For instructional purposes only • 1st Semester SY 2020-2021 63

Lesson 2.2: The Rigid Structure of Integration

Formulas. Exponential Integrals.

Lesson Summary
Unlike differentiation, indefinite integration has much stricter rules to follow for
it to work. And most of the time, it is the larger and recognizable pieces of the
integrand that provides us insight on to what the whole integration process
should be. The integration formulas to be demonstrated in this lesson will be
the exponential integrals.

Learning Outcome
Apply exponential integration formulas in evaluating indefinite integrals.

Motivation Question
Can integration by substitution be used with integration formulas other than
the fundamental integration formulas?

Discussion
With differentiation, the process is that when the function is a certain type,
there are certain formulas that could be used on it. And those formulas can be
directly used on that function. In integration, on the other hand, the function
must be arranged in a certain way so that a corresponding integration formula
could work.

Mastery of the differentiation formulas provides a great advantage in

integration since indefinite integration is the inverse of differentiation. But this
fact is what made integration a little bit harder than differentiation.

Differentiation is like breaking a porcelain statue and fixing is integration.

What the statue was does not matter, with the right amount of force you can
break it. But fixing the statue back to its former state takes a lot of work. The
pieces must all be at the right places before you can apply the adhesive. And
in most cases in integration, you do not know what the statue was before it
broke. So, at the beginning you do not really know where the process is
supposed to go. But just like fixing an already broken statue, you take hints
from the larger pieces.

In addition, when a porcelain statue gets broken, there are the smallest, dust-
like pieces that could never be found nor put back with the other pieces. And
we can look at these pieces as the constants that get lost in the differentiation
process and that indefinite integration could not define back.

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Example 2.4: Utilizing the Larger Pieces

Evaluate the indefinite integral

න൫݁ ୲ୟ୬ ఏ •‡… ߠ െ ݁ ୱୣୡ ఏ –ƒ ߠ൯ •‡… ߠ ݀ߠ

The indefinite integral does not resemble any of the integration formulas
that we know so far. But if we distribute •‡… ߠ and apply Sum Rule,

ൌ නൣ݁ ୲ୟ୬ ఏ ሺ•‡… ߠ ሻሺ•‡… ߠሻ െ ݁ ୱୣୡ ఏ –ƒ ߠ •‡… ߠ൧݀‫ݔ‬

ൌ න ݁ ୲ୟ୬ ఏ •‡… ଶ ߠ ݀‫ ݔ‬െ න ݁ ୱୣୡ ఏ •‡… ߠ –ƒ ߠ ݀‫ݔ‬

Based on complexity, the much larger expression in both terms are the
exponential functions. Also, we observe that the exponents are
trigonometric functions. And it just so happens that the functions multiplied
to these exponential functions are trigonometric functions.

Let us look closely to each of the terms. In the first term, the exponent is
–ƒ ߠ whose derivative is •‡… ଶ ߠ. While the derivative of the exponent in the
second term is •‡… ߠ –ƒ ߠ.

And we conclude that the two terms have the pattern ‫݂ ׬‬൫‫ ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ൯‫ݑ‬Ԣሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ݔ‬
where the outer function is exponential. So now we can integrate

න൫݁ ୲ୟ୬ ఏ •‡… ߠ െ ݁ ୱୣୡ ఏ –ƒ ߠ൯ •‡… ߠ ݀ߠ ൌ ݁ ୲ୟ୬ ఏ െ ݁ ୱୣୡ ఏ ൅ ‫ܥ‬

Example 2.5: Finding the Outer Function and the

Derivative of its Inner Function

Evaluate the indefinite integral

නሺ݁ ௔௫ ൅ ݁ ି௔௫ ሻଷ ݀‫ݔ‬

Again, we find that larger function. And in this case, that larger function is a
monomial with exponent ͵ and inner function ሺ݁ ௔௫ ൅ ݁ ି௔௫ ሻ. But we do not
see any prospective derivatives for the inner function.

So, look at the next largest functions ݁ ௔௫ and ݁ ି௔௫ . Because of the forms of
the exponents of these functions, the derivatives of their inner functions are

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constants. And if it is constants that we lack, we simply multiply and divide

the integrand by this lacking constant.

