CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY Science Learner’s Book »y BI AMBRIDGE Fiona Baxter, Liz Dilley and Jon Board ap ea PRESSCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS nines Printing Hows, Cambridge ems, United Kingdom ‘One Liberty Pata, aot Floor, New York, w¥ 6006, USA 477 Wiliamstowa Road ort Mebourne, vc 307, Astrala 4843/24. 204 Flor, Ansari Road, Daryagan Deli - 130002, nda 79 Anson Ros, 406-0406, Singapore 079908 ‘Cambridge Unversity Press is part ofthe University of Cambridge Te farthers the Universi’ mission by disseminating knovwledg inthe pars of celucaton, learning ad research atthe highest international vee of excellence, Information on thi tite education cambridge og {© Cambridge University Press 2014 ‘This publication isin copyright Subject statutory exception and tothe provisions of relevant collective iensing agreements, ‘no reproduction of any part may ake pace without the written permission of Cambridge University Pres. Firs published 2014 2019 18 17 16.25.14 13 12:13 10 Printed in Spain by GraphyCems ‘A caaleue eon for this publication ie aia from the Brit Library Ison 978-1-107-663046 Learner Book with Audio CDs (2) Cambridge University Press has no responsiblity forthe persistence or accuracy ‘of URLs for exeral or thed-paty internet webstes referred to in this publication, snd doesnot guarante that ay content on sch website ior wl emai, sccurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other ‘actual information given in this works corect atthe ime of fist printing but (Cambridge University Press doesnot guarante the accuracy of such information therester, Cover artwork: Bl Bolton Reference to Activities contained in these resources are provided ‘and information provided is onthe understanding tat teachers and echnicians shall undertake «thorough and appropriate rik assessment before undertaking any of the Activites sted. Cambridge ‘University Press makes no warranties, representations or claims of any kin concerning the Activities To the extent permitted by av, Cambridge Unversity Pres will ot be ale for any loss, injury claim ability or damage of any kind resulting from the use of the Activities,. CF Pi siisoelicion) The Cambridge Primary Science series has been developed to match the Cambridge International Examinations Primary Science curriculum framework. Its a fun, flexible and easy to use course that gives both learners and teachers the support they need. In keeping with the aims of the curriculum itself, it encourages learners to be actively engaged with the content, and develop enquiry skills as well as subject knowledge. This Learner's Book for Stage 5 covers all the content from Stage 5 of the curriculum framework. The topics are covered in the order in which they are presented in the curriculum for easy navigation, but can be taught in any order that is appropriate fo you. Throughout the book you will find ideas for practical activities, which will help learners to develop their Scientific Enquiry skills as well as introduce them to the thrill of scientific discovery. The ‘Talk about it!’ question in each topic can be used as a starting Point for classroom discussion, encouraging learners to use the scientific vocabulary and develop their understanding. “Check your progress’ questions at the end of each unit can be used to assess learners’ understanding, Learners who will be taking the Cambridge Primary Progression test for Stage 5 will find these questions useful preparation, We strongly advise you to use the Teacher's Resource for Stage 5, ISBN 978-1-107-67673-2, alongside this book. This resource contains extensive guidance on all the topics, ideas for classroom activities, and guidance Notes on all the activities presented in this Leamers’ Book. YoU will also find large collection of worksheets, and answers to alll the questions from the Stage products. Also available is the Activity Book for Stage 5, ISBN 978-1-107-65897-4. This book offers a variety of exercises to help learners consolidate understanding, practise vocabulary, apply knowledge to new situations and develop enquiry skills. Learners can complete the exercises in class or be given them as homework We hope you enjoy using this series. With best wishes, the Cambridge Primary Science team. Introduction i}Introduction 1 Investigating plant growth 1.1 Seeds 1.2 How seeds grow 1.3 Investigating germination 1.4. What do plants need to grow? 1.5 Plants and light Check your progress 2 ie life cycle of flowering plants Why plants have flowers Be How seeds are spread 2.3 Other ways seeds are spread 2.4 The parts of a flower 2.5 Pollination 2.6 Investigating pollination 2.7 Plant life cycles Check your progress 3 States of matter 3.1 