.
 Pasteurization process to kill bacteria which causes diseases.
 The use of either to prevent pain during surgical operations/use chlorophom.
 The use of antiseptics during surgical operations/carpotic.
Any 2 points, 1 mark each.
 Petroleum/oil. Any other 1 point, 1 mark.
1998 Q18
 The overseas colonies provided additional market for
 Europe industrial products such as cloth and spirits.
 Overseas colonies were sources of industrial raw materials
e.g. cotton , palm oil and sisal.
 Trade between European countries and their colonies led to the emergence of a
class of rich people who invested in industries.
 European countries acquired capital for investment in industrial from trading with
their colonies. Any 3 point, 1 mark each (3marks)
(b)
 Rural urban migration which resulted in overcrowding of people in towns.
 Overcrowding put pressure on the available social amenities such as housing /
shelter, schools and hospitals.
 Crowding in urban centres led to increased crime rate and other social ills as
people tried to earn a living.
 The poor working conditions in industries exposed workers to accidents.
 Use of machines in industries rendered people jobless.
 Industrial waste was not properly disposed off and this led to environmental
degradation / pollution.
 Low wages paid to workers led to poor living conditions which demoralized
them.
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  Children and women were employed in industries / labour exploitation.
 Social stratification / the gap between the rich and the poor.
Any 6 points, 1marks each. (6 marks)
1999 Q 3,4
 To fight for the welfare of workers/ to enable workers to collectively
 negotiate for better terms of services with the employers
(1 mark)
 Discovery of canning
 Invention of refrigeration
 Invention of pasteurization Any 2 points 1 mark) ( 2 marks)
1999 Q 5
 The spinning jerry which produced quality threads by Samwel Cromptor
 The power loom which facilitated the weaving process by Edward Cartri
 The cotton gin which quickened the removal of seeds from cotton fibre Eli
Witney.
 The water frames by Richard Right
 The flying shuttle by John Kay
 The cylindrical calico printing machine 2 points 1 marks) ( 2 marks)
1999Q 13
 The European nations wanted colonies as sources of raw materials for their
industries.
 The Europeans wanted markets for their manufactured goods
 Wealthy industries wanted colonies where they could invest their excess capital.
(Any 2 points, 1 mark) (2 marks)
1999 Q18
(a)
 God was used to make ornaments/ jewellery
 It was used in making decorations for houses
 It was used for making decorations for houses
 It was used for making utensils especially plates and vases for rich
people
 It was used as currency/ money
 It was used as a trade commodity/ item of trade
 It was used in royal burial ceremonies/ king buried with gold
 Abolition of wasteful furrows
 Discovery of canning & refrigeration made it possible for farmers to produce
porewhole in large quantities.
(Any 6 points, 2 marks (12 marks)
(b)
 It led to the expansion of agriculture since forests and bushes were easily cleared
 The use of iron led to increased food production and this ensured food security
 Production of iron weapons lead to increased warfare between communities
 Iron tools were used as trade goods, between communities leading to expansion
of trade.
 Iron was also used to make weapons for defence against enemies
 Use of iron weapons made some communities leading to conquer neighbouring
communities leading to creation of Empire/ kingdom/ fall decline of other.
 Iron smelting led to the rise of specialized people, the blacksmiths
 It led to urbanization. (Any 6 points, 2 marks (12 marks)
2001 Q3
 To cast the statues of the pharaohs.
 To make special tools for cutting and shaping huge stones for making pyramids.
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  Make tools such as hoes, blades, chisels and adzes were made from bronze
 Make weapons such as swords, daggers, axes and spears
 Make items for decoration (Any 1 point, 1 mark (1 mark)
2001 Q21
 The grouping of blood into various blood groups by Land Steiner in 1900
facilitated blood transfusions and the storage of blood in blood banks for later
transfusion.
 Penicillin, an antibiotic by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928 prolonged lives by
treating infections.
 The polio vaccine in 1954 by Jona Edwards
 Transplant surgery by Dr. Christian Barnard, a South African surgeon 1967
succeeded in prolonging lives of heart patients.
 Kidney dialysis machine in 1943 has prolonged lives of kidney patients.
 Heart valve in 1996 has prolonged lives through replacement of defective valves.
 Anti-retroviral has prolonged lives of aids sufferers.
(Any 5 points, 1 mark (5 marks)
(b)
 The invention and use of machine in factories/manufactured goods/have led
production of large quality of goods/mass production of goods.
 The science of electronics has led to the production and use of computers in
processing information and other types of data/storage of information
 Research in science and technology has led to the development of labour saving
robots which use micro computers as the brains which are used in factories.
 The communication network has been revolutionized through the use of e-mail
and the internet to advertise and enable circulation of information.
 The discovery of atomic power/nuclear has led to increase power generation for
industrial use.
 Science has revolutionized the transport network through invention of the motor-
car, electronic trains and supersonic jets.
 Scientific research has led to the production of alternative source of energy for
use in industries e.g. gasohol methanol, solar energy.
(Any 5 points x 2 marks (10marks)
2002 Q6
 It was bulky/difficult of transport
 It produced air pollutants e.g. sulphur dioxide.
 It was a non renewable source of energy/easily exhaustible.
 It was expensive to obtain from the mines.
2002 Q9,10
 They shuttle of John Kay
 Water frame of Richard Arkwright.
 Spinning Jenn of James Samuel Cropton
 Cylindrical Calico Printing Machine of Thomas Bell.
 Steam power loom of Edmund Cartwright.
 The cotton Gin of Elli Witney.

 He discovered the use of Carbonic acid as an antiseptic to clean/sterilize surgical

instruments
 He discovered the use of carbonic acid to kill microbes around the wound after an
operation.
 He developed an antiseptic spray for cleaning the air during operations.
2002 Q19

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  The establishment of the Zollverein removed trade barriers and led to free trade
and economic growth.
 Availability of coal as a source of industrial energy/H.E.P
 Availability of iron ore as a source of raw materials for industries.
 Political unity of all German states under the leadership of Bismark.
 Acquisition of all German states under the leadership of Bismark.
 Existence of a large population provided labour/unskilled labour
 Availability of local market from the large population.
 Development of goods transport and communication network
 The government supported industry and encouraged Germany entrepreneurs.
 Enterprising of nature of Germany
 Whom with managerial skills /skilled labour
 Availability of external market.
(b)
 There was extensive use of machinery instead of human labour.
 Use of steam power instead of water wind and animal power.
 Establishment of factories in place of collage industries.
 Production of goods in large quantities. (Mass production)
 Use of iron and steel instead of wood
 Growth of surplus capital for investment/capitalism.
 Improved living standards/Employment.
 High population growth rate.
 Rural urban migration.
 Improved transport system e.g. railway.
 Utilization of scientific knowledge in production of goods.
 Production of different types of goods / variety
 Increased trade.
 Growth of towns / urbanization
 Development of banking insurance industries.
 Led to pollution
 Led to the rise of trade unionism
 Factory owners exploited workers/ poor working condition.
 European economist were diversified / job specialization.
 Promoted agriculture.
2003 Q3
 It is bulky and difficult to transport
 It is a health hazard/pollutes environments
 It is difficult/expensive to mine
 It causes environmental degradation
 It is not renewable/easily exhaustible
 It is not readily available/widely available Any 2x1=2marks
2003 Q18b
 The invention of the railway facilitated transport of bulky and heavy raw
materials to industries.
 It eased and speeded up transportation of bulky manufactured goods to various
markets in different parats of Europe
 It facilitated the transportation of heavy industrial sources of energy to the
industries, especially coal and firewood
 If provided reliable and cheaper means of transport for workers to the
 industries and thus enhanced their performance.
 It facilitated interaction between towns and business people and thus promoted
investment in industries
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  If facilitated the migration and settlement of people to new lands which
became sources of raw materials
 It opened up mining and farming in the interior of most countries
 Facilitated transport of heavy machinery for installation in industries
 Revenue from the railway in setting up industries
2004 Q3
 To make utensils
 To make ornaments/ decorations
 To make weapons e.g. swords, daggers, spears, chariots
 To make tools e.g chisels, axes hoes. (2marks)
 To make tools e.g. chisels, axes hoes.
2004 Q6
 It led to less used of fuel
 Machines were able to operate efficiently/well/machines worked better
 It enables/industries to be located far from the sources of energy.

