Application of Integrals 57

(ii) Which of the following shaded portion represent the smaller area bounded by pizza and edge of knife in first
quadrant?

=4
x = 3y

y 2=
x = 3y

+y2
y y

x 2+

x2
1)

1)
3,

3,
B(

B(
(a) xc O x (b) xc x
A(2, 0) O A(2, 0)

yc yc

3y y 3y y
= = 1)
x x 3,
B ( 3 , 0) (
B x2 + y2 = 4
x2 + y2 = 4
(c) xc x (d) xc x
O A(2, 0) O A (2, 0)

yc yycc

(iii) Value of area of the region bounded by circular pizza and edge
g of
ge of knife
kn
nife in first quadrant is
π π π
(a) sq. units (b) sq. units (c)
(cc) ssq.
q units (d) Ssq. units
2 3 5
izza
zaa iinto
(iv) Area of each slice of pizza when child cut the pizza n o 4 eq
nt equal pieces is
π
(a) Ssq. units (b) sq. units
ts (c) 3Ssq. units (d) 2Ssq. units
2
(v) Area of whole pizza is
(a) 3S sq. units (b) 2S sq.
q units
q. uni
nits
ts
ts (c) 5S sq. units (d) 4S sq. units

Consider the following equation

io o curve y2 = 4x and straight line x + y = 3.
on of
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) The line x + y = 3 cuts the x-axis and y-axis respectively at
(a) (0, 2), (2, 0) (b) (3, 3), (0, 0) (c) (0, 3), (3, 0) (d) (3, 0), (0, 3)
(ii) Point(s) of intersection of two given curves is (are)
(a) (1, –2), (–9, 6) (b) (2, 1), (–6, 9) (c) (1, 2), (9, –6) (d) None of these
(iii) Which of the following shaded portion represent the area bounded by given curves?
y y
y=6
(0, 3) y=2
(a) xc O (3, 0)
x (b) xc (3, 0)
x
O
y = –2
3) y = –6
,–
(0 yc
yc
58
Mathematics | Class 12
)
y ,3
(3y = 6

y=2
(c) xc O(0, 0)
x (d) None of these

yc
2
(iv) Value of the integral ∫ (3 − y ) dy is
−6
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
(v) Value of area bounded by given curves is
63 64
(a) 56 sq. units (b) sq. units (c) sq. units (d) 31 sq. units
5 3

In a classroom, teacher explains the properties of a particular curvee by by ssaying

ayi that this particular curve has
beautiful up and downs. It starts at 1 and heads down until S radian,
ad
dia n,, and
ian, and then
nd th heads up again and closely related
π
to sine function and both follow each other, exactly radians
adiansns apart
apa
p rt as shown in figure.
2
y

y = sin x

xc x
–2S −33π –
–SS −π
−π 0 π S 3π 2S
2 2 2 2

yc

Based on the above information,

atiion
on,, answer
aan
nswe the following questions.
(i) Name the curve, about wh
which
ich teacher explained in the classroom.
hic
ich
(a) cosine (b) sine (c) tangent (d) cotangent
π
(ii) Area of curve explained in the passage from 0 to is
2
1 1
(a) sq. unit (b) sq. unit (c) 1 sq. unit (d) 2 sq. units
3 2
π 3π
(iii) Area of curve discussed in classroom from to is
2 2
(a) –2 sq. units (b) 2 sq. units (c) 3 sq. units (d) –3 sq. units
3π
(iv) Area of curve discussed in classroom from to 2Sis
2
(a) 1 sq. unit (b) 2 sq. units (c) 3 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units
(v) Area of explained curve from 0 to 2S is
(a) 1 sq. unit (b) 2 sq. units (c) 3 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units
Application of Integrals 59

Graphs of two function f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x is given below :
y
g(x) = cosx f(x) = sinx

π 3π
2 2
xc x
O S 2S 5π 3S
2

yc

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) In [0, S], the curves f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x intersect at x =
π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) S
2 3 4
π/4
(ii) Value of ∫ sin x dx is
0
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 − (b) 1 + (cc) 2 −
(c) (d) 2 +
2 2 2 2
π /2
(iii) Value of ∫ cos x dx is
π/4
1 1
(a) 1 + (b) 1 − (c) 2 − 2 (d) 2 + 2
2 2
π
(iv) Value of ∫ sin x dx is
0
(a) 0 (b)) 1
((b (c) 2 (d) –2
π /2
(v) Value of ∫ sin x dx is
0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4

7
y
Location of three houses of a society is represented by the points
B(1, 3)
A(–1, 0), B(1, 3) and C(3, 2) as shown in figure.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Equation of line AB is C(3, 2)

3 3 A(–1, 0)
(a) y = (x + 1) (b) y = (x − 1) xc
O
x
2 2 D
1 1
(c) y = (x + 1) (d) y = (x − 1)
2 2 yc
60
Mathematics | Class 12

(ii) Equation of line BC is

1 7 3 7 −1 7 3 7
(a) y = x− (b) y = x− (c) y = x+ (d) y = x+
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(iii) Area of region ABCD is
(a) 2 sq. units (b) 4 sq. units (c) 6 sq. units (d) 8 sq. units
(iv) Area of 'ADC is
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 8 sq. units (c) 16 sq. units (d) 32 sq. units
(v) Area of 'ABC is
(a) 3 sq. units (b) 4 sq. units (c) 5 sq. units (d) 6 sq. units

Ajay cut two circular pieces of cardboard and placed one upon other as shown wn in figure. One of the circle
wn
represents the equation (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1, while other circle represents the equa
equation
uaattiion x2 + y2 = 1.
on

Based on the above information, answer

swer tthe
he ffollowing
he o lo
ol questions.
cardbo
bo
oar
ard
(i) Both the circular pieces of cardboard d meet
m each other at
1 1 1
(a) x =1 (b) x =
(b)
(b (c) x = (d) x =
2 3 4
(ii) Graph of given two curvess can
c be drawn as
(x – 1)2 + y2 = 1

1 1 y
y x= (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1 x=−
x2 + y2 = 1

2 2 x2 + y2 = 1

(a) xc O x (b) xc O
x

yc yc

1
y x=
(x

=1 2
–

2
1)

+y
2

2
+

x
y
2
=
1

(c) xc O (1, 0)
x (d) None of these

yc
Application of Integrals 61

1/2
(iii) Value of ∫ 1 − (x − 1)2 dx is
0

π 3 π 3 π 3 π 3
(a) − (b) + (c) + (d) −
6 8 6 8 2 4 2 4
1
(iv) Value of ∫ 1 − x 2 dx is
1/2

π 3 π 3 π 3 π 3
(a) + (b) + (c) − (d) −
2 4 6 8 6 8 2 4
(v) Area of hidden portion of lower circle is
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
(a) ⎜ 2π + 3 ⎟ sq. units (b) ⎜ π − 3 ⎟ sq. units
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ ⎝3 8 ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
(c) ⎜ π + 3 ⎟ sq. units (d) ⎜ 2π − 3 ⎟ sq.
q. units
uni
nit
⎝3 8 ⎠ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠

x2 y2
A mirror in the shape of an ellipse represented by + = 1 was
w hanging on the wall. Arun and his sister
9 4
were playing with ball inside the house, even their mother
mo
other refused
ther
her e us to do so. All of sudden, ball hit the mirror and
ref
x y
got a scratch in the shape of line represented by + = 1.
3 2

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Point(s) of intersection of ellipse and scratch (straight line) is (are)
(a) (0, 2), (3, 0) (b) (2, 0), (0, 3)
(c) (2, 3), (0, 0) (d) (0, 3), (3, 0)
(ii) Area of smaller region bounded by the ellipse and line is represented by
y y
(0, 2) x2 y2 (0, 2) x2 y2
+ =1 + =1
9 4 9 4
(3, 0) (3, 0)
(a) xc O
x (b) xc O
x
x y x y
+ =1 + =1
3 2 3 2
yc yc
62
Mathematics | Class 12

y x y x y
+ =1 y + =1
3 2 3 2

2)
x2 y2 x2 y2

(0,
+ =1 + =1
9 4 9 4
(c) xc O
x (d) xc O
x
)
(–3, 0
yc yc

3
2
9 − x 2 dx is
3 ∫0
(iii) The value of

π 3π π
(a) (b) S (c) (d)
2 2 4
3
⎛ x⎞
(iv) The value of 2∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dx is
⎝ 3⎠
0

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

(v) Area of the smaller region bounded by the mirror and scratch is
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(a) 3 ⎜ + 1⎟ sq. units (b)) ⎜ + 1⎟ sq. units
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(c) ⎜ − 1⎟ sq. units ( ) 3 ⎜ − 1⎟ sq. units
(d)
(d
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

10

Consider the following equations off curves

curv
rvvess y = cos x, y = x + 1 and y = 0.
on, ans
On the basis of above information, nsswe
n wer
answer er th
the following questions.
(i) The curves y = cos x and
nd y = x + 1 m
meet at
(a) (1, 0) (b (0, 1)
(b) (c) (1, 1) (d) (0, 0)
(ii) y = cos x meet the x-axis at
⎛ −π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
(a) ⎜ , 0⎟ (b) ⎜ , 0⎟ (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
0
(iii) Value of the integral ∫ (x + 1) dx is
−1
1 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 3
π /2
(iv) Value of the integral ∫ cos x dx is
0
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 1
(v) Area bounded by the given curves is
1 3 3 1
(a) sq. unit (b) sq. units (c) sq. unit (d) sq. unit
2 2 4 4
Application of Integrals 63

HINTS & EXPLANATIONS

1. (i) (b) : We have, x2 = y ...(i) and x = y ...(ii) ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞

From (i) and (ii), x = x Ÿ x – x = 0
2 2 = 8 ⎜ ⎟ − 4 − 8 ⎜ ⎟ = 4S – 4 – 2S = 2S – 4 = 2(S – 2)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
Ÿ x(x – 1) = 0 Ÿ x = 0, 1
From (ii), y = 0, 1 (v) (d) : Required area = Area (OLA) + Area (BAL)
2 2 4
Required points of intersection are (0, 0), (1, 1).
= ∫ x dx + ∫ 16 − x 2 dx
(ii) (a) : y x2 = y 0 2 2
x = 4 + 2(S – 2) = 2S sq. units.
y=

xc
3. (i) (b) : We have, x2 + y2 = 4 ...(i)
x
O
and x = 3 y ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
ge
yc
3y2 + y2 = 4 Ÿ 4y 4y2 = 4 Ÿ y2 = 1 Ÿ y = ±1
1 1
⎡ 2⎤
(iii) (c) : x dx = ⎢ x ⎥ = 1 − 0 = 1 From (ii), x = 3 , − 3
∫ ⎣ 2 ⎦0 2 2 ? Points of in
inte
intersection
ters
te rseeccti of pizza and edge of knife
rse
0
1
1 ⎡ x3 ⎤ 1 1 are ( 3 , 1), (− 3 , − 1) .
2
(iv) (b) : ∫ x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = − 0 =
0
⎣ 3 ⎦0 3 3 (ii)) (a)
(aa) :

4
1 1

y 2=
(v) (a) : Required area = ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2dx y x = 3y

x 2+
0 0
1 1 1
= − = sq. units. B( 3 , 1)
2 3 6 xc x
A(2, 0)
2. (i) (c) : We have, x + y2 = 16
2
...(i)
.....(
.(i)
.( ii)) O
and y = x ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), 2x2 = 16 Ÿ x2 = 8 Ÿ Ÿ x = 2 2 yc
3 2
( x liess in
in first
fir
irst quadrant) x
(iii) (b) : Required area = ∫ dx + ∫ 4 − x 2 dx
? Point of intersection of (i) and
nd
d (ii)
(ii
ii) in
ii) n first
f quadrant 3
0 3
3
is (2 2 , 2 2 ) . 1 ⎡x 2⎤
⎡x 4 −1 ⎛ x ⎞ ⎤
2
2
= ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢2 4 − x + sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎥
(ii) (b) : The shaded region which
hi represent the area
 3 ⎣ 2 ⎦0 ⎣ 2 2 ⎦ 3
bounded by two given curves in first quadrant is
1 ⎡3 ⎤ ⎡ −1 ⎛ 3 −1 3 ⎞
⎤
shown below. = ⎢⎣ 2 − 0 ⎥⎦ + ⎢⎣ 2 sin (1) − ⎜⎝ 2 + 2 sin 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
y 3
A(2 2 , 2 2 ) 3 2π 3 2π π
xc x = + − − = sq. units
O L B(4, 0) 2 2 2 3 3
2 2
(iv) (a) : We have, x + y = 4
yc Ÿ (x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = (2)2
2 2 2 2 ? Radius = 2
⎡ x2 ⎤ (2 2 )2 8
(iii) (d) : ∫ x dx = ⎢ ⎥ = = =4 1 1
⎣ 2 ⎦0 2 2 Area of th slice of pizza = S(2)2 = S sq. units
0 4 4
4 4
2 ⎡x 2 16 −1 ⎛ x ⎞ ⎤ (v) (d) : Area of whole pizza = S(2)2 = 4S sq. units
(iv) (a) : ∫ 16 − x dx = ⎢⎣ 2 16 − x + 2 ⋅ sin ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 2 2
2 2 4. (i) (d): Line x + y = 3 cuts the x-axis and y-axis at
–1 –1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ (3, 0) and (0, 3) respectively.
= 8 sin (1) – 4 – 8 sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2 [Since, at x-axis, y = 0 and at y-axis, x = 0]
64
Mathematics | Class 12