Evaporation 3.2 Why evaporation is useful 3.3. Investigating evaporation 3.4 Investigating evaporation from a solution 3.5 Condensation 3.6 The water cycle 3.7 Boiling 3.8 Melting 3.9 Who invented the temperature scale? Check your progress Contents4 The way we see things Light travels from a source Mirrors Seeing behind you Which surfaces reflect light the best? Light changes direction Check your progress Shadows Light travels in straight lines Which materials let light through? Silhouettes and shadow puppets What affects the size of a shadow? Investigating shadow lengths Measuring light intensity How scientists measured and understood light Check your progress Earth's movements The Sun, the Earth and the Moon Does the Sun move? The Earth rotates on its axis Sunrise and sunset The Earth revolves around the Sun. Exploring the solar system Exploring the stars Check your progress Reference Glossary and index Acknowledgements 98 105 0 Contentsed MLN) Seeds and fruits Have you ever swallowed a seed when you were eating an apple or an orange? We find seeds inside fruits Fruits and seeds can be different sizes and shapes. This apple has been cut in half to show the seeds. ‘An avocado pear has one large seed. Bean seeds are found inside a pod. MRC e[ eR TT) Are seeds alive? Seeds might look dead, but they are not. Seeds grow into new plants. There is a tiny plant inside the seed that starts to grow when it has all the things that it needs. The tiny plant inside the seed is called an embryo. The seed also has a food store. ‘A poppy's fruit contains the seeds. 1 Investigating plant growthfood store : ; , embryo Here is a bean seed with its parts labelled. ‘seed coat, ‘scar where seed was joined to fruit Acti Val we -- ‘You will need: a large fresh seed . a hand lens Draw and label a seed Look carefully at the seed with the hand lens. Find the seed coat and the scar where the seed was joined to the fruit. Make a neat drawing of the outside of the seed. Label your drawing. Use your fingernails to pull off the outer covering of the seed. Pull the two halves of the seed apart. Find the embryo inside the seed Find the seed’s food store. Draw and label the inside parts of the seed. Questions 1 Why does the seed need a food store? 2 Why does the seed need a seed coat? 3 What do you think the seed needs to make it start to grow? hex about it! What is the biggest What you have learnt seed in the world? © Seeds are found in fruits. © The embryo inside a seed grows into a new plant. © Seeds are covered by a seed coat. D Seeds contain a food store. i1.2 How seeds gr Words to learn germination shrivels ‘absorbs If a seed is given the right conditions, and the embryo is alive, it will grow. When a seed starts to grow, we say it germinates. This process is called germination. The seed uses its food store to give it the energy to grow. The seed shrivels and becomes small after germination. Here are the stages in germination of a bean seed. The shoot grows up above the ground, The first leaves grow. Seed absorbs water and swells. Seed coat splits. The first shoot starts to grow. The first root starts to grow. The root grows down into the soil. . Side roots grow. Seeds can live without germinating for years until the conditions become suitable. The oldest seed known to germinate was a 1300-year-old lotus seed found at the bottom of a lake in China. Alotus plant growihg in water. 1 Investigating plant growthAct y 1. Observe a seed Soak the bean seed in water overnight. Predict how the seed will change overnight. Observe the seed the next day and write down any changes that you see. How did the seed change overnight? Was your prediction correct? Explain why the changes happen. Where do you think the water entered the seed? Give a reason for your answer Questions 1 Why do seeds need to absorb water? 2 a Which part of the new bean plant grows first? b Suggest a reason why this part grows downwards. 3 In which direction does the first shoot grow and why? 4 Why do you think the new leaves start to grow above the ground? 5 Why do you think the seed shrivels and becomes small after germination? Talk about it! Can new plants only grow from seeds? What you have learnt ® Seeds start to germinate if the conditions are right and the embryo is alive. The food store gives seeds the energy they need for germination. ‘D Seeds absorb water to start germination. © The new root grows downwards first, followed by the new shoot which grows upwards. ‘ TinveSeeds germinate when they have the right conditions. o Will seeds germinate very hot or very col ) Do seeds need air to germinate? ©. two saucers - two small plastic bags . two bag ties . 