 It led to establishment of industries. Any 2x1=2marks

2005Q8
 Machines replaced human labour in factories
 There increased demand for raw materials in North America
 The search for markets for manufactured goods increased
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
2005 Q20a
 It lowered the cost of production since it was a cheaper source of energy
 Work was carried out for long hours as there was light
 It enabled goods to be produced quickly and large quantities
 Work became lighter as machines operated efficiently
 Transportation was made easy and faster
 There was a clean working environment in factories
 It led to the location of industries away from sources of energy
2006 Q 5,6
 The supply could be regulated/ could be switched on and off
 It could be used in different ways. E.g. lighting, heating, trucing
 It could be used far from the source/ industries could be established anywhere
 There was a clean working environment/ Non pollutant
 The cost of production of goods was made cheaper (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
 It reduced pain during operation
2007 Q4
 i) Wind ii) Water iii) Wood iv) Sun v) Animals / man
2008 Q4
 Making utensils.
 Making ornaments.
 To make weapons.
 As a medium of exchange/trade item.
 It was mixed with other metals to make alloys.
 It is used for making tools.
 It is used as a trade item.
 It is used to make statues. (Any 2x1 = 2 marks)
2009 Q 4, 5
 He invented electricity 2x1 = 2rnarks
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  Driving energy machines / machines in industries
2009 Q6
 Wood is affected by rain
 It produces smoke/choking / pollutes air / soot.
 Leads to deforestation scarcity of wood.
 It s cumbersome to use any 2x1=2
2009Q19
 To turn waterwheels / grinding stones in flour mills.
 To wash /clean the machines /maintain cleanliness
 To cool the machines
 To turn spinning machines in textile industries
 To produce steam power to drive machine
Any 3x1= 3marks
(b)
 Many people migrated to towns to look for jobs leading o overcrowd1ng
 Increased population in towns led to shortage of houses thereby resulting to the
development of slums.
 There was poor sanitation which made many people to suffer from various
diseases
 The factories emitted pollutant into the air, water and land thus affecting in
peoples health.
 Those who did not secure employment in the indusria1 towns engaged other
social evils.
 Industrial revolution led to social satisfaction where the poor were discriminated
by the rich.
 Women and children were exploited because they worked for long hours for little
pay.
 Trade Unions developed in order to fight for the rights of industrial workers/ to
settle industrial disputes.
 Due to long Working schedules some industrial workers neglected their homes
leading o family break-ups. Any 6x2= 12marks
2010 Q4
 Iron/ Gold/ Copper
 Silver/Bronze
2010 Q19
 They were paid low wages/salaries
 They worked for long hours
 They were exposed to accidents
 Accidents victims were laid off without compensation.
 Inadequate housing made them live in slums.
 They suffered from diseases due to poor sanitation/pollution. = 3 marks

 The availability of many sources of energy to provide the required power of

industrialization.
 The existence of varied mineral resources to sustain the process of
industrialization.
 The presence of well developed transport network/infrastructure to facilitate the
movement of raw materials and finished industrial goods to the market.
 The availability of both internal and external markets for their manufactured
goods.
 The availability of both skilled and unskilled manpower required for
industrialization.
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  The availability of capital generated from South Africa trade in other goods has
enabled her to set up industries.
 The government’s sound industrial policies which encouraged both local and
foreign investors to boost industrialization.
 The high quality of goods has led to increased demand for South Africans
manufactured goods.
 The political instability in the country since the end of apartehid era has created
a conducive environment for industrial development. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
2011 Q19
 Coal is bulky to transport
 Coal causes pollution
 Mining of coal can lead to injuries/ death
 It is a non-renewable source of energy
(b)
 Machines have been improved which produce goods on a large scale
 Alternative a sources of energy have been developed for use in industries
 Invention of steam engine has improved transportation of raw materials to the
industries / finished goods to the market.
 The development of the printing press has enabled people to read and acquire
knowledge/ information about industrialization
 There has been loss of lives through industrial accidents
 Data processing/ storage has been improved by use of computers
 Robots have been developed which have reduced over reliance on human labour/
reduced labour costs.
 Development of telecommunication has led to buying / selling of goods on
the internet/ e-commerce.
 Research has enabled industries to recycle waste products in manufacturing
usable goods.
2013 Q5 P2
Barter trade. 1x1 =1mark
2013 Q 19 P2
 To drive steam engines;
 To provide lighting;
 To heat water;
 To drive locomotives;
 To manufacture dyes/pharmaceutical products/raw materials in industries;
 To produce coke. Any5 x 1= 5 marks
(b) Positive effects
 Through medical researches/experiments terminal diseases which used to
 Kill/disfigure
 People have been reduced/eradicated;
 Advancement in medical science has helped to reduce suffering/to relieve
people from pain;
 It has made surgical operations safer thereby reducing the number of people
who die during and after operations;
 The invention of vaccines has helped to prevent/control the spread of
diseases leading to increased life expectancy;
 The technology of developing test tube babies has helped childless couples to
have children;
 The inventions have made it possible for transplants of body parts such as
heart, liver and kidneys, thereby sustaining human life;
 Advanced/sophisticated medical equipment which perform computer assisted
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 surgery have been developed.
 It has led to job creation for medics/other workers who perform various
duties in health institutions;
 It has led to the discovery/manufacture of drugs for treating/curing different
diseases.
Negative effects
 It has led to loss of lives through abortion.
 It has weakened the immune system due to overdependence of drugs/drug abuse.
 Drugs are sometimes expensive and beyond reach of many people.
 Careless disposal of used medical products cause harm to human beings.
 Use of contraceptives has led to sexual immorality in the society.
Any5 x 2 =10 marks
2015 Q 6 P2
Coal
2015 Q 7 P2
i) It was harder
ii) It was lighter
iii) It was stronger
iv) It was flexible
v) It could not rust

2018 Q5 P2
Outline two factors which facilitated the spread of iron working technology in Africa
during the ancient times
 it spread through warfare
 through giving /receiving of gifts
 through bantu migration
 through trade
 intermarriage
 through agriculture

any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

2018 Q19 P2
a) Highlight five effects of scientific inventions on medicine
 It resulted with the discovery / manufacture of preventive / curative drugs
 It has led to the development of vaccines
 It has prolonged life // increased life expectancy
 It has led to the production of advanced medical equipment
 It has led to the decrease of mortality rate
 It has led to improved health /well being of life
 It has created job opportunities
 Development of tube babes has helped childless couples to have children
 Loss of lives through abortions
Any 5 x 1= 5 marks

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 b) Describe five factors which have influenced industrialization in India
 The existence of cottage / textile /leather industries /smelting crated a firm
foundation for industrial take off
 Development of efficient transport and communication infrastructure has eased the
movement of goods /services
 The introduction of banking /insurance industry which availed capital /loans /credit
facilities /security /domestic borrowing
 The provision of technical /scientific education which has produced experts /skilled
labour force in different fields
 Availability of different sources of energy /electricity /oil/gas which are used in
industries
 Availability of raw materials /minerals deposits which were used in the industries
 The formulation of sound national development plans which gave priority to
industrialization /agricultural production
 Existence of political stability / peace which has boosted the confidence of both
local /international investors
 A large population in India which has created a market for industrial trade / local
market
 Availability of unskilled /semi skilledlabour from the huge population
 Availability of external /international trade
 Availability of funds / loans provided by fraction g……..
 Protective tariffs were imposed to enable local industries to grow.

CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTION MAKING

1996 Q 15
 The right to own property.
 The Bill of right.
1996 Q 12 (pp2)
 A body of fundamental principles on which the government of a state is based
 A system of laws and principles on which the government of a state is based.
1997 Q21a
 The independence constitution provided for a regional/ Majimbo government.
Each region had a regional assembly and president.
 A bicameral parliament consisting of the senate and House of representative/
upper and lower House.
 The prime minister by the Government and the queen the head of State
represented by the government.
 The Bill of rights which protected the individual interests.
(Any 3 points 1 mark each (3 marks)
1998 Q21b
 In 1964 the Republican and Constitution replace the independence
constitution Kenya became a republic with an executive president.
 In 1966 the tow houses of parliament the senate and the House of
Representatives were merged.
 A member who resigned from the party that sponsored him / her was required
to seek a fresh mandate from the electorate on the ticket of the new party.