(ii) (c) : We have, y2= 4x ...(i) 6. (i) (c) : For point of intersection, we have
and x + y = 3 ...(ii) sin x = cos x
From (i) and (ii), we have y2 = 4(3 – y) sin x π
Ÿ = 1 ⇒ tan x = 1 ⇒ x =
Ÿ y2 + 4y – 12 = 0 Ÿ y2 + 6y – 2y – 12 = 0 cos x 4
Ÿ y(y + 6) – 2(y + 6) = 0 π/4
π/4 π
Ÿ (y + 6) (y – 2) = 0 Ÿy = 2, y = –6 (ii) (a) : ∫ sin x dx = [ − cos x ]0 = − cos + cos 0
From (ii), x = 3 – 2 = 1 or x = 3 + 6 = 9 0
4
? Required points of intersection are (1, 2), (9, – 6) 1
= 1−
2
(iii) (b) : y
π /2
π /2 π π
(0, 3) (iii) (b) : ∫ cos x dx = [ sin x ]π / 4 = sin − sin
y=2
π/4
2 4
xc x
O (3, 0) 1
= 1−
2
y = –6 π
yc π
2 2
2 (iv) (c) : ∫ sin x dx = [ − ccos
o x ]0 = [–cos S + cos 0] = 2
⎡ y ⎤
(iv) (d) : ∫ (3 − y ) dy = ⎢⎣3 y − ⎥
2 ⎦ −6
0
π /2
−6 π /2 ⎡ π ⎤
⎡ (v) (b) : ∫ sin
si d = [ − cos x ]0
in x dx = ⎢ − cos + cos 0 ⎥
4 ⎡ (−6)2 ⎤ ⎤ ⎣ 2 ⎦
= ⎢ 6 − − ⎢ 3(−6) − ⎥ ⎥ = 4 + 36 = 40 0
⎣ 2 ⎣ 2 ⎦⎦ =0+1=1
2 2
y2 7. (i)
(i) (a)
(a) : Equation of line AB is
(v) (c) : Required area = ∫ (3 − y ) dy − ∫ 4 dy 3−0 3
−6 −6  y–0= (x + 1) ⇒ y = (x + 1)
2 1+1 2
1 ⎡ y3 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 8 (−6)3 ⎤ 2−3
= 40 − ⎢ ⎥ = 40 − ⎢ − ⎥ (ii) (c) : Equation of line BC is y – 3 =
(i (x − 1)
4 ⎣ 3 ⎦ −6 4 ⎣3 3 ⎦ 3 −1
2 216 480 − 8 − 216 256 64 1 1 −1 7
Ÿ y = − x+ +3 ⇒ y = x+
= 40 − − = = = sq.
sq
q. units
u i
un 2 2 2 2
3 12 12 122 3
(iii) (d) : Area of region ABCD
5. (i) (a) : Here, teacher explained about
d abou
ou
o cosine
osin curve.
ut cco
= Area of 'ABE + Area of region BCDE
π /2 1 3
3 ⎛ −1 7⎞
(ii) (c) : Required area = ∫ coss x d
co dxx = ∫ 2 (x + 1) dx + ∫ ⎜⎝ 2 x + 2 ⎟⎠ dx
0 −1 1
π /2 π
= [ sin x ]0 = sin − sin 0 = 1 – 0 = 1 sq. unit 1 3
2 3 ⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ −x2 7 ⎤
3 π /2
= ⎢ + x⎥ + ⎢ + x⎥
3 π /2 2⎣ 2 ⎦ −1 ⎣ 4 2 ⎦1
(iii) (b) : Required area = ∫ cos x dx = [ sin x ]π /2
3 ⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡ −9 21 1 7 ⎤
π /2 = ⎢ + 1 − + 1⎥ + ⎢ + + − ⎥
3π π 2 ⎣2 2 ⎦ ⎣ 4 2 4 2⎦
= sin − sin = |–1 – 1| = |–2|
2 2 = 3 + 5 = 8 sq. units
= 2 sq. units [Since, area can’t be negative]
2−0
2π (iv) (a) : Equation of line AC is y – 0 = (x + 1)
2π 1 3 + 1
(iv) (a) : Required area = ∫ cos x dx = [ sin x ]3π /2 Ÿ y = (x + 1)
3 π /2 2 3
3π 3 ⎡ 2 ⎤
= sin 2S – sin = 0 – (–1) = 1 sq. unit ? Area of 'ADC = ∫ 1 (x + 1) dx = ⎢ x + 1 x ⎥
2 2 ⎣ 4 2 ⎦ −1
−1
(v) (d) : Required area
9 3 1 1
π /2 3 π /2 2π = + − + = 4 sq. units
4 2 4 2
= ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos x dx
0 π /2 3 π /2 (v) (b) : Area of 'ABC = Area of region ABCD – Area
= 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 sq. units of 'ACD = 8 – 4 = 4 sq. units
Application of Integrals 65

8. (i) (b) : We have, (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1 (ii) (b) : y

(0, 2) x2 y2
2 + =1
Ÿ y = 1 − (x − 1) ...(i) 9 4
2 (3, 0)
Also, x + y = 1 Ÿ y = 1 − x
2 2
...(ii) xc
O
x
From (i) and (ii), we get x y
+ =1
3 2
1 − (x − 1)2 = 1 − x 2 yc
1 2
3
2
3
Ÿ (x – 1)2 = x2 Ÿ 2x = 1 Ÿ x =
2 (iii) (c) : ∫ 9 − x 2 dx = ∫ (3)2 − x 2 dx
30 30
(ii) (c) : 1 3
y x= 2 ⎡1 9 ⎛ x⎞⎤
x 9 − x 2 + sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
(x
=1 2 – = ⎢
2 1) 3 ⎣2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦0
2 +y 2
+
x y
2 2 ⎡3 9 1 9 ⎤
0 + sin −1(1) − (0) − sin −1(0)⎥
=
xc
1 = ⎢
O (1, 0)
x 3 ⎣2 2 2 2 ⎦
2 ⎡ 9 π ⎤ 3π
= ⋅ =
yc 3 ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ 2
3 3
1/2
(iv) (d) : 2∫ ⎛⎜ 1 − x⎞ ⎡ x2 ⎤
1 − (x − 1)2 dx ⎟⎠ dx = 2 ⎢ x − ⎥
(iii) (a) : ∫ ⎝
0
3 ⎣ 6 ⎦0
0
1/2 ⎛ 9 ⎞ 3
⎡x −1 1 ⎛ x − 1⎞ ⎤ = 2 ⎜ 3 − − 0 − 0⎟ = 2 × = 3
=⎢ 1 − (x − 1)2 + sin −1 ⎜ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 2
⎣ 2 2 ⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0
(vv) (d
(v) ((d)
d) : Area
A of smaller region bounded by the mirror
1⎛1 ⎞ 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ − 1⎟ 1 − + sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ (0) and
an d sscratch
cr
⎝
2 2 ⎠ 4 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 3 3
2 ⎛ x⎞
1 −1
− sinin −1( −1) = ⋅ ∫ 9 − x 2 dx − 2∫ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dx
3 0 ⎝ 3⎠
2 0
⎡ −1 3 1 π 1 π⎤ − 3 π π 3π ⎛π ⎞
=⎢ ⋅ − ⋅ +0+ ⋅ ⎥ = − + = − 3 = 3 ⎜ − 1⎟ sq. units
2 ⎝2 ⎠
⎣4 2 2 6 2 2⎦ 8 1122 4
π 3 10. (i) (b) : Curves y = cos x and y = x + 1 meet at
= − point C(0, 1).
6 8 y
1 1
⎡x 1 ⎤
1

C(0, 1)
∫ 1 − x 2 dx = ⎢ 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x ⎥
x+

(iv) (c) :
⎣2 2 ⎦1/2
y=

y = cos x
1/2
(–1, 0)
xc x
1 1 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎞ O
= 0 + sin −1 (1) − 1 − − sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎛ −π
A′ ⎜ , 0⎟
⎛π ⎞
A ⎜ , 0⎟
2 4 4 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
yc
⎝2 ⎠

π 3 π π 3 −π ⎞
= −
4
−
8 12 6
= −
8 (ii) (c) : Curve y = cos x meet the x-axis at Ac ⎛⎜ , 0⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
(v) (d) : Required area and A ⎜ , 0⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠
⎡1/2 1 ⎤ 0
= 2 ⎢ ∫ 1 − (x − 1)2 dx + ∫ 1 − x 2 dx ⎥ 0 ⎡ x2 ⎤ 1 1
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ (iii) (a) : ∫ (x + 1) dx = ⎢ + x ⎥ = 0 − ⎛⎜ − 1⎞⎟ =
1/2
⎣2 ⎦ −1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
−1
⎡π 3 π 3⎤ π /2
= 2⎢ − + − ⎥ π /2 π
⎣6 8 6 8 ⎦ (iv) (d) : ∫ cos x dx = [ sin x ]0 = sin − sin 0 = 1
2
⎡π 3 ⎤ ⎛ 2π 3⎞ 0
0 π /2
= 2⎢ − ⎥ = ⎜⎝ − ⎟ sq. units
⎣3 4 ⎦ 3 2 ⎠ (v) (b) : Required area = ∫ (x + 1) dx + ∫ cos x dx
1 3 −1 0
9. (i) (a) : Points (0, 2) and (3, 0) pass through both
= + 1 = sq. units
line and ellipse. 2 2
---
 CHAPTER

9 Differential Equations

CASE STUDY / PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

In a college hostel accommodating 1000 students, one nee o

off th
the
he h
hostellers came in carrying
Corona virus, and the hostel was isolated. The rate aatt wh
which
w
whici h the virus spreads is assumed
hic
to be proportional to the product of the number
numbe er of
ber
be of infected
in students and remaining
students. There are 50 infected students afterr 4 d
days.
a s.
ay
Syllabus
Definition, order and
degree, general and
particular solutions
of a differential
equation. Solution
of differential
equations by
method of
separation of
variables, solutions
of homogeneous
differential Based
ed
d on
n tthe
hee abo
above information, answer the following questions.
equations of first n(t) denote
(i) If n(t) d the number of students infected by Corona virus at any time t, then
order and first maximum value of n(t) is
degree of the (a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 500 (d) 1000
dy
type :  f ( y / x ).
(ii) dn is proportional to
dx
Solutions of linear
dt
differential equation
of the type : (a) n(1000 – n) (b) n(100 + n)
dy (c) n(100 – n) (d) n(100 + n)
+ py = q , where p
dx
and q are functions (iii) The value of n(4) is
of x or constant. (a) 1 (b) 50 (c) 100 (d) 1000
(iv) The most general solution of differential equation formed in given situation is
1 ⎛ 1000 − n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞
log ⎜ ⎟⎠ = λt + c (b) log ⎜ = λt + c
⎝ 100 − n ⎟⎠
(a)
1000 ⎝ n
1 ⎛ n ⎞
(c) log ⎜ ⎟ = λt + c (d) None of these
1000 ⎝ 1000 − n ⎠
Differential Equations 67

(v) The value of n at any time is given by

1000 1000
(a) n(t ) = (b) n(t ) =
1 + 999e −0.9906t 1 − 999e −0.9906t
100 100
(c) n(t ) = (d) n(t ) =
1 − 999e −0.996t 999 + e1000t

A thermometer reading 80°F is taken outside. Five minutes later the thermometer reads 60°F.
After another 5 minutes the thermometer reads 50 °F. At any time t the thermometer reading be
T °F and the outside temperature be S °F.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
dT
(i) If O is positive constant of proportionality, then is
dt
(a) O (T – S) (b) O (T + S)
(c) OTS (d) –O (T – S)
(ii) The value of T(5) is
(a) 30°F (b) 40°F (c) 50°F
°F
F (d) 60°F
(iii) The value of T(10) is
(a) 50°F (b) 60°F (c)
(c 880°F
c) 800° (d) 90°F
(iv) Find the general solution of differential equation
n formed
on form
fo
form d in given situation.
rmeed
(a) log T = St + c (b) log (T – S) = –Ot + c
(c) log S = tT + c (d) log (T + S) = Ot + c
(v) Find the value of constant of integration
n c in
ation the
h solution of differential equation formed in given situation.
in th
(a) log (60 – S) (b) logg (8
((80
80 + S) (c) log (80 – S) (d) log (60 + S)

It is known that, if the interest

st is compounded continuously, the principal changes at the rate equal to the
product of the rate of bank interest per annum and the principal. Let P denotes the principal at any time t and
rate of interest be r % per annum.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

dP
(i) Find the value of .
dt
Pr Pr Pr
(a) (b) (c) (d) Pr
1000 100 10
68
Mathematics | Class 12

(ii) If P0 be the initial principal, then find the solution of differential equation formed in given situation.
⎛P⎞ rt ⎛ P ⎞ rt ⎛P⎞ ⎛P⎞
(a) log ⎜ ⎟ = (b) log ⎜ ⎟ = (c) log ⎜ ⎟ = rt (d) log ⎜ ⎟ = 100rt
⎝ P0 ⎠ 100 ⎝ P0 ⎠ 10 ⎝ P0 ⎠ ⎝ P0 ⎠
(iii) If the interest is compounded continuously at 5% per annum, in how many years will ` 100 double itself?
(a) 12.728 years (b) 14.789 years (c) 13.862 years (d) 15.872 years
(iv) At what interest rate will ` 100 double itself in 10 years? (loge2 = 0.6931).
(a) 9.66% (b) 8.239% (c) 7.341% (d) 6.931%

(v) How much will ` 1000 be worth at 5% interest after 10 years? (e0.5 = 1.648).
(a) ` 1648 (b) ` 1500 (c) ` 1664 (d) ` 1572

In a murder investigation, a corpse was found by a detective at exactly 8 p.m. m.. B Being
eiing
n aalert, the detective measured
the body temperature and found it to be 70°F. Two hours later, thee det tec
e tiive
detective v measured
m the body temperature
again and found it to be 60°F, where the room temperature is 50°F.0°F. A
Also,
lso,
ls o iitt is given the body temperature at the
o,
time of death was normal, i.e., 98.6°F.
Let T be the temperature of the body at any time t and initial
itial time
i e is taken
tim t to be 8 p.m.