20 small seeds four paper towels some water Place 10 seeds ona moist paper =*.nninasram towel on each saucer. Cover both saucers with moist paper towels. Place one saucer in each bag. Use the straw to suck all the air out of one bag. Quickly close it with a bag tie. Close the other bag, leaving air inside it. Leave both bags in a warm place for two days, then remove the seeds from the bags and observe them. Which seeds germinated? Suggest a reason for this. J Investigating plant growthb ‘You will need: 20 seeds four glass jars filed with soil or vA) Investigate conditions needed eee for germination : moist soil dry soil Place five seeds against or sawdust or sawdust the glass in each jar. Moisten the soil in two jars seed Place one jar of dry soil and one jar of moist soil in a warm place. Place one jar of dry soil and one jar of moist soil in a cold place Check the moist soil every day to make sure it does not dry out. Observe the seeds every two days for eight days. Draw a table to record your observations Questions Z How can you make sure that this is a fair test? 2 a What differences did you observe between the jars? b Suggest reason for these differences. c Why would your results be better if you used 40 seeds instead of 20? 3 Does the investigation show whether seeds need air for germination? Explain your answer. 4 Write a conclusion about the best conditions for seed germination. 5 a Do you think seeds need light for germination? Make a prediction. b Plan an investigation to test your prediction. Talk about it! Why do most seeds germinate in spring? What you have learnt D Seeds germinate when they have right conditions. D Seeds need water, warmth and air to germinate. Seeds do not need light to germinate. § t : “NUitelme OM TSM CMON ONE word to learn * factors Plants need certain things from the environment to make them grow. We call these things factors. Without these factors, plants will not grow well, or they might even die. Look at these pictures. Which plant is healthy and growing well? o¢ | Plants need water, warmth, light and air | need water, warmth, | Plants need water, warmth, light and air | and ai Plants need water so that they can have strong stems and firm leaves. They also use water to transport substances such as food to all parts of the plant. Most plants grow best when they get warmth. Most grow better if it is not too hot or too cold. Plants make their own food. They need light energy for this. A plant that does not get light energy grows long, thin stems, becomes weak and dies. Plants are living things. Living things need air. Plants without air will die. Plants need light Light energy is a factor that helps plants to grow. enerayto-grow. Plants need the energy in sunlight to make food in their leaves. Plants always grow towards the source of light energy. 1 Investigating plant growthXai AE) Draw a bar chart of plant growth Ashok and his friends grew some plants in pots. Ashok put his plant in a sunny place and watered it twice a week. Marco put his plant in a shady place and watered it twice a week. Leo put his plant in sunny place but forgot to water it. Tariq kept his plant under bed and watered it twice a week. After two weeks they measured how much their plants had grown. ‘Name_ How the plants: looked __ Growth of plants incm Ashok | green and heatthy i) oF | Marco __ lighter green and quite heatthy (8 _| | Leo dey and brown _ | & Tariq, ‘thin and weak M Draw a bar chart of the results. Questions Whose plant grew the best? Whose plant grew the worst? Why did Leo's plant look dry and brown? Why was Marco's plant smaller than Ashok’s? Explain why Tariq’s plant was thin and weak. a Predict the height of a plant placed in a greenhouse and watered. Qu RWNH Explain your prediction. b Draw another bar on your chart to show your prediction. Talk about it! Do plants need soil for growth? What you have learnt © Plants need factors from the environment to make them grow. <> The factors plants need are light energy, air, water and warmth. 1 Investigating plant raatYou will need: ‘two similar pot plants a dark cupboard Investigating the effect of light ‘some water a measuring cylinder a ruler on plant growth Measure and record the height of the two plants, Water both plants with the same amount of water. Look at the pictures to see what to do. Predict how well you think the two plants will grow. Write down your prediction. Plant A Plant B Observe the plants every four days for three weeks. Water both plants with the same amount of water each time you observe them. Draw a table to record the height and appearance each time you observe them. Date: ~—_|— Plant | Plant Plant Plant Plant ie oo Ae ae Height in om Number of leaves | Colour of stem and leaves | | General | | | appearance 1 Investigating plant growthDecide what type of graph is best to show your results. Draw a graph of the plants’ growth in height. Draw the plants at the end of the investigation. Label your drawings. Questions Z a Which plant grew the best? b Do your results support your prediction? ¢ Name two ways in which you measured plant growth. d How else could you tell which plant grew better? 