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  For any constitutional amendment to be approved/ effected therehad to be 2/3
majority of the members of parliament.
 People could be detained on Public interest (public Security Act)
 The president was empowered to nominate 12 members of parliament
 In 1968 parliament lost control over the changing
 Administrative boundaries.
 The presidential election was to be done directly by the people who qualified
to vote.
 If the presidency fell vacant elections were to be held within 90 days to fill the
vacancy as the Vice – president acted.
 The president was empowered to postpone elections when and if he or
 She finds it necessary and also to shorten the life of parliament.
 1975 president could pardon election offenders enabling them to contest in
future election, by election.
 In 1982 Kenya became a one party stat by law
 Security of tenure of office of the Attorney General and controller
 Audit General at will.
 The post of the Chief Secretary and head of Civil Service was established
 In 1987 the post of the Chief Secretary was abolished.
 The president was empowered to dismiss the Attorney General, the controller
and Audit General at will.
 1988 the president was empowered to dismiss the high court judges and the
Chairman of the public service at will.
 The police department was empowered to hold suspected criminals for
maximum of 14days.
 1990, guaranteed of the tenure of office of Attorney General, the controller
and Auditor general.
 Presidency limited to two – 5 year terms section.
 2A was repealed and Kenya became a multi – party state.
 Lowering the voting age from 21 yrs to 18yrs
 President he must attain 25% votes cast from 5 provinces.
2000 Q22
 It provided for the establishment of a federal government.
 It spelt out that the party with the majority forms the government /multiparty.
 It spelt out the rights and obligations of individuals/ citizens
 It provided for the establishment of National Assembly consisting of the
Senate and the House of Representatives.
 It provided for a position / post of prime Minister to head the government and
a Governor General to head the state.
 It spelt out the powers and responsibilities of the central government and
regional governments.
 It established regional governments with regional Assemblies and presidents.
 It divided responsibilities between regional governments and the control
government.
Any 3 points, 1 mark (3marks)
 Powers to prorogue parliament / dissolve the National Assembly.
 Powers to appoint and dismiss senior public officials / servants.
 Powers to appoint and dismiss the vice president and ministers.
 Powers to pardon criminals who are convicted in a court of law.
 Powers to maintain peace in the country by upholding the rule of
law/detention.
 Powers to preserve public security through declaring the state of emergency.
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  Powers to permit ministers and other officers into and civil service to be out of
the country.
 Powers to form government after a general election.
 Powers to declare war or make peace with enemies.
 Powers to establish commissions of enquiry to investigate issues of national
importance.
 Powers to perform the official opening of parliament after general elections.
 Powers to nominate members of parliament after a general election.
2001 Q12 (PP2)
 A written constitution is readily available for ease of reference and
applications/use.
 A written constitution promotes uniformity of application in various situations
 A written constitution does not give much room for
manipulation/misinterpretation. Any 1 point, 1 mark (1 mark)
2003 Q11
 It provided for federal government
 It provision for an executive president.
 To made provision for an executive president.
 It made provisions for two houses of parliament.
 The interest of the minorities were to be safeguarded.
Any 1 x 1 = (1 marks)
2003 Q14 (PP2)
 It ensures consistency in application/practice/not easily disturbed
 Permanent record/it provides a source of reference
 It ensures the preservation of the constitution
 It facilitates consistency in the amendments procedure Any 1x1=1mark

2010 Q23a
 It defines the structure/outlines the functions and powers of various branches
of government.
 It clearly states the rights/responsibilities of individuals.
 It spells out the responsibilities of those in power/limits their
authority/promotes good governance.
 It ensures equality of all Kenyans.
 It is the basis of all legislation in the country. Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
2011 Q7
 Repeal of section 2A of the constitution in 1991. 1x1=1 mark
2013 Q6 P1
(i) It created a coalition government.
(ii) It created the office/position of the Prime Minister.
(iii) It created the offices/positions of the two deputy prime ministers.
(iv) It increased the number of ministers/cabinet ministers.
Any2x1-2marks
2014 Q22 P1
(a)
 Maintenance of the 12 elective seats in the Legco
 Composition of the Council of Ministers was to be changed to include 4 Africans,
3 Europeans and 1 Asian

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  There were to be 33 open seats in the Legco which were to be contested/vied for
on a common roll
 20 seats would be reserved that is 10 for Europeans, 8 for Asians and 2 for Arabs
 Formation of country wide political parties e.g KANU and KADU was allowed
 The state of emergency was lifted
 A bill of rights would be included in the constitution
b)
 It vests sovereign power on the people of Kenya who can exercise it directly or
through their representatives
 It contains a comprehensive bill of rights which has been expanded to include
socio-economic and cultural rights as well as group rights
 It spells out national values and principles of governance which guides/binds all
people/institutions
 It contains affirmative action for women/the youth/persons with
disabilities/marginalized communities as it protects them from all forms of
discrimination
 It defines the powers of the executive it consist of the president, deputy president
and the cabinet
 It provides a mechanism for its implementation by creating specific organs for
that purpose e.g commissions and independent offices
 It has provision for transitional requirements that ensure a smooth transition of
government
 It provides stringent amendment procedures in order to safeguard peoples’
interests
 It provides for devolved government by creating forty seven counties/equitable
sharing of public finance /national revenue
 Citizenship it describes what citizens are entitled to e.g acquisition and
revocation of citizenship
 It outlines the principles of land policy and classification
 Leadership and integrity – it states the responsible conducts and restrictions on
activities of state officers
 National security- it establishes three national security organs i.e Kenya defense
forces, National intelligence service and national police service
 It establishes a bi-comard legislature composed of the national assemble and the
senate
 It creates an independent judiciary composed of a system of courts with superior
and subordinate courts (Any 5 points well explained x2 = 10
marks)

2018 Q7 P1
Give two types of constitutions
 Written constitutional
 Unwritten constitution any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

2018 Q15 P1
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 Which constitutional amendment re-introduced multi-party democracy
in Kenya?
1. The repeal of section 2A. 1 x 1 = 1 mark

2018 Q24 P1
b) Discuss six features of the constitution of Kenya (2010)
i. Sovereignty of the people and supremacy of the constitution
ii. The republic which is sovereign multiparty democratic state founded on national
values and principles illustrated within the Constitution
iii. Citizenship and its entitlements like passport /any documents of registration
iv. The bill of rights which guarantees enjoyment of the rights /fundamental freedoms
entitled to everyone
v. The land and environment; land shall be held , used and managed in an equitable,
efficient, productive and sustainable manner
vi. Leadership and integrity which stipulates the expected conduct of public offices
vii. Representation of the people which provides guiding principles to the electoral processes in
the country /including the method of conducting
viii. Elections / qualifications of candidates.
ix. The Legislature which is the law making body in the country.
x. The Executive which deals with the execution of the law/implementing the government policies.
xi. The Judiciary which comprises of the courts of law and judicial officers and deals with the
interpretation of the law and administration of justice.
xii. Devolved government which comprises the County Assembly and County Assembly and
County Executive.
xiii. Public finance where a consolidated fund is developed a/id into which all money is paid
xiv. The public service enhances high standards of professional ethics/effective economic use of
resources.
xv. National security which states that security agencies shall exist and their roles clearly stipulated.
xvi. There are independent commissions and offices such as IEBC, CRA, and police service
commission whose functions are clearly spelt out.
xvii. Amendment of the constitution which stipulates ways of effecting amendments
xviii. It provides general provisions which provides /gives guidelines on enforcement /interpretation f
the constitutions
xix. Transition and consequential provisions which contains definition of terms used in the
constitution
Any 6 well discussed features x 2 = 12 marks.
DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
MARKING SCHEME
1997 Q21b
 One can be denied the right to life if one is convicted of murder in a court of law
or caught in the act of robbery with violence.
 If suspected to be planning to commit a crime one is denied their personal liberty/
freedom of movement.