Based on the above information,

tion
n, aanswer the following questions.

(i) By Newton’s law of cooling, dT is proportional to

dt
(a) T – 60 (b) T – 50 (c) T – 70 (d) T – 98.6
(ii) When t = 0, then body temperature is equal to
(a) 50°F (b) 60°F (c) 70°F (d) 98.6°F
(iii) When t = 2, then body temperature is equal to
(a) 50°F (b) 60°F (c) 70°F (d) 98.6°F
(iv) The value of T at any time t is
t t −1 t/2
⎛1⎞ 1 1
(a) 50 + 20 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ (b) 50 + 20 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ (c) 50 + 20 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ (d) None of these
2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

(v) If it is given that loge(2.43) = 0.88789 and loge(0.5) = –0.69315, then the time at which the murder occur is
(a) 7:30 p.m. (b) 5:30 p.m. (c) 6:00 p.m. (d) 5:00 p.m.
Differential Equations 69

A rumour on whatsapp spreads in a population of 5000 people at a

rate proportional to the product of the number of people who have
heard it and the number of people who have not. Also, it is given
that 100 people initiate the rumour and a total of 500 people know
the rumour after 2 days.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) If y(t) denote the number of people who know the rumour at
an instant t, then maximum value of y(t) is
(a) 500 (b) 100 (c) 5000 (d) none of these
dy
(ii) is proportional to
dt
(a) (y – 5000) (b) y(y – 500) (c) y(500 – y) (d) y(5000 – y)
(iii) The value of y(0) is
(a) 100 (b) 500 (c) 6000 (d) 200
(iv) The value of y(2) is
(a) 100 (b) 500 (c)
(c 600
c) 60
00 (d) 200
(v) The value of y at any time t is given by
5000 5000 5000 5000
(a) y = (b) y = (c y =
(c) (d) y =
e −5000kt
+1 1+ e 5000kt
49e −5000kt
+1 49(1 + e −5000kt )

Order : The order of a differential equation

quatioio
on is
is the
the order of the highest order derivative appearing in the differential
equation.
Degree : The degree of differential
fferent
nttiaal equation
eeq
qu is the power of the highest order derivative, when differential
coefficients are made free fro
from
ro
om raradicals
d ca and fractions. Also, differential equation must be a polynomial equation
adi
in derivatives for the degree to bebe defined.
d
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
2
d2 y ⎛ dy ⎞
(i) Find the degree of the differential equation 2 + 3 1− ⎜ ⎟ − y = 0 .
dx 2 ⎝ dx ⎠
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
dy x
(ii) Order and degree of the differential equation y = are respectively
dx dy ⎛ dy ⎞ 3
+⎜ ⎟
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
(a) 1, 1 (b) 1, 2 (c) 1, 3 (d) 1, 4
(iii) Find order and degree of the equation y ′′′ + y 2 + e y ′ = 0 .
(a) order = 3, degree = undefined (b) order = 1, degree = 3
(c) order = 2, degree = undefined (d) order = 1, degree = 2
⎛ dy ⎞
(iv) Determine degree of the differential equation ( a + x ) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + x = 0
⎝ dx ⎠
(a) 3 (b) not defined (c) 1 (d) 2
70
Mathematics | Class 12
7
⎛ ⎛ dy ⎞ 3 ⎞ 3 d2 y
(v) Order and degree of the differential equation ⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 7 2 are respectively
⎝ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎠ dx
7
(a) 2, 1 (b) 2, 3 (c) 1, 3 (d) 1,
3

A differential equation is said to be in the variable separable form if it is expressible in the form f(x) dx = g(y) dy.
The solution of this equation is given by

∫ f (x )dx = ∫ g ( y)dy + c , where c is the constant of integration.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
dy ax + 3
(i) If the solution of the differential equation = represents a circle,
e, th
then
he the value of ‘a’ is
dx 2 y + f
(a) 2 (b) – 2 (c) 3 (d) – 4

dy 1 − y2
(ii) The differential equation = determines a family of circ
circle
r le
rcl wwith
ith
dx y
(a) variable radii and fixed centre (0, 1) (b)) va
variable
ble radii and fixed centre (0, –1)
ariiab
abl
(c) fixed radius 1 and variable centre on x-axis (d)
(d fixed
d) fix
fi ed radius 1 and variable centre on y-axis
(iii) If yc = y + 1, y (0) = 1, then y (ln 2) =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)
(c 3 (d) 4
dyy
(iv) The solution of the differential equation
n = ex – y + x2e–y is
dxx
y3 x2 x3
(a) ex = + ey + c (b) ey = + ex + c (c) ey = + ex + c (d) none of these
3 3 3
dy
(v) If = y sin 2x, y(0) = 1,, then
the
hen its
he its solution
it sso
olu is
dx
2 2
sin
(d) y = e cos
x
(a) y = e (b) y = sin2x
(b)
(b (c) y = cos2x x

dy
If an equation is of the form + Py = Q , where P, Q are functions of x, then such equation is known as linear
dx ∫ Pdx
differential equation. Its solution is given by y.(I.F.) = ∫ Q.(I.F.) dx + c , where I.F. = e .
dy
Now, suppose the given equation is (1 + sin x ) + y cos x + x = 0.
dx
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) The value of P and Q respectively are
sin x x cos x −x − cos x x cos x x
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
1 + cos x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x
(ii) The value of I.F. is
(a) 1 – sin x (b) cos x (c) 1 + sin x (d) 1 – cos x
Differential Equations 71

(iii) Solution of given equation is

(a) y(1 – sin x) = x + c (b) y(1 + sin x) = –x2 + c
−x2 −x2
(c) y(1 – sin x) = +c (d) y(1 + sin x) = +c
2 2
(iv) If y(0) = 1, then y equals
2 − x2 2 + x2 2 − x2 2 + x2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2(1 + sin x ) 2(1 + sin x ) 2(1 − sin x ) 2(1 − sin x )

⎛π⎞
(v) Value of is y ⎜ ⎟ is
⎝2⎠
4 − π2 8 − π2 8 − π2 4 + π2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 16 4 2

dy f (x , y ) dy ⎛ y⎞
If the equation is of the form = or = F ⎜ ⎟ , where ere f(x,
f(x, y),
y),
) g(x,
g( y) are homogeneous functions of
dx g (x , y ) dx ⎝ x⎠
dy dvv
the same degree in x and y, then put y = vx and =v+x , so
s that
th the dependent variable y is changed to
dx dxx
another variable v and then apply variable separablee method.
meteth
ho
od.
d
Based on the above information, answer the following
lowi ng questions.
wiing que
uest

2 dy
(i) The general solution of x = x 2 + xy
x + y 2 is
is
dx
x y
(a) tan −1 = log | x | + c (b) an −1
b) ta
tan = log | x | + c (c) y = x log|x| + c (d) x = y log|y| + c
y x
dy
nttiiaal eq
(ii) Solution of the differential u tio 2 xy
eequation
qua = x 2 + 3 y 2 is
dx
x2 y3
(a) x3 + y2 = cx2 (b) + = y2 + c (c) x2 + y3 = cx2 (d) x2 + y2 = cx3
2 3
(iii) Solution of the differential equation (x2 + 3xy + y2)dx – x2 dy = 0 is
x+y x+y x x
(a) − log x = c (b) + log x = c (c) − log x = c (d) + log x = c
x x x+y x+y

dy y ⎧ ⎛ y ⎞ ⎫
(iv) General solution of the differential equation = ⎨log ⎜ ⎟ + 1⎬ is
dx x ⎩ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎭

⎛y⎞
(a) log (xy) = c (b) logy = cx (c) log ⎜ ⎟ = cx (d) log x = cy
⎝x⎠
y
⎛ dy ⎞
(v) Solution of the differential equation ⎜ x − y ⎟ e x = x 2 cos x is
⎝ dx ⎠
y y −y −y
(a) e x − sin x = c (b) e x + sin x = c (c) ex − sin x = c (d) ex + sin x = c
72
Mathematics | Class 12

10

dy
If the equation is of the form + Py = Q , where P, Q are functions of x, then the solution of the differential
dx
equation is given by y e ∫ = ∫ Q e∫ dx + c, where e ∫
Pdx Pdx Pdx
is called the integrating factor (I.F.).
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
dy
(i) The integrating factor of the differential equation sin x + 2 y cos x = 1 is (sin x)O, where O =
dx
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
dy
(ii) Integrating factor of the differential equation (1 − x 2 ) − xy = 1 is
dx
x 1
(a) – x (b) (c) 1 − x 2 (d) log (1 − x 2 )
1 + x2 2
dy
(iii) The solution of + y = e − x , y(0) = 0, is
dx
(a) y = ex (x – 1) (b) y = xe–x (c) y = xee–xx + 1 (d) y = (x + 1)e–x
dy
(iv) General solution of + y tan x = sec x is
dx
(a) y sec x = tan x + c (b) y tan x = sec x + c (c)
(c) tan
(c t x = y tan x + c (d) x sec x = tan y + c
dy
dy
(v) The integrating factor of differential equation
on − 3 y = sin 2x is
dxx
(a) e3x (b) e–2x (c) e–3x (d) xe–3x

HINTS
HINTS & EXPLANATIONS

m num
1. (i) (d): Since, maximum umbe
um
mbe
ber of
number o students in 1 ⎛ n ⎞
Ÿ log ⎜ = λt + C
hostel is 1000.
1000 ⎝ 1000 − n ⎟⎠
? Maximum value of n(t) is 11000.
00
(v) (a) : When, t = 0, n = 1
(ii) (a) : Clearly, according to given information,
This condition is satisfied by option (a) only.
dn
= On(1000 – n), where O is constant of
dt 2. (i) (d): Given, at any time t the thermometer
proportionality. reading be TqF and the outside temperature be SqF.
(iii) (b) : Since, 50 students are infected after 4 days. Then, by Newton’s law of cooling, we have
? n(4) = 50. dT dT
∝ (T − S ) Ÿ = − λ (T − S )
dt dt
dn
(iv) (c) : We have, = λn(100 − n) (ii) (d) : Since, after 5 minutes, thermometer reads
dt 60°F
dn
Ÿ ∫ n(1000 − n) = λ ∫ dt ? Value of T(5) = 60°F
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ (iii) (a) : Clearly from given information, value of
Ÿ ∫ ⎜⎝ + ⎟ dn = λ ∫ dt
1000 1000 − n n ⎠ T(10) is 50°F.
1 ⎡ log(1000 − n) ⎤ dT
Ÿ ⎢ + log n ⎥ = λt + C (iv) (b) : We have, = − λ(T − S)
1000 ⎣ −1 ⎦ dt
Differential Equations 73