2 a Why did you keep one plant in the dark? b Which factor or factors caused the changes you observed? ¢ Is this investigation a fair test? Explain why or why not. 3 a Write a conclusion for the investigation. b Do you think you have enough data to form a conclusion? Say why or why not. © Suggest a way to improve your results without doing the investigation again. 4 Jf you repeated the investigation with a different type of plant, would you get the same results? Say why or why not. Challenge Design a fair test to show that plants need air to make them grow. Au about if! Why do some plants that live in very shady laces grow big? What you have learnt Plants need light energy to grow well. D Plants need light energy to make food in their leaves. 1 Investigating plant growth1 bern her NPCS | PACAS IS GP Copy the two columns of words. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B. Column A Column B (1 [seed A | the outer cover that protects the seed 2 | embryo B_| when a seed start fo grow 3 | seed coat C | everything around us 4 | germinate D_| part of a plant that can grow info a new plant 5 | environment E_| part of a seed that grows into a new plant a Copy and complete these sentences. Use the words in the box to help you. food store factor air shoot root swells warmth up down absorbs When a seed starts to germinate it ____________ water and The seed gets energy from its The _____ is the first part of the new plant that starts to grow. Tt grows ________. The ________ grows next. Tt grows Seeds need water, _______ and ______ to germinate. Light is a ___________ that plants need so that they can grow. 1 Investigating plant growtheB Here is a picture of a germinating seed. Write down the names 2 of parts 1 to 4. 4 3 GB Dembe's class germinated seeds under different conditions, These are their results. Number of seeds germinated wart, light warm, dark cold, light cold, dark @ Which conditions are best for germination? b Do seeds need light for germination? Use the results to explain your answer. © Did the seeds get water or not? How do you know this? d_ Dembe must draw a graph of the results. What type of graph should he draw and why? B® Each plant in the picture is missing one of the factors it needs for growth. a Identify the missing factor for each plant. b Name one other factor that plants need for growth. Explain why the factor missing in A is important for plant growth. 1 Investigating plant growth 17Words to learn scent wither TT Many plants have flowers. _.«sgege form inside reproduce There are many different (fruits. But where do ——____#$ fruits come from? ‘ kinds of flowers Zz Why do pants have \ No matter what the size, colour or scent, all flowers do the same important job Can you think what it is? Some flowers are big. ‘Some flowers are small Some flowers are colourful Some flowers are not JF ‘Some flowers have scent. brightly coloured, 4 Others do not have scent. 2 The life cycle of flowering plantsWhen a plant produces flowers, the flowers usually last only a few days. Then they wither and fall off the plant. However, part of the flower stays behind on the plant. This part becomes the fruit. The seeds form inside the fruit. The seeds grow into new plants. The new plants grow and produce flowers to form new fruits and seeds. So flowers help the plant reproduce to form new plants. Xi Nae Collect flowers Collect a range of different flowers. Group the flowers according to their size, colour and scent. How many groups can you make? Draw pictures of the flowers. Try to name the flowers. different flowers Questions 1 Copy and complete these sentences. ——________- germinate and grow into new The plants form ____________ that become fruits. The fruits contain 2 Why don't we usually find flowers and fruits on a peach tree at the same time? Salk about it! Which plants do not have flowers? What you have leant es Most plants have Heal 2 Flowers form fruits. ; ‘D Flowers help plants to reproduce.2.2 How seeds are spre Words to learn seed dispersal A fruit has two jobs: seedlings © to protect the seeds inside © to help spread the seeds. Have you ever found seeds stuck in your socks? Plants need to scatter their seeds away from themselves. We call this seed dispersal. Why seeds must be dispersed Why do you think seeds must be dispersed? What would happen if all the seeds grew next to their parent plant? What is happening to these seedlings? Seedlings need room to grow. They also need light and water. Seedlings cannot grow to be healthy plants if they all have to share water and light in a small area. Plants disperse their seeds in different ways. The pictures show how some plants disperse their seeds. Talk about how each seed is dispersed. Some seeds are dispersed by animals Animals can spread seeds. Birds, monkeys and even elephants eat colourful, Juicy fruits. The seeds pass through the animal’s body and are dispersed in the animat’s droppings. This may be far away from where the animal ate the fruit. 