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  One can be denied freedom to own property if the government wishes to
development public utilities in the area but compensation must be paid.
 One’s freedom of worship can be limited if one uses it to undermine the
government or create disunity.
 One’s freedom of assembly can be limited if it poses a threat to the state.
 One’s freedom of speech may be limited if one publishes false accusations about
another person or the state or incite people against the government.
 One’s freedom of movement can be limited if internal security is threatened.
 If one is not of sound mind one can be taken to a mental hospital by the police for
confinement and treatment.
 If one has an infectious disease can be denied one’s personal liberty.
 If one has not attained the stage of maturity one is considered a minor and their
decisions are made on their behalf by adult members of society.
(Any 6 points 2 marks each (12 marks)
1998 Q14
 Freedom of movement
 Freedom of association
 Freedom of expression and speech (2marks)
2003 Q 3
 If one’s speech incites the public against the state.
 If one discloses confidential information relating to the state.
 If one spreads false information about the state / individual.
Any 1 x 1 = (1mark)
2006 Q8
 Right to education
 Right to leisure/ play
 Right to participate in cultural and artistic activities
 Right to express themselves
 Access to information
 Right to social security/ parental love
2006 Q7
 It is a government where people themselves make rules/ decisions that affect
their welfare ( Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)
2006 Q22
 When one is in custody
 When one is insane/ unsound mind
 When one presents oneself in a constituency where one s not registered
 When one is discovered to have registered twice
 When one does not have a voter’s card on the voting day
 When one does not have a national identification Card on the voting day/ one has
a defective National Identification Card
 When ones name does not appear in the voters register
 When one is time barred/ late
(Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
 The accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty
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  He/ She should be informed of the charge with sufficient detail so as to
prepare a defence.

 One should be given adequate time to consult with the advocate/ witness
 One should be present when court proceedings are taking place
 One should be given a chance to plead for leniency
 One should not be forced to give evidence
 One should be allowed to be heard
 One should be allowed to appeal against the ruling
 Right to legal representation
(Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks)
2007 17 (PP2)
 Direct or pure democracy – This is where the people in a state are allowed
to freely participate in an important decision making forums that pertain
matters of the state.
 Indirect or representative Democracy – This is where citizens exercise their
right in decision making through their chosen representatives.
2008 Q12
 If one makes untrue/malicious utterances about another individual/government.
 If one publishes seditious documents/Reveals Government Secrets.
 If one incites others against government/other people.
 If one talks ill against the president. (Any 1 x =1 mark)
2010 Q17
 Economic rights
 Political rights
 Social/cultural rights
 Solidarity rights Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark
2011 Q8
 The Children’s Act of 2001
2012 Q10 P1

People elect leaders of their own choice

Supreme power is vested in the people

It is easy to make decision

Elected leaders are accountable to the people/people are able to air their grievances
Any 2x1=2 marks
2012 Q22 P1
 When sentenced to death by a court of law.
 In self-defence - somebody might kill another in the process/defending
one’s property
 When the life of a law enforcing office is endangered/ when effecting lawful
arrests
 When the health/ life of a mother/ pregnant woman is in danger.
 During the war
 When preventing escape of lawfully detained persons
 When preventing a person from committing a crime/felony

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  When suppressing a riot/rebellion/mutiny 3x1=3 marks

(b)
 It promotes human dignity as the rights of the people are observed/extended
in the constitution
 It promotes unity among the people by encouraging harmonious co-existence.
 It promotes the rule of law by enhancing justice/ g o o d governance in
 society/gives citizens control in decision making organs of the state.
It promotes respect for other people’s cultures b y appreciating cultural
diversity.
 It promotes tolerance by accommodating other people's views/ideas/inherent
 to humanity
 It promotes democracy as other people's opinions/views are respected.
 It promotes international relations by observing conventions/treaties on
 human rights.
 It promotes development by creating an enabling/conducive environment. .

2014 Q23 P1
a) Give five reasons why human rights are important
 They give the general public access to information necessary for protection
of democracy and accountability
 They assist in achieving a dignified life which respects human needs/
respect for human rights
 They guide organs of state on the exercise of state power
 When respected, these rights reduce conflicts and enhance national
integration
 They empower citizens by giving them control in decision making organs of
the state
 Rights are inherent to human beings since one has rights because they are
human
(5 x2 = 10 marks)
b) Explain five functions of the Kenya National Commissions on Human
Rights
 To protect respect for human rights/develop a culture of human rights in
the country
 To receive complaints about alleged abuses of human rights form the
citizens
 To monitor /investigate on the observance of human rights in the country
and take appropriate action/report on observance of human rights
 To provide a shadow report to the United Nations on the status of
observance of human rights in the country

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  To formulate/implement programmes intended to create public awareness
of the rights/obligations of citizens
 To ensure that the country complies with international treaties/conventions
regarding human rights.
 To work with the national gender and equality commission and commission
on administrative justice to ensure
efficiency/effectiveness/complementarity in their activities/promote gender
equality and equity.
 To make recommendation to the state to improve the functioning of the
state organs
(any 5 points well explained x2 -10 marks)
2015 Q8 P2
 Through a referendum
 Through consensus/plebisoite
 Through peoples initiative
 Exercising right to recall a non performing member of parliament

2018 Q8 P2
State two types of democracy
 Constitutional /liberal
 Direct /pure
 Indirect /representative any 2 x 1 = 1 mark

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 TRADE
MARKING SCHEME
1996 Q7
 Barter trade is the exchange of goods for other goods/trade in kind (1mark)
 Some commodities are bulky/ heavy and are difficultly to transport
 It may not be easy to establish the exchange rate of commodities
 Perishable goods are likely to go to waste if negotiations are not done in time
(1mark)
 It requires double coincidence of demands (1mark)

1996 Q2 (section B)
 Existence of enterprising North Africa merchants.
 Availability of trading items e.g. gold from West Africa and salt mines of the
Sahara desert.
 Availability of capital provided by the Berber merchants of North Africa
 Demand for scarce goods in North Africa and West Africa
 Presence of Tauregs who guided the traders through the Sahara desert
 Presence of capable rulers who offered protection of traders.
 Presence of Oasis
 Use of camels and horse.

 The trade led to the development of towns in West Africa e.g. Gao Timbuku
 It led to the spread of Islam and Islamic learning in West Africa
 The trade led to the emergence of a class of wealthy people the merchants who
participated in the trade.
 The trade promoted intermarriage between North African and West African.
 Growth in Agricultural production
 Increase warfare
 The trade introduced new cultural values in West Africa e.g. people adopted new
styles of dressing and eating habits.
 Trade led to the introduction of Arab architectural designs in West Africa
 Trade led to the introduction of Empires e.g. Mali Soghai and Ghana.
 It led to the depopulation of West Africa through slave trade.
 West Africa was known to the outside world. (12marks)
1997 Q7
 Criminal of social misfit were sold by chiefs
 Capture of war
 Frictions/ Kidnapping
1997 Q17
 Existence of local trade in the region provided a base for the trade.
 Demand for West African goods such as gold, slaves and Kolanuts in the North.
 Demand for West African goods such as gold, slaves and Kolanuts in the North.
 Existence of rich merchants in the region who were willing to invest in the trade.
 Existence of trade routes made it easy for them to travel
 The camel made their journey through the desert easy –they were able to carry
heavy loads and travel long distances without water. They could also travel on
sand with ease.
 Existence of strong leaders/political stability in western Sudan which encouraged
trade.
 Existence of strong leaders/ political stability in Western Sudan which
encouraged trade.
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  Existence of oasis which provided water and acted as a resting point for the
traders
 Communication barriers due to lack of a common language in which to conduct
commercial transactions.
 Traveling long distances and for many months across the desert.
 Traveling under extreme weather conditions-too hot during the day and too cold
at night.
 Scarcity of water and food during the journey across the desert.
 Attacks by hostile communities who sometimes robbed them of their
merchandise.
 Traders were sometimes attacked by insects e.g. scorpions.
 Sometimes wars between kingdoms disrupted trade.
1999 Q6
 It has improved speed with which trade goods between nations/ organizations/
individuals are moved.
 It has improved transportation of urgent documents and messages relating to
trade.
1999 Q7
 Barter system of trade involves exchange of goods with other goods where as
currency system of trade involves the use of money to purchase commodities.
( 2 marks)
1999 Q8
 They acted as guides to traders across the desert/ they guided traders along the
trade routes across the Sahara desert.
 Provided security to traders/ acted as guards
 Acted as interpreters
 They maintained the oasis/ water/ wells
 Provided food/ accommodation
 Fez- Marrakech- Wadan - Walata
 From Sijilmosa in Morocco through Tuat, Gao to Timbuktu
 From Tunisia through Ghadames and Agades to Hausaland
 From Tripoli through Fezzan to Bornu
 From Cairo through Murzuk – Bilma -Kano
 From Sijimasa – Walata- Tagheza- Audaghost (2 marks)
1999 Q9
 To encourage/ promote trade between the rich/ developed and the developing
countries ( 1 mark)
2000 Q6
 To regulate transactions among members
 Control unfair competition
 Promote dialogue between members
2000 Q7
 Barter trade refers to the exchange of one commodity for another whereas trade
 in which currency is used in the exchange of goods for money