dT 1 (iii) (b) : From given information, we have

Ÿ = −λ dt Ÿ ∫ dT = − λ ∫ dt At 10 p.m., temperature is 60°F
T −S T −S
Ÿ log(T – S) = – Ot + c ? At t = 2, T = 60° F
dT dT
(v) (c) : Since, at t = 0, T = 80qF (iv) (c) : = k(T − 50) ⇒ = k dt
dt T − 50
? log(80 – S) = 0 + c Ÿ c = log(80 – S)
On integrating both sides, we get
3. (i) (b) : Here, P denotes the principal at any time t log|T – 50| = kt + log C Ÿ T – 50 = Cekt
and the rate of interest be r% per annum compounded Clearly, for t = 0, T = 70° Ÿ C = 20
continuously, then according to the law given in the Thus, T – 50 = 20ekt
problem, we get For t = 2, T = 60° Ÿ 10 = 20 e2k
1
dP
=
Pr Ÿ 2k = log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ Ÿ k = 1 log ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
dt 100 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠
t
dP Pr
(ii) (a) : We have, = Hence, T = 50 + 20 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ 2
dt 100 ⎝2⎠
dP r 1 r t /2
dt ⇒ ∫ dP = ⎛1⎞
100 ∫
⇒ = dt (v) (b) : We have, T = 50 50 + 20 ⎜ ⎟
P 100 P t ⎝2⎠
rt ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
⇒ log P = +C ...(1) Now, 98.6 = 50 + 2200 ⎜ ⎟
100 ⎝2⎠
t
At t = 0, P = P0. 48.6 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 48.6 ⎞ = t log ⎛ 1 ⎞
? C = log P0 Ÿ = ⎜ ⎟ Ÿ log ⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
20
20 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 20 ⎠ 2 2
rt 48.6 ⎞ ⎛ 48.6 ⎞ ⎞
So, log P = + log P0 l g⎛
lo
log log ⎛
100 t ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎜ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎟
Ÿ = Ÿ t = 2⎜ ≈ − 2.56
⎛P⎞ rt 2 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎟
Ÿ log ⎜ ⎟ = ...(2)
..((22)) log ⎜ log ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝ ⎝2⎠ ⎠
⎝ P0 ⎠ 100
SSo, it appears that the person was murdered 2.5 hours
(iii) (c) : We have, r = 5, P0 = ` 100 and P = ` 2000 = 2P
2P 0
before 8 p.m. i.e., about 5 : 30 p.m.
Substituting these values in (2), we get
5 5. (i) (c) : Since, size of population is 5000.
log 2 = t
100 ? Maximum value of y(t) is 5000.
Ÿ t = 20 log e 2 = 20 × 0.6931 years = 13.862
13.
3 86 years (ii) (d) : Clearly, according to given information,
(iv) (d) : We have, dy
= ky(5000 − y ), where k is the constant of
P0 = ` 100, P = ` 200 = 2P0 and
and
nd t = 10 years dt
Substituting these values in (2),
2), w
we get proportionality.
10r (iii) (a) : Since, rumour is initiated with 100 people.
log 2 = Ÿ r = 10 log 2 = 10 × 0.6931 = 6.931
100 ? When t = 0, then y = 100
(v) (a) : We have Thus y(0) = 100
P0 = ` 1000, r = 5 and t = 10 (iv) (b) : Since, rumour is spread in 500 people, after
Substituting these values in (2), we get 2 days.
⎛ P ⎞ 5 × 10 1 P ? When t = 2, then y = 500.
log ⎜ ⎟ = = = 0. 5 ⇒ = e 0. 5
⎝ 1000 ⎠ 100 2 1000 Thus, y(2) = 500
Ÿ P = 1000 × 1.648 = ` 1648 (v) (c) : We know that, when t = 0, then y = 100
4. (i) (b) : Given, T is the temperature of the body at This condition is satisfied by option (c) only.
any time t. Then, by Newton’s law of cooling, we get 2
d2 y ⎛ dy ⎞
dT
= k(T − 50), where k is the constant of proportionality. 6. (i) (c) : We have, 2 + 3 1− ⎜ ⎟ − y = 0
dt dx 2 ⎝ dx ⎠
(ii) (c) : From given information, we have 2
d2 y ⎛ dy ⎞
At 8 p.m. temperature is 70°F ? 2 2 = −3 1 − ⎜ ⎟ − y
dx ⎝ dx ⎠
? At t = 0, T = 70°F
74
Mathematics | Class 12

Squaring both sides, we get dy

2
(iii) (c) : y ′ = y + 1 ⇒ = dx
⎛ d2 y ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ dy ⎞ 2 ⎤ y +1
4 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 9 ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ − y ⎥ Ÿ ln (y + 1) = x + c (Integrating)
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎦ Now, y (0) = 1 Ÿ c = ln 2
d2 y
Here, highest order derivative is 2 and its power is ⎛ y + 1⎞
? ln ⎜ = x ⇒ y + 1 = 2e x
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
2. So, its degree is 2. dx

dy x So, y (ln 2) = –1 + 2eln 2 = –1 + 4 = 3

(ii) (d) : We have, y =
dx dy ⎛ dy ⎞ 3 (iv) (c) : From the given differential equation, we have
+⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠
2 4 dx dy e x + x 2
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞ = Ÿ eydy = (ex + x2) dx
Ÿ y ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + y ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = x dx e y
dx dx x3
dy Integrating, we get ey = ex + +c
Ÿ Here, highest order derivative is ⋅ So , its order 3
is 1 and degree is 4. dx dy
(v) (a) : We have, = y sin 2x
dx
(iii) (a) : We have, y ′′′ + y 2 + e y ′ = 0 dy cos 2 x
Ÿ = sin 2x dxx Ÿlog
Ÿlo
Ÿ lo
og y = − +c
d3 y y 2
3
+ y 2 + e(dy /dx ) = 0
Since x = 0, y = 1 therefore
the
here
refo c = 1/2
re
dx d3 y 1
Highest order derivative is 3 . So, its order is 3. Now, logg y = ((11 – cos 2x)
dx 2 2
Also, the given differential cannot be expressed as a Ÿ lo in2x Ÿ y = e sin x
og y = sin
log sin
polynomial. So, its degree is not defined.
8. ((i)) (b)
(i (b) : The given differential equation can be
(b
(iv) (c) : The given differential equation is, dy cos x −x
⎛ dy ⎞ dy −x written
w
wr i ten as
it + y=
a + x ⋅⎜ ⎟ + x = 0 Ÿ = dx 1 + sin x 1 + sin x
⎝ dx ⎠ dx a+x dy
Clearly, degree = 1. Compare it with + Py = Q , we get
dx
7 cos x −x
⎛ 3 ⎞3 2 P= and Q =
(v) (b) : We have ⎜1 + ⎛⎜ dy ⎞⎟ ⎟ = 7 d y 1 + sin x 1 + sin x
⎝ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎠ dx 2 cos x
⎛ ⎛ dy ⎞ 3 ⎞
7
⎛ d2 y ⎞
3 ∫ Pdx ∫ 1+ sin x dx
(ii) (c) : I.F. = e =e
⇒ ⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = ⎜ 7 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ dx 2 ⎠ Put 1 + sin x = t Ÿ cos x dx = dt
1
? Order is 2 and degree iss 33.. ∫ t dt
? I.F. = e = elog t = t = 1 + sin x
dy ax + 3
7. (i) (b) : We have, = (iii) (d) : Solution of given differential equation is
dx 2 y + f
Ÿ (ax + 3)dx = (2y + f )dy given by y.(I.F.) = ∫ Q (I.F.) dx + c
x2 −x
⇒ a + 3x = y 2 + fy + c Ÿ y (1+ sinx) = ∫ . (1+ sinx) dx + c
2
(Integrating) 1 + sin x
a
⇒ − x 2 + y 2 − 3x + fy + C = 0 −x2
Ÿ y (1+ sinx) = +c
2 2
−a
This will represent a circle, if = 1 ⇒ a = −2 (iv) (a) : We have, y(0) = 1 i.e., x = 0, y = 1
2
[∵ In circle, coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2] ? 1(1 + sin 0) = c Ÿ c = 1
−x2 2 − x2
ydy ? y(1 + sin x) = +1 =
(ii) (c) : We have, = dx 2 2
1 − y2 2 − x2
? y=
On integration, we get − 1 − y 2 = x + c 2(1 + sin x )
2 − x2
Ÿ 1 – y2 = (x + c)2 Ÿ (x + c)2 + y2 = 1, which represents (v) (b) : We have, y =
a circle with radius 1 and centre on the x-axis. 2(1 + sin x )
Differential Equations 75

2 dv dx
⎛ π⎞ π2 Ÿ ∫ v log v = ∫ Ÿlog|logv| = log|x| + log|c|
2−⎜ ⎟ 2 − 2
⎛ π⎞ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 = 8−π
x
? y⎜ ⎟ = =
⎝ 2⎠ ⎛ π⎞ 4 16 ⎛ y⎞
2 ⎜ 1 + sin ⎟ Ÿ log ⎜ ⎟ = cx
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ x⎠ y
2 2 ⎛ dy ⎞
dy x + xy + y (v) (a) : We have, ⎜ x − y ⎟ e x = x 2 cos x
9. (i) (b) : We have, = ⎝ dx ⎠
dx x2 y
dy dv ⎛ dy y ⎞ x
Put y = vx and =v+x Ÿ ⎜⎝ − ⎟ e = x cos x
dx dx dx x ⎠
2 2 2 dy dv
dv x + x ⋅ vx + v x Put y = vx and =v+x
? v+x = = 1 + v + v2 dx dx
dx x2
dv dv dx ⎛ dv ⎞ dv
Ÿ x = 1 + v2 ⇒ ∫ 2
=∫ +c Ÿ ⎜⎝ v + x − v ⎟ e v = x cos x ⇒ xe v
⎠
= x cos x
dx 1+ v x dx dx
y
tan −1 v = log | x | + c ⇒ tan −1 = log | x | + c Ÿ ∫ e dv = ∫ cos x dx ⇒ e
v v
Ÿ = sin x + c
x y
(ii) (d) : We have, Ÿ e x − sin x = c
dy dy x 2 + 3 y 2
2 xy = x2 + 3 y2 ⇒ = 10. (i) (c) : The
Thhe ggi
given
iveen ddifferential equation can be
dx dx 2 xy dyy
dy dv written as + 2 y cot x = cosecx
Put y = vx and =v+x dx
dx dx
F = e∫
2 cot xdx 2 log |sin x|
2
dv x + 3v x 2 2
dv 1 + 3v 2 ? I.
II.F.
.F. =e = (sin x )2
? v+x = ⇒ x = −v
dx 2vx 2 dx 2v ? O=2
dv 1 + v 2 2v dx
Ÿ x = Ÿ ∫ dv = ∫ + log c i) (c) : We have, (1 – x2)
((ii)
(i
dy
– xy = 1
dx 2v 1+ v 2 x dx
Ÿ log|1+ v2| = log |x| + log |c| Ÿ log|v2 + 1| = log lo
og |xc|
|xxccc|| dy x 1
Ÿ − ⋅y =
y 2 dx 1 − x 2 1 − x2
Ÿ v 2 + 1 = xc ⇒ 2 + 1 = xc ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = x 3c
x x 1 −2 x
−∫
2 ∫ 1− x 2
dx dx
(iii) (d) : We have, (x2 + 3xy + y2) dxx – x2 dy dy = 0 ? I.F. = e 1− x 2 =e
2 2
x + 3xy + y dy 1 1
Ÿ = log(1− x 2 )
x 2 dx = e2 =e log(1− x 2 ) 2 = 1 − x2
dy dvv
d
Put y = vx and =v+x (iii) (b) : We have,
dy
+ y = e–x
dx dx
2 2 2 2
dx
x + 3x v + x v ⎛ dv ⎞ It is a linear differential equation with I.F. = e∫dx = ex
? = ⎜v + x ⎟
x 2 ⎝ dx ⎠ Now, solution is y˜ex = ∫ex˜e–x dx + c
dv dv Ÿ yex = ∫dx + c Ÿ yex = x + c Ÿ y = xe–x + ce–x
Ÿ 1 + 3v + v 2 = v + x Ÿ 1 + 2v + v 2 = x
dx dx ∵ y(0) = 0 Ÿ c = 0 ? y = xe–x
dx 1
Ÿ ∫ − (v + 1)−2 dv = c ⇒ log x +
x ∫
=c dy
v +1 (iv) (a) : We have, + y tanx = secx
dx
x It is a linear differential equation with
Ÿ log x + =c
x+y I.F. = e∫tanxdx = elog|secx| = secx
Now, solution is y secx = ∫sec2x dx + c
⎧
dy y ⎛ y⎞ ⎫
(iv) (c) : We have, =⎨ log ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + 1⎬ Ÿ y secx = tanx + c
⎩
dx x x ⎭
dy
dy dv (v) (c) : We have, – 3y = sin 2x
Put y = vx and =v+ x dx
dx dx It is a linear differential equation with
dv dv
? v+x = v { log(v ) + 1} Ÿ x = v log v
I.F. = e ∫
−3dx
dx dx = e–3x
---
 CHAPTER

10 Vector Algebra

CASE STUDY / PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

1
Syllabus
Ritika starts walking from his house to shopping ng mall.
mal
all.l Instead
Ins of going to the mall
Vectors and
scalars, magnitude directly, she first goes to a ATM, from there to her da
daughter’s
d aug hter school and then reaches the
u ht
and direction mall. In the diagram, A, B, C and D represent
esentt the
hee coordinates
th coo of House, ATM, School
of a vector. and Mall respectively.
Direction cosines
and direction
ratios of a vector.
Types of vectors
(equal, unit, B(–
( 22,, 4,
B(–2, 4, 1) C(–1, 5, 5)
zero, parallel and
collinear vectors),
position vector of
a point, negative
of a vector,
components of a
A(1, 1, 1) D(2, 2, 5)
vector, addition
of vectors,
multiplication
of a vector by a Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
scalar, position
(i) Distance between House (A) and ATM (B) is
vector of a point
dividing a line (a) 3 units (b) 3 2 units (c) 2 units (d) 4 2 units
segment in a given
ratio. Definition,
(ii) Distance between ATM (B) and School (C) is
Geometrical (a) 2 units (b) 2 2 units (c) 3 2 units (d) 4 2 units
Interpretation,
properties and (iii) Distance between School (C) and Shopping mall (D) is
application (a) 3 2 units (b) 5 2 units (c) 7 2 units (d) 10 2 units
of scalar (dot)
product of vectors, (iv) What is the total distance travelled by Ritika?
vector (cross) (a) 4 2 units (b) 6 2 units (c) 8 2 units (d) 9 2 units
product of vectors.
(v) What is the extra distance travelled by Ritika in reaching the shopping mall?
(a) 3 2 units (b) 5 2 units (c) 6 2 units (d) 7 2 units
Vector Algebra 77

Ginni purchased an air plant holder which is in the shape of a tetrahedron.

