COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)

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SHORT QUESTIONS

Why operating system is important software for a computer? Give any five
reasons.
Following are the main functions due to which operating system is important software
for a computer.
i) Process Management
ii) Memory Management
iii) Input/Output Management
iv) File Management
v) Resource Management
vi) User Management
Give any three objectives of operating system?
i) Convenience and Efficiency.
ii) Usage of resources such as CPU, memory, input/output devices and
Internet.
iii) Resource manager.
Mention few disadvantages of using DOS.
 User must know the syntax of the command.
 DOS commands are difficult to remember.
 It is a single user and single task operating system.
 It cannot support graphics.
 It is not GUI based.
Name two operating systems which are used in modern mobile phones.
i) Android OS (Google Inc.) ii) Bada (Samsung Electronics)
iii) BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion) iv) iphone OS/iOS (Apple)
v) MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel) vi) Symbian OS (Nokia)
What difficulties a student may face if he/she is not familiar with the
operating system of a computer?
 User must know basics of operating system to give commands to the computer.
 Without this, he/she cannot run programs and manage files on computer.
 Without knowledge of operating system, a computer is useless.
Define UNIX and Windows operating system.
UNIX:
 UNIX is a multi-user CLI operating system.
 It was introduced in 1969.
 It allows multiple users to run different programs at the same time.
 UNIX is used on large computer system (Mainframe).
 It uses a command line interface but later on GUI was also introduced.
Windows Operating System:
 It is the most popular operating system.
 It was developed by Microsoft.
 It has many versions over the period of time like Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows Millennium, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, 8 and 10.
 The latest version is Windows 10.
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Differentiate between single-user and multi-user operating systems.
Single-user Operating System:
 It is used by a single user at a time.
 It is easy to use.
 Resources (CPU, memory and input/output devices) are not shared with other
computers.
 It is used on microcomputers.
 User can open many programs at the same time
 It requires less memory and costs less.
 Some examples are DOS, Windows 95, Windows XP, Windows 7, etc.
Multi-user Operating System:
 It is used by many users at a time.
 Resources (CPU, memory and input/output devices) are shared with other
computers over network.
 It is used on minicomputers and mainframes.
 Administrator is responsible for assigning and managing user names
and passwords.
 It requires a powerful CPU and large memory & hard drives.
 Some examples are Windows NT, UNIX and Linux etc.

What is meant by managing data and why is it important?

 Managing data means storing files in secondary storage devices i.e. on hard disk or
USB flash.
 This helps in finding files easily and quickly.
 File Management Tools provide facilities to create folders and copy or move files
into them. It also allows the user to delete files and folders.
What is meant by resources of computer?
 The resources of a computer include microprocessor, memory and all the attached
devices.
 Operating system automatically manages these resources.
 Operating system allocates resources of a computer to the application program
according to the user's requirement.
What types of problems may a student face if no antivirus is installed in
his/her computer system.
 A computer virus is a program that literally infects other programs and databases
upon contact.
 It can damage data, software, or the computer itself.
 Some of the activities that a virus are:
o Copy themselves to other programs.
o Display information on the screen.
o Destroy data files.
o Erase an entire hard disk.
o Lie dormant for a specified time or until a given condition is met.
 LONG QUESTIONS
Explain the main functions of operating system.
The following are the main functions of operating
system. Process Management:
 A process is a program in execution which needs resources like processing
resource, memory and I/O resources.
 The Operating System must allocate resources to processes the data.
Memory Management:
 It is the process of allocating memory space to different programs.
 When programs are run by users, the operating system allocates portions of free
memory these programs.
 When a program is closed, operating system will free the memory portion used by
that program.
Input/output Management:
 User communicates with computer through input/output devices such as keyboard,
mouse, monitor, printer etc.
 Operating system uses Input/output controller to manage all the input/output
devices.
File Management:
 It is the process in which operating system organizes, stores and keeps track of
files and folders.
 Operating System perform various operations on these files/folders like creating,
opening, editing, renaming, moving, copying, deleting and searching etc.
Resource Management:
 The resources of a computer include microprocessor, memory and all the devices
attached to the computer.
 Operating system automatically manages the resources of a computer when
application programs are executed by user.
User Management:
 User management is an important feature of operating system for a secure
computer system.
 The operating system gives full control to administrator only who can installs
various programs and can creates new users.
 Operating system does not allow the users to install programs or create new users.