2001 Q18
 The trade was between people of the Western Sudan and Arabs from North Africa.
 Traders crossed the desert using camels
 The traders traveled in large caravans to enhance their security
 The Tuaregs/Berbers acted as guides to the traders through the desert
 Tuaregs provided with security
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  The traders made stops at the oases to refresh themselves and let their camels
drink water.
 The Tuaregs acted as interpreters at times.
 The trade was conducted in barter/it involved exchanging one good for another/
silent trade.
 The rulers of the western Sudan controlled trade/regulated amount of gold to be
sold.
 The traders paid taxes to the kings of the Western Sudan
 The item of trade were gold and salt – items of trade from the west were gold,
ivory, slaves, ostrich feathers, leather Kilanuts & pepper. Items from N. Africa,
salt, horses, weapons, iron implements, clothe, silk, beads & onions.
 The traders followed fairly defined route
 Americans Arabs & Berbers financed the trade
 Rulers of Western Sudan offered service to the trader while they were in the
territory.
 Traders dealt with agents who usually gave goods on credit/middlemen (8marks)
 Long and tiresome journeys across the desert
 Inadequate water and food
 Extreme weather conditions of the desert- very cold at night and very hot during
the day.
 Attacks by dangerous desert creatures such as scorpions, snakes
 Insecurity because of declining and falling of kingdoms
 Exhaustion of trade goods especially gold.
 Frequent shifts of trade routes
 They were robbed by desert people (7marks)
2002 Q3
 Some commodities were bulky/difficult to transport e.g salt, kola nut
 It was difficult to qualify the value of some goods
 Some goods were perishable
 It was difficult to ensure security of trade goods
 No common/lack of common language of communication
2002 Q18
 Through exchange of slaves for European manufactured goods-exchange of
slaves
 By selling prisoners of war to slave dealers-selling prisoners
 Lonely travelers and weak subjects were kidnapped and sold to slave-kidnapping
 Some rulers sold their subjects/criminals to slave dealers.
 By enticing people/children using desirable goods such as cloth and sweets-
enticing people.
 Through raiding-villages were attacked and captives sold to slave dealers.
 Weak subjects were sold.
 Parrying- (selling of debtors)
 The development of Industrial Revolution in Europe shifted the demand from
slaves to agricultural produce e.g. Palm oil.
 The need to retain Africans in their homelands to produce raw materials for
export to Europe.
 The attainment of independence by the USA left Britain without colonies where
she would talk the slaves to work.
 The rise of Humanitarians in Britain made up missionaries and some
parliamentarians pressurized the British government to abolish the slave trade and
slavery.

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  The development of the legitimate trade which was more profitable and less
costly replaced slave trade and slavery.
 Britain influenced other European countries to stop slavery and slave trade by
signing anti slave trade treaties.
 Use of machines in farms/industries rendered slave labour unnecessary.
 Lending Economist e.g. Adams smiths argued that free people were more
productive than slaves.
 French Rev. of 1789 spread ideas of Liberty qualifying brotherhood to all
mankind
 Closure of American slave market after the defeat of S. American stated at the
civil war.
2003 Q4
 It facilitated trade between communities
 It enabled people to acquire the commodities that they needed
 It enable some people to determine the value of their commodities 1mark
2003 Q20
 To regulate trade between members state/remove restrictions on trade
 To help guard against exploitation of weaker members/reduce gap
 To check monopoly of trade
 To standardize prices
 To regulate for improvement of trade Any 1x1 =1mark
2003 Q22a
 To promote trade among member states
 To establish a common market
 To harmonize and co- ordinate development strategies, policies and plans within
the region
 To provide co-operation in monetary and financial affairs/ common curve
 To establish institution which promote agricultural and industrial development/
economic co- operation
 Eliminate tariffs of non- tariff barners (Any 3 points, 1 mark= 3 marks)
2004 Q9
 Ideological differences among member states
 Poor infrastructure may hamper transportation of goods/poor transport network.
 Different strengths/values of currencies may skew trade activities/lack of common
currency.
 Creation allegiance to regional trade organizations by members states may reduce
adherence.
 Creation of tariffs by member states in order to safeguard domestic trade.
 Differences between developed and developing countries/developed
countries/dictate terms.
 Political instabilities/civil wars/wars may interrupt trade relations2marks.
2006 Q3
 Local trade
 Regional trade/ International trade
2007 Q19
 i) Local trade ii) Regional trade iii) International trade.

2008 Q7
 It’s cumbersome to transport bulky goods.
 There is a problem of storing the goods.
 It’s difficult to determine the exact values of some goods.
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  There is frequent lack of double coincidence of wants.
 Some goods may not be divided into smaller quantities. (2 marks)
2008 Q19
 The slaves were exchanged for European manufactured goods.
 Prisoners of war who had been captured during local wars were sold to the
slave dealers.
 Slave traders kidnapped lonely travelers.
 Some people were enticed and eventually sold into slavery.
 Debtors were sold to slave traders.
(Any 3 x 1=3 marks)
 The industrial revolution in Britain led to the replacement of human labour with
machines which were more efficient.
 The leading economists were against slave labour and argued that free labour was
more productive than slave labour.
 Philanthropists/Christian missionaries strongly campaigned against slave trade
thus leading to its decline.
 America attained political independence and abolished slavery and slave trade
leaving this Britain with no colonies where she would take slaves to work.
 The development of legitimate trade which subsequently replaced slave trade.
 Britain abolished slave trade and influenced other European nations to stop the
practice by signing anti-slave trade treaties.
 The French revolution of 1789 impacted negatively on slave trade as the ideas of
liberty and equality of all people were spread. (12 marks)
2009 Q8
 Money is lighter to transport than goods.
 Money is easily divisible into smaller units than the actual goods
 Money is convertible into electronic devices for payment unlike goods in barter
trade.
 In batter trade one cannot determine the actual value of the goods transacted.
 Money can be stored in a longer period. Any 2x1 2 marks
2011 Q5
 Due to language barrier / lack of common language
2011Q20
 availability of trade items;
 demand for slaves in the new world;
 availability of sailing ships;
 the discovery of the compass;
 availability of firearms
 existence of trade routes
 There was increased instability/ conflicts among communities as traders raided
for slaves
 Many Africans lost their lives during the slave raids
 Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired a taste of European goods
 There was increased suffering among families as their loved ones were separated /
sold to slavery

 Some kingdoms declined of the Trans Saharan trade as many people found it
more profitable
 There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodied people were
taken away into slavery

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  There was serious depopulation in west and parts of central Africa due to slave
trade
2013 Q4 P2
(i) It spread to North Africa from the Middle East/diffusion/one area theory;
(ii) ItdevelopedindependentlyindifferentpartsofAfrica/independenttheory.
1x 1 =1 mark
2013 Q6 P2

 They acted as middlemen between Europeans merchants and interior communities;

 They acquired/raided slaves;
 Rulers sold their own subjects/they were sold as slaves;
 They marched slaves to the coast;
 They transported trade items to the coast.
Any2x 1=2marks
2015 Q19 P2
a)
i) It only occurred when there was double coincidence of want
ii) Some goods were not divisible
iii) Lack of common language undermined it
iv) It lacked a common measure of value
v) Some goods were bulky/difficult to carry
vi) Some goods were perishable

b)
i) It involved the berbers/arabs from North Africa who traded with people of
western sudan
ii) There were middlemen who coordinated trading activities between two regions
iii) The tuaregs guided/protected the traders from possible attacks
iv) The camels were used as the main means of transport across the desert
v) The traders were organized into caravans inorder to enhance security across the
desert
vi) Barter /silent trade was used as the traders lacked a common language
vii) Trade goods were sourced from both north Africa and Western Sunday /Western
Africa
viii) There were definite trade routes followed by the traders in order to avoid getting
lost
ix) Kings / chiefs maintained law and order in their territory thereby creating a
conducive trading environment

DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

MARKING SCHEME
1996 Q5
 Telephone

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  Telegram
 Telex
 Fax
 E-mail
 Television
1998 Q6
 Poor transport network causes delay in marketing goods.
 Causes delays in supplying industrial raw materials.
 Bring about high transport costs. Any 1 point, 1 mark.
1998
 Railways facilitated transportation of bulky goods especially industrial products
and raw materials for the industry.
 It facilitated transportation industrial workers/ labour.
 It facilitated the spread of ideas/ Reasons / political.
 It led to widespread migrations and settlement of people.
 It promoted the development of trade.
 It opened up remote areas foe economic exploitation e.g. mining fishing and
farming boosting agricultural.
 It strengthened European pacification of their overseases colonies/Administration
of colonies.
 It led to the development of towns / urban centres.
 Promoted social interaction.
 Created employment opportunities.
 It supplemented either forms of transportation
 Sources of revenue. Any 5 points 1 mark each (5marks)

 The use of telecommunications has facilitated storage of informationmore

conveniently thought the use of computer.
 It has provided improved entertainment e.g. live transmissions of music and
sports.
 It has promoted fast transmission of ideas/ propaganda / message.
 It has speeded up business transactions by enabling a few people to handle a lot of
workload.
 It has reduced costs business transactions by enabling individual countries.
 It has enabled organizations / individuals to access information / programmes at
their own convenience.
 It has enhanced safe traveling by air and water through radar connections.
 It has facilitated the study of weather. 1 mark each (5marks)

2001 Q4
 It facilitated travel over long distances
 It eased transportation of heavy loads
 It facilitated speedy transportation of people/goods
 It enhanced the movement of soldiers during battles. (1mark)
2001 Q14
 Poor transport have led to high transportation costs, leading to high prices of food.
 Poor transport have led to poor distribution of food.
 Poor transport systems have led to delays in the transportation of food leading to
waste and losses.
 Poor transport systems discourage/demoralizes farmers and this in turn leads to
officers.
 Poor transport system undermines effectiveness of agricultural extension officers.
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  Agricultural inputs do not readily/reach/ leading to poor products (2marks)
2002 Q11
 It facilitated transportation of bulky goods
 He led to growth of towns
 It led to growth of towns
 It facilitated in the entrenchment of colonial administration/movement of soldiers.
 It facilitated in the entrenchment of colonial administration/movement of soldiers
 It facilitated the spread of Christ unity
 Created employment opportunities
2003 Q18a
 Tarmac roads which are durable have been constructed
 Bridges have been constructed to facilitate travel on roads
 Roads have been straightened and widened to cater for the increasing volume of
traffic
 Dual carriage ways have been constructed to ease traffic congestion
 Motorways have been constructed in developed countries for the exclusive use of
wheels.
 Construction of macadamensed roads Any 3 points 1 mark = 3marks
2004 Q5
 It is slow? time consuming
 It is tiring/tiresome
 It can not be used to carry bulky goods Any 1x1=1mark
2004 Q7
 The message is spoken/personal contact/feedback
 The message is direct/cannot distorted
 It is fast Any 1x1=1mark
2005 Q2
 It did not pollinate the air
 It was cheap
 It increased the speed of locomotives
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
2005 Q4,5
 Cuneiform
 Hieroglyphics
(Any 1 x 1 = 2 marks)
2006 Q4
 Tar was put on the top surface to make them smooth
 Roads were widened to create highways
 Roads were straightened
 The roads wee strengthened by adding more layers of gravel/ stones made
durable
(Any 2 x1 = 2 marks)
2006 Q19
 The urgency of the message/ speed
 The complexity of the message/ simplicity/ clarity
 The distance between the sender and receiver of the message
 The availability of communication facilities/ methods/ mean (3 marks)

 The message are conveyed over long distances/ shorten distances

 It has led to spread of ideas to different parts of the world/ the world has
 become a global village/ sharing of ideas
 Television, videos, computers and cinemas transmit entertainment
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  through pictures
 Telecommunication systems are medium of transmitting education
 programmes all over the world
 Weather forecasting navigation and space exploration have been made easy by
use of satellites.
 Information can be relayed through radio, television or cell phone remote places
easily
2007 Q5
 It is slow
 One can give the wrong message or forget the message.
 One can die on the way
 A person carrying verbal message can be tortured to reveal it.
2007 Q6
 It is the quickest in terms of speed.
2008 Q18
(a)
 People could travel faster than before.
 They could cover long distances.
 The chariots made travel comfortable.
 Heavy loads could be carried over long distances.
 Traveling became more secure. (Any 3x1= 3 marks)
(b)
 It is expensive to procure/maintain an aircraft.
 Construction of airstrips requires a lot of resources and expertise.
 The aircrafts can only land and take off in specific/designated areas thus
inconveniencing the users.
 Aircrafts cannot carry bulky/heavy goods as compared to other means of
transport.
 Air transport can only be used by the well to do members of the society thus
making it inaccessible to many.
 Its operations are affected by unfavourable weather conditions.
 Aircrafts emit gases which contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere.
 Travelling by air has facilitated international terrorism/drug trafficking.
 The use of aircrafts in military warfare has resulted to destruction of property.
 Accidents by the air crafts are fatal/chances of survival are minimal.
 Requires a lot of expertise. (Any 6x2=12 marks)
2009 Q7
 Sailing Boats / Our driven boats
 Rafts / logs
 Canoes
 Sailing ships
2011 Q4
 Animals are affected by poor health/ injuries/ attacked wild animals
 Rugged terrain/ extreme weather conditions hampers the movement of animals
 Animal transport has limited carrying capacity
 Animal transport is time consuming/ slow
 Animal transport is cumbersome
 Animal transport is limited to day time and not night time

2013 Q7 P2
Identify two modern means of print media. (2marks)
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 (i) Newspapers; (vi) Brochures;
(ii) Magazines; (vii) Braille
(iii) Journals; (viii) Posters
(iv) Periodicals; (ix) Pamphlets
(v) Books;
Any2 x1=2 marks

2014 Q4, 5, 6, 7 P2
4. Give the main reason why the cannel was preferred as the means of transport
during the
trans-Saharan Trade.
- It could withstand harsh desert conditions (1x1=1mark)

5. Outline one role that twas played by the middlemen during the Trans-Atlantic
Trade
(i) They transported goods to and from the interior/porters
(ii) They obtained goods in the interior
(iii) They exchanged/traded with European traders at the coast (1x1=1mark)

Give two benefits of the development of the railway transport in Europe during the 19th
century.
(i) Goods/people could be transported with ease
(ii) It enabled trade to expand.
(iii) It led to the development of urban centres/towns
(iv) It promoted industrialization
(v) It created employment opportunities.
(vi) It was a source of government revenue
(i) It led to the exploitation of natural resources (any 2x1=2marks)

6. State two advantages of using fire and smoke signals to pass message in traditional
socities
(i) Message could only be understood by the communities using them.
(ii) They conveyed messages faster
(iii) It was a cheaper method of sending messages
(iv) Message could reach many people/visibility (any 2x1=2marks)
2015 Q4, 5 P2
4.
i) They were straight /long
ii) They were well drained
iii) They were durable
iv) They had bridges / tunnels
5.
i) It was used to send a variety of messages
ii) It was used to send messages over a long distance
iii) It could be used any time
2015 Q20 P2
a)
i) Books /pamphlets
ii) Newspapers
iii) Magazines
iv) Journal / periodicals
v) Newsletters
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 vi) Bronchures
b)
i) It enables storage of information for future use /reference
ii) It enables faster transmission of information hence saves time
iii) It provides entertainment/recreaction thereby enabling positive use of leisure time
iv) It enhances reality as live pictures are transmitted to the viewers
v) It promotes trade through e-commerce/e-banking/advertisement thus making
transaction more effective / efficient
vi) It enhances security as crime could be easily detected using various
telecommunication devises
vii) It creates employment opportunities enabling people to improve their standard of
living / earning income
viii) It generates revenue to the government which enables it to undertake development
ix) It promotes cultural exchange thereby enhancing understanding / improving
relations between nations
x) It promotes water/air transport through the use of telecommunication devises that
guides crew
xi) It has promoted space exploration through use of satellites thereby enabling
better understanding of the outer space
xii) It has enhanced the weather forecasting by use of satellites
xiii) It promotes the spread of ideas by the use of radio, television and internets/global
village