Let A, B, C and D are the coordinates of the air plant holder where A { (1, 1, 1), B { (2, 1, 3), C { (3, 2, 2) and
D {(3, 3, 4).
D

A
C
B

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.


(i) Find the position vector of AB .
(a) −i − 2k (b) 2i + k (c) i + 2k (d) −2i − k

(ii) Find the position vector of AC .
(a) 2i − j − k (b) 2i + j + k (cc) −22ii − j + k
(c) (d) i + 2 j + k

(iii) Find the position vector of AD .
(a) 2i − 2 j − 3k (b) i + j − 3k ((cc) 3i + 2 j + 2k
(c) (d) 2i + 2 j + 3k
(iv) Area of 'ABC =
11 14 13 17
(a) sq. units (b) ssq.
q. units
q. uni
n ts
ts (c) (d) sq. units
2 2 2 2

(v) Find the unit vector along AD D.
1 1 1
(a) (2i + 2 j + 3k ) (b)
( )
(b (3i + 3j + 2k ) (c) (2i + 2 j + 3k ) (d) (2i + 2 j + 3k )
17 17 11

Geetika’s house is situated at Shalimar Bagh at point O, for going to Alok’s house she first travels 8 km by bus in
the East. Here at point A, a hospital is situated. From Hospital, Geetika takes an auto and goes 6 km in the North,
here at point B school is situated. From school, she travels by bus to reach Alok’s house which is at 30° East,
6 km from point B.

6 km C
Alok’s House
School 30°
East
B

6 km

Geetika’s House O 8 km A Hospital

78
Mathematics | Class 12

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) What is the vector distance between Geetika’s house and school?
(a) 8 i − 6 j (b) 8 i + 6 j (c) 8i (d) 6 j
(ii) How much distance Geetika travels to reach school?
(a) 14 km (b) 15 km (c) 16 km (d) 17 km
(iii) What is the vector distance from school to Alok’s house?
(a) 3 i + j (b) 3 3 i + 3j (c) 6i (d) 6 j
(iv) What is the vector distance from Geetika’s house to Alok’s house?
(a) (8 + 3 3 )i + 9 j (b) 4i + 6 j (c) 15i (d) 16 j
(v) What is the total distance travelled by Geetika from her house to Alok’s house?
(a) 19 km (b) 20 km (c) 21 km (d) 22 km

Teams A, B, C went for playing a tug of war game. Teams A, B, C have

havve atta
aattached
atttaach
c a rope to a metal ring and is trying
to pull the ring into their own area (team areas shown below).
w)..
 
Team A pulls with force F = 4i + 0 j KN
1
Team B o F2 = −2i + 4 j KN
Team C oF3 = −3i − 3j KN
C
 =−
c
3i
−


3j


a = 4i + 0 j
A
4 j
i+
−2 
b=


B
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Which team will win the game?
(a) Team B (b) Team A (c) Team C (d) No one
(ii) What is the magnitude of the teams combined force?
(a) 7 KN (b) 1.4 KN (c) 1.5 KN (d) 2 KN
(iii) In what direction is the ring getting pulled?
(a) 2.0 radian (b) 2.5 radian (c) 2.4 radian (d) 3 radian
(iv) What is the magnitude of the force of Team B?
(a) 2 5 KN (b) 6 KN (c) 2 KN (d) 6 KN
(v) How many KN force is applied by Team A?
(a) 5 KN (b) 4 KN (c) 2 KN (d) 16 KN
Vector Algebra 79

A plane started from airport situated at O with a velocity of 120 m/s towards east. Air is blowing at a velocity of
50 m/s towards the north as shown in the figure.
The plane travelled 1 hr in OP direction with the resultant velocity. From P to R the plane travelled 1 hr keeping
velocity of 120 m/s and finally landed at R.
North R

Air speed 50 m/s

P

O
East
Plane speed 120 m/s

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) What is the resultant velocity from O to P?
(a) 100 m/s (b) 130 m/s (c) 126 m/ss (d) 180 m/s
(ii) What is the direction of travel of plane from O to P with East?
ast?
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
(a) tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ (b) tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ (c)
(cc) 500 (d) 80
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
(iii) What is the displacement from O to P?
(a) 600 km (b) 468 km (c)
(c 532 km (d) 500 km
(iv) What is the resultant velocity from P to R?
(a) 120 m/s (b) 70 m/s (c) 170 m/s (d) 200 m/s
(v) What is the displacement from P to R?
R?
(a) 450 km 532
(b) 53
32 km
km (c) 610 km (d) 612 km

Ishaan left from his village on weekend. First, he travelled up to temple. After this, he left for the zoo. After this
he left for shopping in a mall. The positions of Ishaan at different places is given in the following graph.
y
10
9
8 D
Shopping
7
mall
6
Zoo
5 C
4
3 B
Village
2 A Temple
1
x' x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y'
80
Mathematics | Class 12

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Position vector of B is
(a) 3i + 5j (b) 5i + 3j (c) −5i − 3j (d) −5i + 3j
(ii) Position vector of D is
(a) 5i + 3j (b) 3i + 5j (c) 8i + 9 j (d) 9i + 8 j

(iii) Find the vector BC in terms of i, j .
(a) i − 2 j (b) i + 2 j (c) 2i + j (d) 2i − j

(iv) Length of vector AD is
(a) 67 units (b) 85 units (c) 90 units (d) 100 units

(v) If M = 4 j + 3k , then its unit vector is
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3
(a) j+ k (b) j− k (c) − j + k (d) − j − k
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

A building is to be constructed in the form of a triangular pyramid,

yrami
mid,
mi d, ABCD
ABC as shown in the figure.
AB

C
B D

Let its angular points are A(0,

A(0
((00, 1,, 2),
2),
) B(3,
B( 0, 1), C(4, 3, 6) and D(2, 3, 2) and G be the point of intersection of the
medians of 'BCD.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) The coordinates of point G are
(a) (2, 3, 3) (b) (3, 3, 2) (c) (3, 2, 3) (d) (0, 2, 3)

(ii) The length of vector AG is
(a) 17 units (b) 11 units (c) 13 units (d) 19 units
(iii) Area of 'ABC (in sq. units) is
(a) 10 (b) 2 10 (c) 3 10 (d) 5 10
 
(iv) The sum of lengths of AB and AC is
(a) 5 units (b) 9.32 units (c) 10 units (d) 11 units
(v) The length of the perpendicular from the vertex D on the opposite face is
6 2 3
(a) units (b) units (c) units (d) 8 10 units
10 10 10
Vector Algebra 81

If two vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their sum is represented by the
third side of the triangle taken in opposite order and this is known as triangle law of vector addition.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
    
(i) If p, q , r are the vectors represented by the sides of a triangle taken in order, then q + r =
  
(a) p (b) 2 p (c) − p (d) None of these
 
(ii) If ABCD is a parallelogram and AC and BD are its diagonals, then AC + BD =
   
(a) 2DA (b) 2AB (c) 2BC (d) 2BD
     
(iii) If ABCD is a parallelogram, where AB = 2a and BC = 2b , then AC − BD =
   
(a) 3a (b) 4a (c) 2b (d) 4b
   
(iv) If ABCD is a quadrilateral whose diagonals are AC and BD , then BA A + CD
D=
D C

A B
       
(a) AC + DB (b) AC + BD (c) BC + AD
(c) B
(c (d) BD + CA
 
(v) If T is the mid point of side YZ of 'XYZ, then X + XZ
en XY XZ = X

(a) 2 YT

(b) 2 XT

(c) 2TZ
(d) None of these Y
T
Z

Three slogans on chart papers are to be placed on a school bulletin board at the points A, B and C displaying
A (Hub of Learning), B (Creating a better world for tomorrow) and C (Education comes first). The coordinates
of these points are (1, 4, 2), (3, –3, –2) and (–2, 2, 6) respectively.

A Hub of Learning

B C
Creating a Education
better world comes first
for tomorrow
82
Mathematics | Class 12

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

     
(i) Let a , b and c be the position vectors of points A, B and C respectively, then a + b + c is equal to
(a) 2i + 3j + 6k (b) 2i − 3j − 6k (c) 2i + 8 j + 3k (d) 2(7i + 8 j + 3k )
(ii) Which of the following is not true?
               
(a) AB + BC + CA = 0 (b) AB + BC − AC = 0 (c) AB + BC − CA = 0 (d) AB − CB + CA = 0
(iii) Area of 'ABC is
1
(a) 19 sq. units (b) 1937 sq. units (c) 1937 sq. units (d) 1837 sq. units
2
     
(iv) Suppose, if the given slogans are to be placed on a straight line, then the value of a × b + b × c + c × a will
be equal to
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) 0
 
(v) If a = 2i + 3j + 6k , then unit vector in the direction of vector a is
2 3  6  2 3 6 3 2  6 
(a) i− j− k (b) i + j + k (c) i+ j+ k (d) None of these
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

10

A barge is pulled into harbour by two tug boats as shown in the

th
he figure.
figur
fi
fig u e.
ur
y
11
10 A
9
8
7 B
6
5
4
3
2 C
1
x'
x' x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
y'
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Position vector of A is
(a) 4i + 2 j (b) 4i + 10 j (c) 4i − 10 j (d) 4i − 2 j
(ii) Position vector of B is
(a) 4i + 4 j (b) 6i + 6 j (c) 9i + 7 j (d) 3i + 3j

(iii) Find the vector AC in terms of i , j .
(a) 8 j (b) −8 j (c) 8i (d) None of these

(iv) If A = i + 2 j + 3k , then its unit vector is
i 2 j 3k 3i 2 j k 2i 3j k
(a) + + (b) + + (c) + + (d) None of these
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
   
(v) If A = 4i + 3j and B = 3i + 4 j , then | A | + | B | = ______ .
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 10
Vector Algebra 83

HINTS & EXPLANATIONS


1. (i) (b) : AB = (−2i + 4 j + k ) − (i + j + k ) = −3i + 3j 1
? Area of 'ABC = 14 sq. units
 2
? AB = (−3)2 + 32 = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 
 AD
Distance between House (A) and ATM (B) is 3 2 units. (v) (a) : Unit vector along AD = 
 | AD |
(ii) (c) : BC = (−i + 5j + 5k ) − (−2i + 4 j + k ) = i + j + 4k  
2i + 2 j + 3k  
2i + 2 j + 3k  1
 = = = (2i + 2 j + 3k )
? | BC | = 12 + 12 + 42 = 1 + 1 + 16 2
2 +2 +3 2 2 4 + 4 + 9 17
 
= 18 = 3 2 3. (i) (b) : We have, OA = 8i and AB = 6 j
  
Distance between ATM (B) and School (C) is 3 2 units. ? OB = OA + AB = 8i + 6 j

(iii) (a) : CD = (2i + 2 j + 5k ) − (−i + 5j + 5k ) = 3i − 3j (ii) (a) : To reach school
hoo
ool Geetika travels
oo
 = (8 + 6) km = 14 km
? | CD | = 32 + (−3)2 = 9 + 9 = 3 2
Distance between School (C) and Shopping mall (D) (iii) (b) : Vector
ctor distancen e from school to Alok’s house
disstaanc
is 3 2 units. 30°° i + 6 sin
= 6 cos 30 s 30° j
3 1
(iv) (d) : Total distance travelled by Ritika
   = 6× i + 6 × j = 3 3 i + 3j
= AB + BC + CD = (3 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 ) units 2 2
(iv)
(i
iv) (a
((a)
a) : Vector
V distance from Geetika’s house to
= 9 2 units
Al o ’s house = 8i + 6 j + 3 3 i + 3j = (8 + 3 3 )i + 9 j
Alok
Alok’s
ok
(v) (c) : Distance between house and shopping ma
mall
alll is
is
 (v (b) : Total distance travelled by Geetika from her
(v)
AD .  house to Alok’s house = (8 + 6 + 6) km = 20 km
Now, AD = i + j + 4k 
 4. Here, | F1 | = (4)2 + 02 = 4 KN
? | AD | = 12 + 12 + 42 = 1 + 1 + 16
16 = 18
18 = 3 2 
Thus, extra distance travelled by Ri
Ritika
itiikaa in reaching | F2 | = (−2)2 + 42 = 20 KN

shopping mall = (9 2 − 3 2 ) u nits = 6 2 units
units
ni | F3 | = (−3)2 + (−3)2 = 18 KN

2. (i) (c) : Position vector off A ABB (i) (a) : Since, 20 is larger. So, team B will win the
= (2 − 1)i + (1 − 1) j + (3 − 1)k = i + 2k
  
game.
 