2 The life cycle of flowering plants“Seeds can be } sgartied a long way |’ from the parent plant before they fall off, or the animal scratches ‘them off. Some seeds have spines and hooks. These stick onto the fur of animals, or the clothes of people. Mice, ants and squirrels carry seeds away from the parent plant and bury them to eat later. If the animal does not eat the seeds, the seeds will germinate in the soil XT ar Researching seed dispersal Do some research to find out more about how seeds are dispersed by animals. You can find information in books or from the internet. Make a poster with drawings or pictures to show your findings Questions 1 Which seeds would grow better: those in a tomato left on the plant or those in a tomato eaten by a bird? Say why. You will need: 7 ‘access to the intemet and/or reference books about plants 2 Do you think peach seeds can be dispersed by animals? Say why or why not. 3 Make a drawing of a seed you think would be dispersed in an animal's fur. alk about if! How is the seed of an avocado pear dispersed? What you have learnt > A fruit protects the seeds inside it and helps to spread the seeds. - Flowers pollinated by insects have brightly coloured, scented petals and nectar. & Flowers pollinated by wind have little colour, no petals or scent and lots of pollen. # r: ‘D Fertilisation happens when the pollen and eggs join inside han ovary. D The fertilised eggs become seeds and the a becomes the fruit. "2 The life oy:ng pollination Certain insects are attracted to certain types of flowers. For example, butterflies like to visit flowers that are big and have lots of nectar. Bees, beetles, wasps, ants and moths also pollinate flowers. This flower attracts bees. This flower has lots of nectar to attract the butterfly. This flower attracts beetles. Observing insect pollinators plants that have flowers - a watch Find four different plants with flowers. i Look for flowers that are brightly coloured as well as some that do not have ‘You will need: bright colours, such as grass flowers. Observe the flowers. What size and colour are they? Do they have lots of pollen? Do they have nectar? Predict how each flower is pollinated. Observe which types of insects visit the flowers. Count how many times the different insects visit the flowers in half an hour. 2 The life cycle of flowering plantsRecord your observations in a table like this one. Name of flower Description of | Prediction of | Insects that | Number of | flower how flower is visit the flower vi | pollinated | Draw a bar chart of your findings. Questions 1 RWh What you have learnt > Certain insects pollinate certain types of flowers. D Bees, butterflies, beetles and wasps are some Which flowers did insects visit the most often? Suggest a reason why, Which insects visited the flowers most often? Were your predictions about pollination correct? a What pattern could you observe in the flowers visited by insects? b Suggest a reason for the pattern. Challenge Find out why most red flowers are pollinated by birds rather than insects Moths pollinate flowers at night. What kinds of flowers do you think they pollinate? insects that pollinate flowers. 2 The life cycle of flowering plantsaCe VM LSMey (ese) onic life cycle Think about all the changes in a plant’s life, from a germinating seed until it develops into a grown plant and forms its own seeds. Alll these changes are called the plant's life cycle, Some plants die after they have made their seeds. Other plants flower and make seeds every year. Seed germination — the seed germinates. Death — 6. the plant dies, Growth - the plant grows. Seed as the fruit releases seeds. VA. ‘Seed production - en and ‘the flower produces fruit. aoa plant ha Questions Z The diagram on the next page shows the stages of a tomato plant's life cycle. Match each of the processes to the stage of life cycle. Write your answers in a table. Process Stage of lite cycle 2 The life cycle of flowering plantsfruit seeds seedling adult plant 2 These are the stages in the life cycle of a bean plant: flower seedling bean pod adult plant seed The stages are in the wrong order. Put them in the right order and draw the life cycle of the bean plant with labels. 