2018 Q4 P2
State two advantage e of using animal transport
 They are cheap to maintain / take care of
 They can be used in inaccessible areas
 They can sense danger
 They can provide door to doo service /convenient to use
 They are hardy / can withstand harsh environmental conditions
 They are safer than other manual /accidents are rare
 Animals help to maintain ecological balance any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

URBANIZATION
MARKING SCHEME
1996 Q3
 Trade/ Mining/Religion
 Agriculture/ Administration
 Trading /Security
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  Education centres e.g Alexandria / Availability of water
(2marks)
1998 Q2
 Security – Location in area which could be easily defended.
 Trade/commercial activities with other countries.
 Religion activities – towns developed around centre of worship.
 Accessibility/good communication.
 Availability of water. Any 2 points, 1 mark each.
2003 Q2
 They were areas of population concentration
 Every city had a palace/administration centers
 Each city state had residential houses
 They were politically independent of each other independent of each other/each
government/rulers
 They had a common religion, language and culture/They were cultural
centres/sporting activities
 Each town had many temple
 Each had an open air market.
2003 Q2
 They developed as a result of trade.
 They developed in areas which could be easily defended /security
 They developed as centers of agriculture /food/fertile soils
 They developed areas where water was available
 They develop centers of government /administration
 They developed in areas where water was available
 Mining /Industry
 Religion/Cultural centers
 Education centers/ Ports/harbours Any 2x1 =2marks
2004 Q4
 They were centers of administration
 They were religious centers
 They were commercial; centers
 They residential for elders
 They were educational centers (Any 2x1= 2marks)
2006 Q7
 It was surrounded by mountains and sea making it secure/ Security
 It was a centre of learning and art which attracted people. Educational cent.
 It was a religious/ culture centre
 It was a trading centre/ commercial centre
 There were valleys with fertile soils for food production./ Availability of food
 It was an administrative centre. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
2007 Q20
 The rise of Axum Kingdom which developed East of Merowe denied Merowe
access to the red sea causing decline in trade.
 The king of Axum subdued and destroyed Merowe in 350 A.D
 Desertification due to deforestation led to decline of food supply for her people.
 Deforestation caused the decline of food supply for her people
 Discovery of Gold in Witwatersrand.
 There was clean water supply from river Vaal which was used for domestic as
well as industrial use.
 It is situated on a plain (veld) which make building constructions and
communication easy.
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  Existence of minerals e.g. diatomite’s.
 The areas surrounding the town have fertile soils therefore agriculturally
productive.
b)
 Poor working conditions for African living around Johannesburg.
 Most people live in Shanties mainly because of unemployment. This led to
development of slums.
 Poor living conditions in the slums e.g. poor sanitation.
 Criminal activities have increase due to unemployment.
 Pollution from industries and garbage.
 HIV / AIDS is a major health problem.
 Wide gap between the affluent who are the minority and the poor
majority who area Africans.
 Inadequate social facilities e.g. education and health facilities.
2008 Q8
 It is the concentration of people in certain places which grow large to
be called towns/cities. (1 mark)
2009 09
 Water from the river was used for transportation.
 Water from the river was used for domestic use / industrial use
 Nile Valley contained fertile soil for farming availability of food
 Nile valley had cool temperatures which encourages settlement
 Vegetation along the river provided building materials. any 2x1 =Marks
2010 Q7
 It was a cultural centre/music/art/theatre
 It was an educational centre
 It was a sports centre
 It was a religious centre Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
2011 Q6
 Existence of iron ore.
2013 Q8 P2
-Its control of Sofala gold trade/trade in gold. 1 x 1= 1 mark

2014 Q8 P2
State two ways in which the growth of the city of Cairo was influenced by the River Nile
(i) It was used for transport
(ii) It provided water for domestic / industrial use
(iii) The Nile valley was fertile/Agriculture/irrigation (any 2x1=2marks)

2015 Q8 P2
Discovery of gold deposits

2018 Q6 P2
State two natural factors that were responsible for the rise of Nairobi as an urban
centre
 It had good climate/cool temperatures
 The presence of water/ Nairobi river
 It had level ground any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

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 2018 Q20 P2
a) State five functions of the ancient city of Athens
 It was an education centre
 It was a centre of sports
 It was a religious centre
 It was a recreation centre /provided entertainment
 It was a cultural /theatre / arts /music centre
 It was a trading /commercial centre
 It was a transport /communication centre
 It was an administrative centre

Any 5 x 1= 5 marks

b) Describe five challenges experienced in the city of Johannesburg

 there exists a huge gap between the wealth y Europeans and the poor Africans
 high unemployment rate among the people due to high population
 high rate of infection of HIV/AIDS pandemic has increased the cost of treatment /loss
of lives
 there is air /land /water pollution caused by emission of poisonous gases from the
industries
 there is inadequate housing which has led to the development of slums /shanties
 there is discrimination where African were mistreated / despised in work places
/mines
 it experiencesindustrial unrest / strikes by the industrial workers
 traffic jams are rampant due to many vehicles on the road
 high rate of crime leading to insecurity
 congestion town due to rural urban migration
 Inadequate social amenities eg. schools , hospitals etc

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF

AFRICAN SOCIETIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
MARKING SCHEME
1996 Q8
 It made laws for the kingdom
 It checked on the activities of the government
 It presented the interests of the people/countries
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  It advised the Kabaka
(2marks)
1997 Q9
 The Lukiko advised the Kabaka
 Assisted the Kabaka to administer the kingdom
 Made the laws of the kingdom
 It acted as the Court of Appeal/ solved disputes
 Directed correction of taxes and planning good expenditure
 Represented the interests of the people.
1998 Q 10
 It enhanced effective control of the Kingdom.
 It promoted control of other traditional leaders e.g. clan heads and thus brought
about unity.
 It enhanced loyalty to one single leader.
 It led to the emergence of able Kabaka who propelled the Kingdom from strength
to strength. Any 2 points, 1 mark each.
1998 Q20
 They participated in the local trade where they exchanged commodities such as
fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours, Goan and Go.
 They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between traders from
North Africa and those from the South. Their main commodities of trade were
salt, gold kolanuts and slaves.
 They grow crops such as kolanuts and grain/ kept animals
 They practiced crafts especially the manufacture of items such as baskets and
pots.
 They practiced iron working and made tools like hoes, bangles and arrows
 They practiced hunting and gathering of fruits and roots.
 They practiced mining activities
 They practiced fishing Any 3 points, 1 mark each (3 marks)

 The Asante Empire was centralized state divided into three divisions namely. The
nucleaus (Kumasi) states outside Kumasi (Amatoo) and the conquered states.
 The overall ruler of the Empire was Asantahene. Kimasi was under the direct
control of the Asantahene.
 The conquered states were ruled by their kings but treated as provinces of
Asante. Asantahene appointed representatives in each conquered sate.
 The Asantahene ruled with the help of a confederacy of Kings (Omanhene).
Confederacy council. They took an oath of allegiance to ensure Loyalty to the
Asantahene.
 The Omanhene represented the Asantahene in the conquered states/Omanhene,
Sone autonomy but were expected to pay tribute to the Asantahene and contribute
soldiers in times of war.
 The Empire had a standing army which defended/ conquered other states and
maintained law and order in the Empire.
 Religion played an important army which defended/ conquered other states and
maintained law and order in the Empire.
 The sacred Golden stool which was introduced in the 18th century by Asantahene
Osei. Tutu strengthened unity in the Empire. It was kept at the headquarters,
Kumasi. Each Omanhene was given a symbolic black stool to signify unity of
purpose in the province.