(ii) (b) : Position vector of AC (ii) (b) : Let F be the combined force.
   
= (3 − 1)i + (2 − 1)j + (2 − 1)k = 2i + j + k ? F = F1 + F2 + F3 = 4i + 0 j − 3i − 3j − 2i + 4 j

(iii) (d) : Position vector of AD = −i + j

= (3 − 1)i + (3 − 1)j + (4 − 1)k = 2i + 2 j + 3k ? | F | = (−1)2 + 12 = 2 = 1.4 KN
1   
(iv) (b) : Area of 'ABC = | AB × AC | (iii) (c) : We have, F = −i + j
2
i j k ⎛ Fy ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 3π
  ? θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = radian
AB × AC = 1 0 2 = i(0 − 2) − j(1 − 4) + k (1 − 0) ⎝F ⎠x
⎝ −1 ⎠ 4
2 1 1 = 0.75 × 3.14 radian = 2.3555 radian | 2.4 radian
= −2i + 3j + k
  (iv) (a) : Magnitude of force of Team B = 20 KN
Ÿ | AB × AC | = (−2)2 + 32 + 12 = 2 5 KN
= 4 + 9 + 1 = 14 (v) (b) : 4 KN force is applied by team A.
84
Mathematics | Class 12

5. (i) (b) : Resultant velocity from to O to P 1  

2 2 (iii) (c) : Clearly, area of 'ABC = | AB × AC |
= 120 + 50 2
i j k
= 14400 + 2500 = 16900 = 130 m/s  
Here, AB × AC = 3 − 0 0 −1 1− 2
(ii) (a) : Direction of travel of plane from O to P with
4−0 3 −1 6 − 2
5
east is tan–1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ .
⎝ 12 ⎠ i j k
(iii) (b) : Resultant velocity from O to A = 130 m/s = 3 −1 −1
⎛ 130 × 3600 ⎞ 4 2 4
=⎜ km/h
⎝ 1000 ⎟⎠
Time = 1 hr = i(−4 + 2) − j(12 + 4) + k (6 + 4) = −2i − 16 j + 10k
130 × 3600  
? Displacement = = 468 km ? | AB × AC | = (−2)2 + (−16)2 + 102
1000
(iv) (c) : Resultant velocity from P to R = 4 + 256 + 1000 = 360 = 6 10
 = (120 + 50) = 170 m/s 1
Hence, area of 'ABC
'AB
' BC = × 6 10 = 3 10 sq. units
⎛ 170 × 3600 ⎞ 2
(v) (d) : Displacement from P to R = ⎜
⎝ 1000 ⎟⎠ 
(iv) (b) : Here
Here,
e, ABB = 3i − j − k
= 612 km 
Ÿ | AB | = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11
6. (i) (b) : Here (5, 3) are the coordinates of B. 
Also,
Alsoo, ACC = 4i + 2 j + 4k
? P.V. of B = 5i + 3j 
Ÿ | AC | = 16 + 4 + 16 = 36 = 6
Ÿ
(ii) (d) : Here (9, 8) are the coordinates of D.  
Now, | AB | + | AC | = 11 + 6 = 3.32 + 6 = 9.32 units
? P.V. of D = 9i + 8 j
N
No

(iii) (b) : P.V. of B = 5i + 3j and P.V. of C = 6i

6i + 5j
(v) (a) : The length of the perpendicular from the
 vertex D on the opposite face
  
? BC = (6 − 5)i + (5 − 3)j = i + 2 j
= | Projection of AD on AB × AC |
(iv) (b) : Since P.V. of A = 2i + 2 j, V. off D = 9i + 8 j
j, P.V.
P.V
.V (2i + 2 j) ⋅ (−2i − 16 j + 10k )
 =
? AD = (9 − 2)i + (8 − 2)j = 7i + 6 j (−2)2 + (−16)2 + 102

| AD |2 = 72 + 62 = 49 + 366 = 85 8
 −4 − 32 36 6
= = = units
Ÿ | AD | = 85 units 360 6 10 10

(v) (a) : We have, M = 4 j + 3k , 8. (i) (c) : Let OAB be a triangle B
 such that  
? | M | = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5       r q
 AO = − p, AB = q , BO = r
^ M 4 j + 3k 4  3 
? M =  = = j+ k      A
|M| 5 5 5 Now, q + r = AB + BO O
p
 
7. (i) (c) : Clearly, G be the centroid of 'BCD, = AO = − p
therefore coordinates of G are
(ii) (c) : From triangle law of vector addition,
⎛ 3 + 4 + 2 0 + 3 + 3 1 + 6 + 2⎞      
⎜⎝ , , ⎟ = (3, 2, 3)
3 3 3 ⎠ AC + BD = AB + BC + BC + CD
(ii) (b) : Since, A { (0, 1, 2) and G = (3, 2, 3) D C

? AG = (3 − 0)i + (2 − 1)j + (3 − 2)k = 3i + j + k

Ÿ | AG |2 = 32 + 12 + 12 = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11

Ÿ | AG |= 11 A B
Vector Algebra 85

  

= AB + 2 BC + CD = i(−28 − 8) − j(8 − 12) + k (−4 − 21) = −36i + 4 j − 25k
     
= AB + 2 BC − AB = 2 BC [∵ AB = −CD]  
Now, | AB × AC | = (−36)2 + 42 + (−25)2
  
(iii) (b) : In 'ABC, AC = 2a + 2b …(i)
 = 1296 + 16 + 625 = 1937
2a
D C 1   1
? Area of 'ABC = | AB × AC | = 1937 sq. units
  2 2
2b 2b (iv) (d) : If the given points lie on the straight line,
then the points will be collinear and so area of
A B

2a 'ABC = 0.
     
   Ÿ a ×b +b ×c +c ×a = 0
and in 'ABD, 2b = 2a + BD …(ii)
  
[By triangle law of addition] [ If a , b , c are the position vectors of the three
Adding (i) and (ii), we have vertices A, B and C of 'ABC, then area of triangle
    
AC + 2b = 4a + BD + 2b 1      
  = a ×b +b ×c +c ×a ]
 2
Ÿ AC − BD = 4a
   
(v) (b) : Here,e, | a | = 22 + 32 + 62 = 4 + 9 + 36
(iv) (d) : In 'ABC, BA + AC = BC …(i)
[By triangle law] = 49 = 7
   
In 'BCD, BC + CD = BD …(ii) ? Unit vvector
ecto
ecto
ec or in the direction of vector a is
tor
   
From (i) and (ii), BA + AC = BD − CD 2i + 3j + 6k 2  3  6 
      a = = i+ j+ k
Ÿ BA + CD = BD − AC = BD + CA 7 7 7 7
(v) (b) : Since T is the mid point of YZ. 10.
10
0. (i
(i) (b) : Here, (4, 10) are the coordinates of A.
  ? P.V. of A = 4i + 10 j
So, YT = TZ
     
Now, XY + XZ = ( XT + TY ) + ( XT + TZ ) (ii) (c) : Here, (9, 7) are the coordinates of B.
   
[By
By tria
triangle
iiaanggle

le llaw]
a
 ? P.V. of B = 9i + 7 j
= 2 XT + TY + TZ = 2 XT [∵ TY = −YT ]
 (iii) (b) : Here, P.V. of A = 4i + 10 j and P.V. of

9. (i) (a) : a = i + 4 j + 2k , b = 3i − 3j − 2k
 C = 4i + 2 j
and c = −2i + 2 j + 6k 
   ? AC = (4 – 4) i + (2 – 10) j = – 8 j
? a + b + c = 2i + 3j + 6k

(ii) (c) : Using triangle law of addition in 'ABC, we get (iv) (a) : Here A  i  2 j  3k
    
AB + BC + CA = 0, which can be rewritten as ? A  12  22  32  1  4  9  14
        
AB + BC − AC = 0 or AB − CB + CA = 0 ^ A i + 2 j + 3k 1    3 
? A=  =  i j k
(iii) (c) : We have, A(1,4, 2), B(3, –3, –2) and C(–2, 2, 6) A 14 14 14 14
  
Now, AB = b − a = 2i − 7 j − 4k  
   (v) (d) : We have, A = 4i + 3j and B = 3i + 4 j
and AC = c − a = −3i − 2 j + 4k 
i j ? A = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
  k 
? AB × AC = 2 −7 −4 and B = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
−3 −2 4  
Thus, A + B = 5 + 5 = 10

---
 CHAPTER
Three Dimensional
11 Geometry
CASE STUDY / PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) while patrolling,, saw w a suspicious

su
sus
uspi boat with four men.
They were nowhere looking like fishermen. The ssoldiers o di
ol d er were closely observing the
movement of the boat for an opportunity to seize seiizee the
the
he boat.
b They observe that the boat is
moving along a planar surface. At an instant
nstant ntt o
n off tti
time,
im the coordinates of the position of
coast guard helicopter and boat are (2,, 3,
3, 55)) an
aandd (1, 4, 2) respectively.

Syllabus
Direction cosines
and direction
ratios of a line
joining two
points. Cartesian
equation and
vector equation
of a line, coplanar
and skew lines, Based
ed on
n th
the
he above information, answer the following questions.
shortest distance
between two lines. (i) If the line joining the positions of the helicopter and boat is perpendicular to the
Cartesian and plane in which boat moves, then equation of plane is
vector equation of (a) x – y + 3z = 2 (b) x + y + 3z = 2
a plane. Distance
(c) x – y + 3z = 3 (d) x + y + 3z = 3
of a point from a
plane. (ii) If the soldier decides to shoot the boat at given instant of time, where the distance
measured in metres, then what is the distance that bullet has to travel?
(a) 5m (b) 8m
(c) 10 m (d) 11 m
(iii) If the speed of bullet is 30 m/sec, then how much time will the bullet take to hit the
boat after the shot is fired?
(a) 30 seconds (b) 1 second

11
(c) 1 second (d) seconds
2 30
Three Dimensional Geometry 87

(iv) At the given instant of time, the equation of line passing through the positions of helicopter and boat is
x −1 y − 4 z − 2
(a) x = y = z (b) = =
1 −1 3 1 −1 3
x y z x −1 y − 4 z − 2
(c) = = (d) = =
1 1 −3 1 1 −3
(v) At a different instant of time, the boat moves to a different position along the planar surface. What should
be the coordinates of the location of the boat for the bullet to hit the boat if soldier shoots the bullet along
x −1 y −1 z − 2
the line whose equation is = = ?
1 −2 3
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 3 3 5⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1⎞
(a) ⎜ , , ⎟ (b) ⎜ , , ⎟ (c) ⎜ , , ⎟ (d) none of these
⎝ 2 2 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2 4⎠ ⎝ 3 4 5⎠

In a diamond exhibition, a diamond is covered in cubical glass box having vingg coordinates
coo
co orrrdi
dn O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 0, 0),
B(1, 2, 0), C(0, 2, 0), Oc(0, 0, 3), Ac(1, 0, 3), Bc(1, 2, 3) and Cc(0, 2, 3).
Oc(0, 0, 3)

Ac(1, 0, 3)
O(0, 0, 0) Cc(0, 2, 3)
2, 3)
Bc(1,

A(1, 0, 0)
C (0, 2, 0)

B(1, 2, 0)
B

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Direction ratios of OA are
(a) < 0, 1, 0 > (b) < 1, 0, 0 > (c) < 0, 0, 1 > (d) none of these
(ii) Equation of diagonal OBc is
x y z x y z
(a) x = y = z (b) = = (c) = = (d) none of these
1 2 3 0 1 2 1 0 2
(iii) Equation of plane OABC is
(a) x = 0 (b) y = 0 (c) z = 0 (d) none of these
(iv) Equation of plane OcAcBcCc is
(a) x = 3 (b) y = 3 (c) z = 3 (d) z = 2
(v) Equation of plane ABBcAc is
(a) x = 1 (b) y = 1 (c) z = 2 (d) x = 3
88
Mathematics | Class 12