3 Why do we make life cycle drawings in a circle? 4 a Think of a plant that dies after it produces seeds. b Think of a plant that flowers and produces seeds every year. Talk about it! What are annual plants and perennial plants? What you have learnt ® The plant starts life as a seed. It germinates and grows into a plant. D The adult plant produces flowers, which are pollinated and fertilised to produce seeds in a fruit or seedpod. D The seeds are dispersed and germinate to produce new plants. 2 The life cycleSASL WSU [WALES gp. What is the process called when plants spread their seeds? b Why is this process important? Explain three ways by which animals can spread their seeds d_ How are the seeds shown in the pictures spread? Give a reason for your answers. as @ Name one other way seeds can be dispersed and give an example. BD a This drawing of a flower has some parts missing. Redraw the flower and add the missing parts from the list: sepals stamens anther ovary stigma eggs Label all the parts of the drawing. Which part of the flower forms the seeds? Name the process by which the seeds are formed. Where does the process take place? ®a0c0 2 The life cycle of flowering plantsED Look at the pictures of the two flowers a Which flower is pollinated by insects? Give two reasons {for your answer. b Suggest an insect that could pollinate the flower. © Which flower is pollinated by wind? Give twe reasons for your answer. @B Arrange these processes in the correct order and draw a life cycle diagram for a plant. rtilisation germination growth seed dispersal pollination seed production. 2 The life cycle of flowering plantsStates of maiter 3.1 Evaporation — water vapour evaporation energy Why does a puddle dry up after the rain stops? What happens to the water? When water or other liquids become warm enough, they change into a gas. Water changes into a gas called water vapour. When liquids change into gases we say they evaporate. Evaporation happens because some particles in the liquid gain heat energy. The heated particles start to move faster and move further apart. Eventually the heated particles move so far apart that they escape from the surface of the liquid into the surrounding air. Acti ty 3.1a Where does the water go? Dip your finger into the water. Make a wet spot on the paper with your finger. Leave the paper for a few minutes. Pick up the piece of paper. Is it wet or dry? If it is dry, where did the water go? Matter exists in three different states or phases. Matter can be solid, liquid or gas. When water evaporates it changes from the liquid state to the gas state: liquid + heat + gas 3 States of matterAci Oe You will need: ‘wo identical glasses - water Compare evaporation permanent marker - a measurin Pour 100ml of water into both glasses. Mark the level of the water with a permanent marker. Put one glass in a warm place. Put the other glass in a cool place. Leave the glasses for two days Mark the level of the water after two days. Questions 1 Was the water level in the two glasses the same after two days? 2 Which glass had the least water and which glass had the most water after two days? Suggest reasons for this. 3 Why does washing dry quicker on a hot day? Water can evaporate with the help of heat. Changes in temperature can increase or decrease how fast water evaporates. Talk about if! Why does wet paint smell but dry paint doesn’t? What you have learnt > Evaporation happens when a liquid turns into a gas. > When particles of water gain heat energy, a they move faster and further apart and break free f from the liquid’s surface. ‘D Heat makes evaporation take place faster.3.2 Why evaporation is useful We use evaporation in many different ways. Talk about how evaporation happens in each of the pictures and how it is useful. grapes drying on a rack in the sun, Lafo] Solfo fleet Millie reel When we are hot, we sweat. As the fastest, hottest water particles in the sweat escape by evaporation, they take heat energy from our skin. Water needs energy to evaporate and change from a liquid to a gas. If this energy comes from the surface of your skin, your skin gets cooled. a When we sweat, our skin cools down. 3 States of matterLiquids evaporate faster when the air is moving. ‘Sweating makes us cooler. Activity 3.2 Get cool faster Breathe onto the back of your hand. Does your breath feel warm or cool? Blow onto the back of your hand. Does it feel warmer or cooler than your breath? Now lick the back of your hand and then blow on it. Blow gently at first and then harder. What do you feel? Suggest a reason for your observation. Questions 1 Explain two ways in which a hair dryer makes water evaporate from our hair. 