But first we have to rewrite the integrand such that the exponential
functions are in the position to be the outer function in the ‫݂ ׬‬൫‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ൯ ‫ݑ‬Ԣሺ‫ ݔ‬ሻ݀‫ݔ‬
pattern. And we can achieve that form by expanding the whole expression.

ൌ නሾሺ݁ ௔௫ ሻଷ ൅ ͵ሺ݁ ௔௫ ሻଶ ሺ݁ ି௔௫ ሻ ൅ ͵ሺ݁ ௔௫ ሻሺ݁ ି௔௫ ሻଶ ൅ ሺ݁ ି௔௫ ሻଷ ሿ݀‫ݔ‬

ൌ නሾ݁ ଷ௔௫ ൅ ͵݁ ଶ௔௫ ሺ݁ ି௔௫ ሻ ൅ ͵ሺ݁ ௔௫ ሻሺ݁ ିଶ௔௫ ሻ ൅ ݁ ିଷ௔௫ ሿ݀‫ݔ‬

ൌ නሾ݁ ଷ௔௫ ൅ ͵݁ ଶ௔௫ି௔௫ ൅ ͵݁ ௔௫ିଶ௔௫ ൅ ݁ ିଷ௔௫ ሿ݀‫ݔ‬

ൌ නሾ݁ ଷ௔௫ ൅ ͵݁ ௔௫ ൅ ͵݁ ି௔௫ ൅ ݁ ିଷ௔௫ ሿ݀‫ݔ‬

Now the integrand has four different outer functions and their inner function
cannot possibly share the same derivative. So, we must evaluate these
outer functions separately,

ൌ න ݁ ଷ௔௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ͵݁ ௔௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ͵݁ ି௔௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ݁ ିଷ௔௫ ݀‫ݔ‬

Multiply and divide by the lacking constant factor

ͳ ͵ ͵ ͳ
ൌ න ݁ ଷ௔௫ ͵ܽ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ݁ ௔௫ ܽ݀‫ ݔ‬െ න ݁ ି௔௫ ሺെܽሻ݀‫ ݔ‬െ න ݁ ିଷ௔௫ ሺെ͵ܽሻ݀‫ݔ‬
͵ܽ ܽ ܽ ͵ܽ
Integrate
ͳ ଷ௔௫ ͵ ௔௫ ͵ ି௔௫ ͳ ିଷ௔௫
ൌ ݁ ൅ ݁ െ ݁ െ ݁ ൅‫ܥ‬
͵ܽ ܽ ܽ ͵ܽ

ͳ ଷ௔௫ ͳ ௔௫ ͳ ି௔௫ ͳ ିଷ௔௫

නሺ݁ ௔௫ ൅ ݁ ି௔௫ ሻଷ ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ݁ ൅ ͵݁ െ ͵݁ െ ݁ ൅‫ܥ‬
͵ܽ ܽ ܽ ͵ܽ

Example 2.6: Relationship between the Two Exponential

Integrals

Let us try to evaluate

න ݁ ௨ ݀‫ݑ‬

௔ೠ
using the integration formula ‫ܽ ׬‬௨ ݀‫ ݑ‬ൌ ൅‫ܥ‬
୪୬ ௔

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Solution:
݁௨
න ݁ ௨ ݀‫ݑ‬ ൌ ൅‫ܥ‬
Ž ݁
Since Ž ݁ ൌ ͳ
݁௨
ൌ ൅‫ܥ‬
ͳ

න ݁ ௨ ݀‫ݑ‬ ൌ ݁௨ ൅ ‫ܥ‬

Example 2.4: Integration of Exponential Functions

Evaluate the indefinite integral

නሺ݁ ହ௫ ൅ ܽଶ௫ െ ܾ ଺௫ ሻ݀‫ݔ‬

Each of the terms in the integrand is an exponential function of a different

base. So even when the terms are of the same type of function, they would
need to be integrated separately

නሺ݁ ହ௫ ൅ ܽଶ௫ െ ܾ ଺௫ ሻ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ න ݁ ହ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬൅ න ܽଶ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬െ න ܾ ଺௫ ݀‫ݔ‬