The equation of motion of a rocket are : x = 2t, y = –4t, z = 4t, where the time ‘t’ is given in seconds, and the
distance measured is in kilometres.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) What is the path of the rocket?
(a) Straight line (b) Circle (c) Parabola
Paraabo
bola
la
la (d) none of these
(ii) Which of the following points lie on the path of the rocket?
keet??
(a) (0, 1, 2) (b) (1, –2, 2) (c)
(cc) (2,
(2, –2, 2)
(2 (d) none of these
(iii) At what distance will the rocket be from the starting
ng point
artting
in po
p i t (0, 0, 0) in 10 seconds?
oin
(a) 40 km (b) 60 km (c) 30 km (d) 80 km
(iv) If the position of rocket at certain instant
ant of
of time
mee is
t im
ti is (3, –6, 6), then what will be the height of the rocket from
the ground, which is along the xy-plane?
-plane
nee?
n
(a) 3 km (b)) 2 km
m (c) 4 km (d) 6 km
(v) At certain instant of time,, iff tthe
hee rrocket
occkkee is above sea level, where equation of surface of sea is given by 3x – y
o
+ 4z = 2 and position of rocket
roccke kett at
at that
th instant of time is (1, –2, 2), then the image of position of rocket in the
sea is
⎛ 20 15 18 ⎞ ⎛ −20 −15 −18 ⎞ ⎛ 20 −15 18 ⎞
(a) ⎜ , , ⎟ (b) ⎜ , , (c) ⎜ , , (d) none of these
⎝ 13 13 13 ⎠ ⎝ 13 13 13 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 13 13 13 ⎟⎠

a1 b1 c1
If a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are direction ratios of two lines say L1 and L2 respectively. Then L1 || L2 iff = =
a2 b2 c2
and L1 A L2 iff a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
L 1 L2

L1
L2
Three Dimensional Geometry 89

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of L1 and L2 respectively, then L1
will be perpendicular to L2, iff
(a) l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 (b) l1m2 + m1l2 + n1n2 = 0
l1 m1 n1
(c) = = (d) none of these
l2 m2 n2
(ii) If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are direction cosines of L1 and L2 respectively, then L1 will be parallel to L2, iff
(a) l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 (b) l1m2 + m1l2 + n1n2 = 0
l1 m1 n1
(c) = = (d) m1n2 + m2n2 + l1l2 = 0
l2 m2 n2
(iii) The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A(1, 2, 1) to the line joining
B(1, 4, 6) and C(5, 4, 4), are
(a) (1, 2, 1) (b) (2, 4, 5) (c) (3, 4, 5) (d) (4, 3, 5)
(iv) The direction ratios of the line which is perpendicular to the lines with
inees w
wiitth
hddirection
ir ratios proportional to
(1, –2, –2) and (0, 2, 1) are
(a) < 1, 2, 1 > (b) < 2, –1, 2 > (c)
c) < –1,
–1,, 2,
–1 2, 2 > (d) none of these
x − 2 y +1 z − 2 x − 1 y + 3/2 z + 5
(v) The lines = = and = = aare
3 −2 0 1 3/2 2
(a) parallel (b) perpendicular
ar (c)
(c) skew lines (d) non-intersecting

A mobile tower stands at the top p of a hih

hill.
ill
ll.. Co
C
Consider the surface on which tower stand as a plane having points
A(0, 1, 2), B(3, 4, –1) and C(2,, 4,, 22)) on
on iit.
t Th
t. The mobile tower is tied with 3 cables from the point A, B and C such
that it stand vertically on the
hee ground.
g ou
ground d The
nd. Th peak of the tower is at the point (6, 5, 9), as shown in the figure.
(6, 5, 9)

B(3, 4, –1)
A(0, 1, 2)

C(2, 4, 2)

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The equation of plane passing through the points A, B and C is
(a) 3x – 4y + z = 0 (b) 3x – 2y + z = 0 (c) 4x – 3y + z = 0 (d) 4x – 3y + 3z = 0
(ii) The height of the tower from the ground is
17 5
(a) 6 units (b) 5 units (c) units (d) units
14 14
90
Mathematics | Class 12

(iii) The equation of line of perpendicular drawn from the peak of tower to the ground is
x −6 y −4 z −9 x −6 y −5 z −9
(a) = = (b) = =
3 −2 1 3 −2 1
x − 6 y − 4 z − 9 x −6 y −5 z −9
(c) = = (d) = =
3 2 1 3 2 1
(iv) The coordinates of foot of perpendicular drawn from the peak of tower to the ground are
⎛ 33 104 109 ⎞ ⎛ 33 109 104 ⎞ ⎛ 33 105 109 ⎞
(a) ⎜ , , (b) ⎜ , , (c) ⎜ , ,
⎝ 14 14 14 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 14 14 14 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 14 14 14 ⎟⎠
(d) none of these

(v) The area of 'ABC is

1 3
(a) 14 sq. units (b) 14 sq. units (c) 14 sq. units (d) 2 14 sq. units
2 2

Two motorcycles A and B are running at the speed more than allowed speed
ed
d on
n the
the
h road
r along the lines
         
r = λ(i + 2 j − k ) and r = 3i + 3 j + μ(2i + j + k ), respectively.

Based on the above information, answer thee follo

following
lo
owi
wing
ngg questions.
n q
(i) The cartesian equation of the line alongg which
wh
w hic
ich motorcycle A is running, is
x +1 y +1 z −1 x y z x y z
(a) = = (b)
b) = = (c) = = (d) None of these
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 1 2 1
(ii) The direction cosines off linee aalong
long
loon
ngg which
w motorcycle A is running, are
1 −2 1 1 2 −1
(a) < 1, –2, 1 > ((b)) < 1, 2, –1 >
(b (c) < , , > (d) < , , >
6 6 6 6 6 6
(iii) The direction ratios of line along which motorcycle B is running, are
(a) < 1, 0, 2 > (b) < 2, 1, 0 > (c) < 1, 1, 2 > (d) < 2, 1, 1 >
(iv) The shortest distance between the gives lines is
(a) 4 units (b) 2 3 units (c) 3 2 units (d) 0 units
(v) The motorcycles will meet with an accident at the point
(a) (–1, 1, 2) (b) (2, 1, –1) (c) (1, 2, –1) (d) does not exist

A football match is organised between students of class XII of two schools, say school A and school B. For which
a team from each school is chosen. Remaining students of class XII of school A and B are respectively sitting
 
on the plane represented by the equation r ⋅ (i + j + 2k ) = 5 and r ⋅ (2i − j + k ) = 6, to cheer up the team of their
respective schools.
Three Dimensional Geometry 91

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The cartesian equation of the plane on which students of school A are seated is
(a) 2x – y + z = 8 (b) 2x + y + z = 8 (c) x + y + 2z = 5 (d) x + y + z = 5
(ii) The magnitude of the normal to the plane on which students of school B are seated, is
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2
(iii) The intercept form of the equation of the plane on which students of school
hooll B are seated, is
x y z x y z x y z x y z
(a) + + =1 (b) + + =1 (c) + + =1 (d) + + =1
6 6 6 3 (−6) 6 3 6 6 3 6 3
(iv) Which of the following is a student of school B?
(a) Mohit sitting at (1, 2, 1) (b) Ravi
b) Ra
R vvii sitting
siittti at (0, 1, 2)
(c) Khushi sitting at (3, 1, 1) (d)
(d Shewta
hew sitting at (2, –1, 2)
d) Sh
(v) The distance of the plane, on which students of school
ol B are
schoo are seated, from the origin is
1 5
(a) 6 units (b) units (c) units (d) 6 units
6 6

Consider the following diagram,

m, wh
where
here
ere the
er th
h fforces in the cable are given.
z

FEA FEC
FED
FEB
D

24 m C
A
O 8m
6m
B 8m
6m
x y
92
Mathematics | Class 12

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The cartesian equation of line along EA is
x y z x y z − 24 x y z − 12 x y z − 24
(a) = = (b) = = (c) = = (d) = =
−4 3 12 −4 3 12 −3 4 12 3 4 12

(ii) The vector ED is
(a) 8 i − 6j + 24k (b) − 8 i − 6j + 24k (c) −8 i − 6j − 24k (d) 8i + 6j + 24k
(iii) The length of the cable EB is
(a) 24 units (b) 26 units (c) 27 units (d) 25 units
(iv) The length of cable EC is equal to the length of
(a) EA (b) EB (c) ED (d) All of these
(v) The sum of all vectors along the cables is
(a) 96 i (b) 96 j (c) −96 k (d) 96 k

Consider the following diagram, where the forces in the cable

ablee ar
aaree ggi
given.
iven
Z
D
FDCC
FDB

FDA
30 m
Yc
Xc
15 m O 4m
C B
20 m
20 6m
10 m 8m Y
A
X
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) The equation of line along the cable AD is
x y z − 30 x y z − 30
(a) = = (b) = =
5 4 15 4 5 15
x y 30 − z x y 30 − z
(c) = = (d) = =
5 4 15 4 5 15
(ii) The length of cable DC is
(a) 4 61 m (b) 5 61 m (c) 6 61 m (d) 7 61 m
(iii) The vector DB is
(a) −6i + 4 j − 30k (b) 6i − 4 j + 30k (c) 6i + 4 j + 30k (d) none of these
(iv) The sum of vectors along the cables, is
(a) 17i + 6 j + 90k (b) 17i − 6 j − 90k (c) 17i + 6 j − 90k (d) none of these
Three Dimensional Geometry 93

(v) The sum of distances of points A, B and C from the origin, i.e., OA + OB + OC, is
(a) 164 + 52 + 625 (b) 52 + 625 + 48 (c) 164 + 625 + 49 (d) none of these

10

Suppose the floor of a hotel is made up of mirror polished Kota stone. Also, there is a large crystal chandelier
attached at the ceiling of the hotel. Consider the floor of the hotel as a plane having equation x – 2y + 2z = 3
and crystal chandelier at the point (3, –2, 1).

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

ions
nss
ns.
o the
(i) The d.r.’s of the perpendicular from the point (3, –2, 1) to th
he plane
p a x – 2y + 2z = 3, is
pl
(a) <1, 2, 2 > (b) <1, – 2, 2 > (c) <2,
(c
(c) < 1, 2> (d) <2, –1, 2>
(ii) The length of the perpendicular from the point
ointt (3,
(3, –2,
(3 –22, 1) to the plane x – 2y + 2z = 3, is
2
(a) units (b) 3 unitss (c) 2 units (d) none of these
3
(iii) The equation of the perpendicular fromm the
he point
th po (3, –2, 1) to the plane x – 2y + 2z = 3, is
x − 3 y − 2 z −1 x − 3 y + 2 z −1
(a) = = (b) = =
1 −2 2 1 −2 2
x + 3 y + 2 z −1
(c) = = (d) none of these
1 −2 2
(iv) The equation of plane parparallel
ral
a le to the plane x – 2y + 2z = 3, which is at a unit distance from the point
(3, –2, 1) is
(a) x – 2y + 2z = 0 (b) x – 2y + 2z = 6 (c) x – 2y + 2z = 12 (d) Both (b) and (c)
(v) The image of the point (3, –2, 1) in the given plane is
⎛ 5 2 −5 ⎞ ⎛ −5 −2 5 ⎞ ⎛ −5 2 5 ⎞
(a) ⎜ , , ⎟ (b) ⎜ , , ⎟ (c) ⎜ , , ⎟ (d) none of these
⎝3 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3⎠

HINTS & EXPLANATIONS

1. (i) (c) : Let P(2, 3, 5) and Q(1, 4, 2) be the positions (ii) (d) : Required distance = Distance between P and Q
of helicopter and boat respectively.
Now, direction ratios of PQ are proportional to = (1 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 + (2 − 5)2 = 1 + 1 + 9 = 11 m
1–2, 4–3, 2–5, i.e., –1, 1, –3. (iii) (d) : We know, Distance = Speed × Time
So, equation of plane passing through Q(1, 4, 2) and
perpendicular to PQ is 11
? Required time = seconds
–(x – 1) + (y – 4) + (–3) (z – 2) = 0 Ÿ x – y + 3z = 3 30
94
Mathematics | Class 12