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  The empire had a well established judicial/ court system based at Kumasi and was
headed by the Asantahene. The Omanhene were given powers to try minor cases
at the provinces.
 The empire has a strong economic base that depended mainly on taxes and profit
derived from the long distance trade. This strong economy aimed the empire
1999 Q12
 It was the symble of unity within the Asante Empire/ it united the Asante
Empire.
2000 Q10
 He was the head of the government
 He was the commander in chief of the armed forces
 He appointed senior officials in the government
 He was the supreme judge
 He was in charge of all religious activities/ chief priest
 He controlled trade
2000 Q22
 The shona believed in one powerful god Mwari
 They believed in the existence of ancestral spirits whom they consulted from time
to time
 The Shona communicated with the spirit through mediums/ oracles
 The priests presided over religious functions such as offerings sacrifices to god
 Shona elders were highly respected
 Priests came from Rozwi clan
 They had sacred places of worship/ shrines
 They were clan based
 They live in circular stone houses
 It was a polygamous society
(b)
 The empire was ruled by the emperor who was both head of state and
Government
 The office of the emperor was hereditary
 The emperor was assisted in administering the empire by the queen mother, head
drummer, emperor’s sister, emperor’s principal wives the chancellor and military
 The empire was divided into provinces which were ruled by lesser kings/ chiefs
who were directly answerable to the emperor
 The Empire had a standing army which was used for defense and expansion of the
kingdom
 The emperor controlled trade activities whose revenue was used to sustain the
empire and the army.
 Priests acted as a link between the people and the emperor
 The king was military leader
 The king was a religious leader/ semi divine

2001 Q2
 The Golden stool bound together all the Asante states. It was a symbol
of Asante unity. (1mark)
2002 Q7
 Able leaders e.g. Osei Tutu.
 Unity brought about by the Golden stool/Odwira festival/common ancestry
 Military strength based on the acquisition of gun and powder
 Wealth derived from the trans-Atlantic slave trade slave trade.
 A strong agricultural base/availability of food.
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  Centralized political system under Asantehene.
 A large army
 Oppressive need rule of the free themselves from rule Denkyia.
2003 Q9
 Both systems were centralized
 They ruled by hereditary monarchs/kings/kingship was hereditary
 They had a strong standing army
 Their king had absolute powers/chief judge/religions leader/appointed
administration leaders.
 Ruled by kings
 Commandant chief Any 2x1 = 2marks
2004 Q22
 They were traders
 They grew crops e.g. millet, bananas
 They are iron monger/workers/blacksmiths
 They practiced weaving
 They practiced pottery
 They kept livestock
 They manufactured bark cloth
 They were fishermen
 They made boats/canoes
 Practiced mining/hunting/gathering/beekeeping Any 3x1=3marks
(b)
 Buganda was centralized state/Kinddom headed by the Kabaka
 The court was the final court of appeal
 His court was the final court of appeal
 The Kabaka was Commander in chief of the Army
 There was a Prime Minister who assisted the Kabaka to run the
government/Katikiro
 There was a legislative body (Lukiko) which discussed important matters
affecting the kingdom/Parliament.
 There were minor chiefs in charge of clans, these were known as the Bataka.
 The Kingdom was divided into countries called sazas headed by saza chiefs.
 The countries were divided into sub-countries called Gombolola headed by a
Muluka Chief
 There was a standing army charged with responsibility of defending the kingdom
and conquering more land.
 Vassal states were governed by Batongoles who were appointed by the Kabaka.
 There was a council of ministers which consisted of Katikiro (Prime minister)
Omulamuzi (Chief justice) Any 6x2=12marks

2005 Q12
 To stop raids from the Ndebele
 They did not want to be ruled by Ndebele (1 x 1 = 1 mark)
2006 Q8
 The head cook
 Head gate keeper/ chancellor
 The court steward/ chamberlain/ chancellor
 The Queen Mother
 The head drummer
 The head of the Army
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  The Treasurers
 The Senior son in law
 The Nine principal wives of the King
 The King sister (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
2006 Q22
 Participation trade enabled the kingdom.
 Acquired weapons which were used to expand the kingdom.
 Wealth from trade boosted the kings prestige/frame.
 The need for goods for export encouraged the kings to conquer more
territories.
 The king used wealth from trade to reward loyal provincial rulers 3marks

 The Kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke the Akan
language.
 The Asante were organized in clans
 Marriage between members of the same clan was prohibited
 Inheritance of property was matrilineal.
 The community was bound together by the Golden stool
 There was an annual cultural festival (odwira) held at kumasi to honour the
ancestors.
 The society was divided into social classes/stratification
 The kings were regarded as semi-divine/religious traders
 The Asante were polytheists/worshipped many gods and goddesses
 The ancestors mediated between god and the people
 The Asante had a supreme God called Nyame
Any 6x2=12marks.
2007 Q9
 It was the symbol of unity within the Asante Empire.
2008 Q9
 To maintain law and order.
 To collect taxes.
 They recruited men for military service.
 They settled disputes/tried cases in court.
 They were members of the Lukiiko. (Any 2x1=2 marks)
2009 Q10
 They grew crops /agriculture
 They kept livestock
 They traded with Arabs and Swahili traders /took part in long distance trade /
trade
 They hunted elephants fro ivory
 They were iron worked /blacksmiths.
 They made clothes from wild cotton /bark /fibres
 They mined gold.
 (They gathered / gathering
2010 Q9
 The Mwari religious cult/Mlimo/religion 1 x 1= 1 mark
2010 Q10
 It advised the Kabaka.
 It represented the wishes of the people.
 It assisted in settling disputes/acted as final court of appeal.
 It directed the collection of taxes/how the wealth of the kingdom would be
spent.
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  It was the law formulating body in the Kingdom.
 It assisted/no general/administration
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks
2011 Q22
 He was the Commander in-Chief of the armed forces
 Kabaka appointed/ dismissed Saza chiefs/ senior government official
 He was head of traditional religion
 He was the head of judiciary/ final court of appeal
 He awarded honours to officers who offered distinguished service
 The shona were ruled by an emperor/ King who had absolute authority over the
subjects;
 The emperor’s position was hereditary so as to reduce succession disputes;
 The emperor was assisted in the administration by the queen mother, the queen
sister, army commander, head drummer, head door keeper or head cook.
 There was an advisory council whose work was to advise the emperor
 There empire was divided into provinces which were headed by provincial / lesser
kings.
 The provinces were divided into chiefdoms ruled by chief.
 Under the chief were headmen who were in charge of the villages
 The empire had a standing army whose main duty was to defend / expand the
empire
 The king/ emperor was symbol of unity as he was semi-devine.
 There existed priests who acted as spies for the emperor/ king
2013 Q9 P2
 It was a symbol/source of unity among the states.
 It was considered sacred. 1 x1 =
1mark
2013 Q10 P2
 The Kingdoms/monarchy;
 The Chiefdoms/chieftain;
 The Council of elders. 1x 1 =1 mark
2014 Q9, 10 P2
10.
 Mwene Mutapa/king /Emperor
 The Royal fire (1x1=1mark)
11.
 They were used to conquer/suppress neighbouring kingdoms/enemies
 To protect the kingdom (1x1=1mark)

2015 Q22 P2
a)
 It helped kabaka in the administration
 It acted as final court of appeal / settled disputes
 It advised kabaka
 It represented the people’s interests
 It directed the budget / collection of taxes
 It made laws

b)

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  Trans Atlantic trade generated a lot of wealth which enabled the empire to prosper
 It had able / skilled shrewd rulers who were courageous / developed conscious
 They had a symbol of unity / golden stool which bonded the people together
 Centralized system of administration ensured stability as there was clear
command
 Strong agriculture base ensured regular food supply leading to growth of
population
 Presence of large / strong army provided defence/expanded the empire through
conquest
 Availability of gold enabled the kingdom to generate wealth that was used for
further development
 The Odwira Festival brought the leaders/ people together thereby making the
empire more cohesive

2018 Q12 P2
Give one function of the Odwira festival among the asante during the 19th century
 It was held to honor / appeal the dead
 It was held in order to pay allegiance to the King /Asantehene
 It was held in order to entertain people
 It was held in order to settle disputes
 Symbol of unity any 1 x 1 = 1 mark

2018 Q14 P2
State two ways in which Royal fire was important in the Mwene Mutapa Kingdom
 It symbolized the authority of the king
 It was a sign of loyalty to the king
 It was a symbol of unity

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

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