2 a Think of three foods that are made by using evaporation. b Find more about how one of these foods is made. 3 Why do you think soil in the garden dries out more quickly on hot, windy days? Dried fruit is made using evaporation. What you have learnt D Evaporation helps us to dry things such as washing, our hair and food. fully clothed in a hot desert, even if you rs feel very hot? D Liquids evaporate faster when the air is moving.3.3 Investigating evaporati Ne ae | How much water evaporates? ‘You will need: ‘wo containers ofthe same size and shape water a measuring j Pour 200ml of water into each container. Put one container in a cool place, such as a cupboard and the other in a warm place, such as a sunny window ledge. warm place cool place Measure the volume of water in each container every day for five days. How will you do this? Record your results in a table like this one. Daye ae Volume of water in mi | | Container in a warm place Container ina cool place Questions t What pattern do you see in your results? 2 What kind of chart will you draw to show this pattern? 3 a What do your results tell you about evaporation? b How can you collect enough evidence to be sure your idea about evaporation is correct? 4 How can you change this investigation to find out how wind or moving air affects evaporation? 3 States of matterYou will need: ‘a measuring cup - containers with PX Tig b Does the container affect evaporation? Measure 100ml of water and pour it into one container. Repeat this with the other containers. Place all the containers in the same place in a warm room. Leave them for three days. Then measure the volume of water in each container, Record your measurements in a table like this one. Be P< —__faennnn| ee = bsvk Questions La What did you notice? Has the amount of water gone down in the containers? b If so, in which containers has it gone down the most? ¢ What happened to the missing water? 2 a What was different about the containers? b Explain how you think this affected your results. 3 Was your test a fair test? Say why or why not. 4 a What conclusion can you draw from these results? b How can you be sure your conclusion is correct? o {ff Talk about it! Why do shallow reservoirs lose more water by evaporation than deep reservoirs? What you have learnt > More water evaporates in warm conditions than in cool conditions. x More evaporation takes place from larger surfaces of water than from smaller surfaces. { £: 3.4 Evaporation from a solut Wordstolearn dissolve: solutions 40 solute solvent Most of the salt we put on our food. crystals comes from sea water. How can we get salt from sea water? Some materials can dissolve in water or other liquids. Materials that dissolve form solutions. Solutions always have two parts: © The solute — the material that is dissolved. © The solvent — the liquid in which the solute dissolves. You cannot see the solute in a solution after it has dissolved. The particles of the solute move in between the solvent particles when they dissolve. eae co Making a solution ‘You will nee: water - copper sulfate crystals Fill the glass beaker three-quarters full of water. #s!ass beaker a teaspoon ‘ Put a teaspoon of the copper sulfate crystals : into the jar and observe what happens. Write down your observations. What can you observe in the water around the copper sulfate? Draw and label your observations. Can you see the solid copper sulfate any more? In this activity, which is the solute and which is the solvent? 3 States of matterwater is a solution. The salt is the solute the water is the solvent. The salt dissolves in the water to make the solution. ty 3.4b Can you get the salt back? salt-water a small container Can you use your knowledge of evaporation, * measuring jug a teaspoon |’ to get solid salt from a salt solution? Make a salt solution from 5 ml of salt and SOml of water. Predict what will happen when you evaporate a salt solution. Give a reason for your prediction. Think about how to set up your investigation. Where should you set up the investigation? How long must you leave it to get any results? Make a labelled drawing to show what you used and what you did. Make a labelled drawing to show the results of your investigation. Questions 1 Was your prediction correct? 2 Suggest two ways in which you could obtain results faster. 3 Write a conclusion by completing this sentence. I found out that it was possible/impossible to separate a solid from a liquid by evaporation. When you mix orange cordial with water, is it a olution or not? Why? What you have learnt @ A solution is made up of a solute dissolved in a solvent. ® The particles of the solute move in between the solvent particles when they dissolve so you cannot see the sol