For the integration of the first term, let

ͷ‫ݔ‬ ൌ ‫ݑ‬ ሺ݅ሻ
݀ ݀
ሺͷ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ݑ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݑ‬
ͷ ൌ
݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݑ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ሺ݅݅ሻ
ͷ
Substitute ሺ݅ሻ and ሺ݅݅ሻ into the first term
݀‫ݑ‬
ൌ න ݁ ହ௫ ൬ ൰ ൅ න ܽଶ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬െ න ܾ ଺௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ͷ
For the integration of the first term, let
ʹ‫ݔ‬ ൌ ‫ݒ‬ ሺ݅݅݅ሻ
݀ ݀
ሺʹ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ݒ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬

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݀‫ݒ‬
ʹ ൌ
݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݒ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ሺ݅‫ݒ‬ሻ
ʹ
Substitute ሺ݅݅݅ሻ and ሺ݅‫ݒ‬ሻ into the first term
݀‫ݑ‬ ݀‫ݒ‬
ൌ න ݁௨ ൬ ൰ ൅ න ܽ௩ ൬ ൰ െ න ܾ ଺௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ͷ ʹ
For the integration of the first term, let
͸‫ݔ‬ ൌ ‫ݓ‬ ሺ‫ݒ‬ሻ
݀ ݀
ሺ͸‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ݓ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݓ‬
͸ ൌ
݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݓ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ሺ‫݅ݒ‬ሻ
͸
Substitute ሺ‫ݒ‬ሻ and ሺ‫݅ݒ‬ሻ into the first term
݀‫ݑ‬ ݀‫ݒ‬ ݀‫ݓ‬
ൌ න ݁௨ ൬ ൰ ൅ න ܽ௩ ൬ ൰ െ න ܾ ௪ ൬ ൰
ͷ ʹ ͸
Use the general property of indefinite integrals on constant factors
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ൌ න ݁ ௨ ݀‫ ݑ‬൅ න ܽ௩ ݀‫ ݒ‬െ න ܾ ௪ ݀‫ݓ‬
ͷ ʹ ͸
Using the appropriate integration formulas
ͳ ௨ ͳ ܽ௩ ͳ ܾ௪
ൌ ݁ ൅ െ ൅‫ܥ‬
ͷ ʹ Ž ܽ ͸ Ž ܾ
Substitute back the values of ‫ݑ‬, ‫ݒ‬, and ‫ݓ‬. And add ‫ ܥ‬to complete the
indefinite integral

ͳ ହ௫ ͳ ܽଶ௫ ͳ ܾ ଺௫
නሺ݁ ହ௫ ൅ ܽଶ௫ െ ܾ ଺௫ ሻ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ ݁ ൅ െ ൅‫ܥ‬
ͷ ʹ Ž ܽ ͸ Ž ܾ

Learning Tasks
Provide the solution for each of the statements below. Remember to treat
variables other than the variable of integration is constants.
ሺ݁ ௫ െ ͳሻଶ ͵݁ ସ௫Τଷ ͵݁ ିଶ௫Τଷ
1. න య ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ ͸݁ ௫Τଷ െ ൅‫ܥ‬
ξ݁ ଶ௫ Ͷ ʹ

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 68 ESci 113: Calculus for Engineers II

݁ ௫ିଵ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬௘ିଵ ͳ ͳ ‫ ݁ݔ‬௫ ൅ ݁‫ ݔ‬௘ ͳ

2. න ݀‫ݔ‬ ൌ න ቆ ቇ ݀‫ ݔ‬ൌ Žȁ݁ ௫ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬௘ ȁ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
݁௫ ൅ ‫ݔ‬௘ ݁ ݁௫ ൅ ‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ݔ‬ ݁

Assessment
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals. Remember to treat variables other
than the variable of integration is constants.

a. නሺ଼ܽ௫ െ ʹ݁ ଶ௫ െ ܾ ௫ ሻ݀‫ݔ‬ b. නሺ݁ ௫ାସ െ ݁ ହ௫ାଵ ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬

ଵ
య ݁ ൗ௫ ଷ
c. න ൭‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁ ௫ െ ൱ ݀‫ݔ‬ d. න൫ʹ௫Τଶ െ ʹ௫Τଷ ൯ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ

e. නሺܽ ௫ ൅ ܾሻଷ ܽ ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬ f. නሺ݁ ௫ାସ െ ݁ ହ௫ାଵ ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬

ͳ ͳ
g. න൤ ൅ ଶ௫ ൨ ݁ ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬ h.
ሺ݁ ଶ௫ ൅ ͳሻ ଶ ݁ െͷ

Instructions on how to submit student output

Please see class policies for details.

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