Describe the following computer interfaces.

Command Line Interface:
 In CLI, commands are given with keyboard.
 The user types a command and presses the ENTER key to execute it.
 Examples of CLI are DOS (Disk Operating System) and UNIX.
 CLI is difficult to use because users have to remember the commands.
Graphical User Interface:
 It is a graphical interface and uses windows, icons, menus and pointer.
 Icon is a graphical symbol that represents a file, folder, program, device, etc.
 To perform a task, the user has to select icons or make choices in menus.
 Examples of GUI are Macintosh, Linux and Windows.
 The following are the advantages of GUI.
o Much easier
o No need to remember commands
o Multiple programs can be run at the same time
o Provide good help facilities
 The following are the disadvantages of GUI.
o Takes up lot of memory.
o Needs faster computer.
Menu-driven Interface:
 It presents a menu, user makes a choice and then the next menu appears.
 The user makes another choice and so on.
 It is very easy to use.
 Menus contain the commands to use the operating system.
 Examples are Novell’s Netware and ProDOS etc.

Describe the following types of operating systems.

Batch Processing System:
 In this system, jobs are grouped in batches & computer executes them one by one
 Computer automatically loads the next job when one job terminates.
 This system is suitable where large amount of data has to be collected and
processed on a regular basis.
 For example, data of credit card holders is collected & held till end of billing cycle.
 Another example is printing of report cards of all students of a school as a batch.
Time-sharing System:
 In this system, multiple users can run different programs at a same time on a
large-scale computer.
 In a timesharing system, the central processing unit is switched rapidly between
the programs so that all the user programs are executed simultaneously.
 The, operating systems used in minicomputers and mainframe computers support
timesharing.
 This system is used in organizations like airline, bank, hotel, university, etc. where
many users need access to the central computer at the same time.
 For example, hundreds of students access the university's mainframe computer at
the same time to check their result / datesheet etc.
Real-time System:
 This system must process information and produce a response within a specified
time.
 These operating systems are developed for special applications.
 For example a measurement of temperature from an oil refinery indicating high
temperature might demand quick response to avert an explosion.
 There are a number of real-time operating systems used in military and space
research programs.
 For example, real-time operating system is used to monitor the position of rocket
in the space.
Write notes on Macintosh and Linux operating systems.
Macintosh Operating System:
 Mac OS is a series of operating systems developed by Apple Incorporation.
 It was introduced in 1984.
 The latest version is Mac OS X.
 It is a UNIX based user-friendly operating system.
 There are some specialized versions of Mac OS X used on devices such as iphone,
ipod, ipad and new Apple TV.
Linux Operating System:
 Linux is free open-source operating system introduced by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
 It is faster but difficult to use as compared to Macintosh and Windows operating
systems.
 It is not a popular operating system.
 Millions of programmers around the world working on Linux to improve it.
 Its source code is freely available on Internet.
 Linux OS can be installed on PCs, laptops, netbooks, mobile and tablet devices,
video game consoles, servers, supercomputers and more.
 Popular Linux OS distributions include Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat and
openSUSE etc.

Describe the basic icons of Windows operating system.

An icon is a small graphical symbol that represents a file, folder, application or device.
There are some special system icons SUCH as Recycle Bin and Computer that are
kept on the desktop. Some of them are described below:
Recycle Bin Icon:
It is temporary folder that keeps the deleted files, so that user can restore it when
needed. However, user can delete a file permanently from Recycle Bin also.
Computer Icon:
It allows user to access all computer’s resources like drives of Hard Disk etc.
Folder Icon:
It is used to store files. A folder can have another folder inside it which is known as
subfolder. Folders are used to keep files in an organized manner on a storage device
such as hard disk so that they can be accessed easily.
File Icon:
In a GUI, files are also represented by icons. A file may contain text, image, music or
video. Users recognize a file by its icon.
Program Icon:
Executable program flies are also represented by icons. Different graphical symbols
are used for different program icons.
Shortcut Icon:
Shortcut ions are created to access a program, file or folder quickly. They have an
arrow at the bottom left corner and the name below it.