x −1 y − 4 z − 2 ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ −r ⎞
(iv) (b) : Equation of line PQ is = = . ∴ 3 ⎜ r + 1⎟ − ⎜ − 2⎟ + 4 ( 2r + 2 ) = 2
1 −1 3 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
x −1 y −1 z − 2 9r r
(v) (b) : Any point on the line = = is ⇒ + 3 + + 2 + 8r + 8 = 2
1 −2 3 2 2
given by (O + 1, –2O + 1, 3O + 2). −11
Ÿ 13r + 13 = 2 Ÿ r =
Now, on substituting this point in the equation of 13
plane x – y + 3z = 3, we get Hence, the coordinates of Q are
(O + 1) – (–2O + 1) + 3(3O + 2) = 3 ⎛ −33 11 −44 ⎞ ⎛ −20 −15 −18 ⎞
Ÿ O + 1+ 2O – 1 + 9O + 6 = 3 Ÿ 12O = –3 ⎜⎝ 13 + 1, 13 − 2, 13 + 2⎟⎠ i.e., ⎜ , , .
⎝ 13 13 13 ⎟⎠
−1
Ÿ λ= 4. (i) (a) : Since, D.R.’s are proportional to D.C.’s,
4
⎛ −1 1 −3 ⎞ therefore L1 will be perpendicular to L2 iff
Thus, the required point is ⎜ + 1, + 1, + 2⎟
⎝ 4 2 4 ⎠ l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
⎛ 3 3 5⎞ (ii) (c) : Since, D.R.’s are proportional to D.C.’s,
i.e., ⎜ , , ⎟ .
⎝ 4 2 4⎠ therefore L1 will be parallel
para to L2, iff
2. (i) (b) : D.R.’s of OA are < 1–0, 0–0, 0–0 >, l1 m1 n1
= =
i.e., < 1, 0, 0 >. l2 m2 n2
(ii) (a) : Equation of diagonal OBc is (iii) (c) : Equation
quattio
ion of
of line
lin joining B and C is
x −0 y −0 z −0 x y z x −1 y − 4 z − 6
= = i.e., = = = =
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 0 −2
(iii) (c) : OABC is xy-plane, therefore its equation is Let coordinates
coor
co o di
dinat of foot of perpendicular be D(x, y, z).
z = 0. ? D D.R.
.R.
R ’’ss of AD are < x –1, y – 2, z –1 >.
(iv) (c) : Plane OcAcBcCc is parallel to xy-plane passingngg
Now,
Now 4(x 4 – 1) + 0(y – 2) –2(z – 1) = 0 Ÿ 4x – 2z = 2
through (0, 0, 3), therefore its equation is z = 3.
Also,
Alls (x, y, z) will satisfy equation of line BC.
A
(v) (a) : Plane ABBcAc is parallel to yz-plane paspassing
asssi
singg
Here,
H (3, 4, 5) satisfy both the conditions.
through (1, 0, 0), therefore its equation is x = 1.
? Required coordinates are (3, 4, 5).
3. (i) (a) : Eliminating ‘t’ from the given equations,
n equ
qu
q uat ons we
a io (iv) (b) : Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of the
x y z x y z required line. Since it is perpendicular to the lines
get equation of path as, = = orr = = .
2 −4 4 1 −2 2 whose direction ratios are (1, –2, –2) and (0, 2, 1)
Thus, the path of the rocket represents
eprereeseent
nts a straight
st line.
respectively.
(ii) (b) : Since, only (1, –2, 2)) sat
satisfy
atissfy
at fy tthe
he eequation of path
he
? a – 2b – 2c = 0 ...(i)
of rocket therefore (1, –2, 2)) llie
ie oon
ie n tth
the
he path of rocket.
0 . a + 2b + c = 0 ...(ii)
(iii) (b) : For t = 10 sec, we have ve x = 20, y = –40, z = 40
On solving (i) and (ii) by cross-multiplication, we get
Now, required distance = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 a b c a b c
= = ⇒ = =
= 202 + (−40)2 + (40)2 = 400 + 1600 + 1600 −2 + 4 0 − 1 2 2 −1 2
Thus, the direction ratios of the required line are
= 3600 = 60 km
< 2, –1, 2 >.
(iv) (d) : Clearly, height of rocket from the ground 3
= z-coordinate of given position = 6 km (v) (b) : D.R.’s of given lines are < 3, –2, 0 > and < 1, , 2 >
2
(v) (b) : Let Q be the image of point P(1, –2, 2) in the ⎛ 3⎞
plane 3x – y + 4z = 2. Then, equation of PQ is Now, as 3 ⋅ 1 + (−2) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + 0 ⋅ 2 = 3 − 3 + 0 = 0
⎝ 2⎠
x −1 y + 2 z − 2
= = ? Given lines are perpendicular to each other.
3 −1 4
Let the coordinates of Q be (3r + 1, –r – 2, 4r + 2). 5. (i) (b) : The equation of plane passing through
Let R be the mid-point of PQ. Then, coordinates of R are three non-collinear points is given by
⎛ 3r + 2 −r − 4 4r + 4 ⎞ ⎛3 −r ⎞ x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
⎜⎝ 2 , 2 , 2 ⎟⎠ or ⎜⎝ 2 r + 1, 2 − 2, 2r + 2⎟⎠ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1 = 0
Since, R lies on 3x – y + 4z = 2. x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z 3 − z1
Three Dimensional Geometry 95

x y −1 z −2 (ii) (d) : Clearly, D.R.’s of the required line are < 1, 2, –1 >
Ÿ 3 − 0 4 −1 −1 − 2 = 0 ? D.C.’s are
2−0 4 −1 2−2 1 2 −1
< , , >
x y −1 z − 2 12 + 22 + (−1)2 12 + 22 + (−1)2 12 + 22 + (−1)2
Ÿ 3 3 −3 = 0 1 2 −1
i.e., < , , >
2 3 0 6 6 6
Ÿ x (0 + 9) – (y – 1) (0 + 6) + (z – 2) (9– 6) = 0 (iii) (d) : The line along which motorcycle B is running,
Ÿ 9x – 6y + 6 + 3z – 6 = 0 Ÿ 3x – 2y + z = 0 
is r = (3i + 3j) + μ (2i + j + k ), which is parallel to the
(ii) (c) : Height of tower = Perpendicular distance
vector 2i + j + k .
from the point (6, 5, 9) to the plane 3x – 2y + z = 0
? D.R.’s of the required line are <2, 1, 1>.
18 − 10 + 9 17   
= = units (iv) (d) : Here, a1 = 0i + 0 j + 0k , a2 = 3i + 3j, b1 = i + 2 j − k ,
32 + (−2)2 + 12 14   
(iii) (b) : D.R.’s of perpendicular are < 3, –2, 1 > b2 = 2i + j + k ∴ a2 − a1 = 3i + 3j
[ Perpendicular is parallel to the normal to the plane] i j k
 
Since, perpendicular is passing through the point and b1 × b2 = 1 2 −1 = 3i − 3j − 3k
(6, 5, 9), therefore its equation is 2 1 1
x −6 y −5 z −9    
= = Now, (a − a ) ⋅ (b × b ) = (3i + 3j) ⋅ (3i − 3j − 3k )
3 −2 1 2 1 1 2
(iv) (a) : Let the coordinates of foot of perpendicular =9–9=0
are (3O + 6, –2O + 5, O + 9) Hence,
Henc
ncce,
e sho
shortest
horte distance between the given lines is 0.
ho
Since, this point lie on the plane 3x – 2y + z = 0, (v)
(v
v) (c
(c)
c) : Since,
S the point (1, 2, –1) satisfy both the
therefore we get equations
equa
eq
quaatio
ti of lines, therefore point of intersection of
3(3O + 6) – 2(–2O + 5) + (O + 9) = 0 given
ive lines is (1, 2, –1).
gi
Ÿ 9O + 4O + O + 18 – 10 + 9 = 0 So, the motorcycles will meet with an accident at the
So
−17 point (1, 2, –1).
Ÿ 14O = – 17 Ÿ λ =
14 7. (i) (c) : Clearly, the plane for students of school A is

r ⋅ (i + j + 2k ) = 5, which can be rewritten as
Thus, the coordinates of foot of perpendicular
pendiciccu
ullar
a ar
are
⎛ −51
⎜⎝
34
+ 6, + 5,
−17 ⎞ ⎛ 33 104
+ 9 ⎟ i.e., ⎜ ,
1004 110
,
109
09 ⎞
⎟ (xi + y j + zk ) ⋅ (i + j + 2k ) = 5
14 14 14 ⎠ ⎝ 14
1 1414 14 ⎠ Ÿ x + y + 2z = 5, which is the required cartesian
1   equation.
(v) (b) : Clearly, area of ABC BCC = | AB × AC |
2 (ii) (b) : Clearly, the equation of plane for students
1
= (3i + 3j − 3k ) × (2i + 3j) 
of school B is r ⋅ (2i − j + k ) = 6, which is of the form
2  
r ⋅n = d
i j k 
1 1 ? Normal vector to the plane is, n = 2i − j + k and
= 3 3 −3 = | 9i − 6 j + 3k | 
2 2 its magnitude is | n | = 22 + (−1)2 + 12 = 6
2 3 0
(iii) (b) : The cartesian form is 2x – y + z = 6,
1 2 2 2 = 1 126 = 3 14 sq. units which can be rewritten as
= 9 +6 +3
2 2 2 2x y z x y z
− + = 1 Ÿ + + =1
6. (i) (b) : The line along which motorcycle A is 6 6 6 3 (−6) 6

running, is r = λ(i + 2 j − k ), which can be rewritten as
(iv) (c) : Since, only the point (3, 1, 1) satisfy the
equation of plane representing seating position of
(xi + y j + zk ) = λi + 2 λ j − λ k students of school B, therefore Khushi is the student
x y z
⇒ x = λ, y = 2 λ, z = − λ ⇒ = λ, = λ, =λ of school B.
1 2 −1 (v) (d) : Equation of plane representing students of

x y z
Thus, the required cartesian equation is = = school B is r ⋅ (2i − j + k ) = 6, which is not in normal
1 2 −1 
form, as | n | ≠ 1 .
96
Mathematics | Class 12

2 2 2 (iii) (a) : Since, the coordinates of point B are

On dividing both sides by 2 + (−1) + 1 = 6 , we (–6, 4, 0) and D are (0, 0, 30), therefore vector DB is
get
 ⎛ 2 1  1 ⎞ 6 ( −6 − 0)i + (4 − 0)j + (0 − 30)k , i.e., −6i + 4 j − 30k
r ⋅ ⎜ i − j+ k⎟ = , (iv) (b) : Required sum
⎝ 6 6 6 ⎠ 6

which is of the form r ⋅ n = d = (8i + 10 j − 30k ) + ( −6i + 4 j − 30k ) + (15i − 20 j − 30k )
Thus, the required distance is 6 units. = 17i − 6 j − 90k
8. (i) (b) : Clearly, the coordinates of A are (8, –6, 0) (v) (a) : Clearly, OA = 82 + 102 = 164
and that of E are (0, 0, 24).
Also, cartesian equation of line along EA is given by OB = 62 + 42 = 36 + 16 = 52
x − 0 y − 0 z − 24 and OC = 152 + 202 = 225 + 400 = 625
= =
8 − 0 −6 − 0 0 − 24 10. (i) (b) : Equation of plane is x – 2y + 2z = 3
x y z − 24 x y z − 24 ? D.R.’s of normal to the plane are <1, – 2, 2>, which
⇒ = = ⇒ = =
8 −6 −24 −4 3 12 is also the D.R.’s of perpendicular from the point
(ii) (c) : Clearly, the coordinates of D are (–8, –6, 0) (3, –2, 1) to the givenn plplane.
p la
and that of E are (0, 0, 24) (ii) (c) : Requirededd length
leength
ngth
ng h = Perpendicular distance

? Vector ED is (−8 − 0) i + (− 6 − 0) j + (0 − 24)k , from (3, –2, 1)) to tthe
h p
he plane
lane x – 2y + 2z = 3
la
i.e., − 8 i − 6 j − 24k . 3 − 2(−2) + 2(1) − 3 6
= = = 2 units
(iii) (b) : Since, the coordinates of B are (8, 6, 0) 2 2
1 + (−2) + 2 2 3
and that of E are (0, 0, 24), therefore length of cable
(iii)
ii) (b)
( ) : The
(b The
he eequation of perpendicular from the point
EB = (8 − 0)2 + (6 − 0)2 + (0 − 24)2
((xx1, y1, z1) tto the plane ax + by + cz = d is given by
= 64 + 36 + 576 = 676 = 26 units x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
(iv) (d) : Since, the coordinates of C are (–8, 6, 0) therefore
efor
orre a b c
Here, x1 = 3, y1= –2, z1 = 1 and a = 1, b = –2, c = 2
H
He
length of cable EC = (−8 − 0)2 + (6 − 0)2 + (0 − 24)2 x − 3 y + 2 z −1
? Required equation is = = .
= 64 + 36 + 576 = 676 = 26 units 1 −2 2
Similarly, length of cable EA = ED = 26 units unititts (iv) (d) : The equation of the plane parallel to the
(v)
(c) : Sum of all vectors along the cables
cabl les
s plane x – 2y + 2z – 3 = 0 is x – 2y + 2z + O = 0
   
= EA + EB + EC + ED Now, distance of this plane from the point (3, –2, 1) is
= (8i − 6j − 24k ) + (8i + 6j − 24k ) + (−8i + 6j − 24k ) 3+4+2+λ 9+λ
=
+ (−8 i − 6j − 24k ) 2 2
1 + (−2) + 2 2 3

= −96k But, this distance is given to be unity

? |9 + O| = 3 Ÿ O + 9 = r3 Ÿ O = –6 or –12
9. (i) (d) : Clearly, the coordinates of A are (8, 10, 0) Thus, required equation of planes are
and D are (0, 0, 30) x – 2y + 2z – 6 = 0 or x – 2y + 2z – 12 = 0
? Equation of AD is given by (v) (a) : Let the coordinate of image of (3, –2, 1) be
x − 0 y − 0 z − 30 Q(r + 3, –2r – 2, 2r + 1)
= = Let R be the mid-point of PQ, then coordinate of R be
8 − 0 10 − 0 −30
x y 30 − z ⎛ r + 6 −2r − 4 ⎞
Ÿ = = ⎜⎝ 2 , 2 , r + 1⎟⎠
4 5 15
(ii) (b) : The coordinates of point C are (15, –20, 0) Since, R lies on the plane x – 2y + 2z = 3
and D are (0, 0, 30) ? ⎛ r + 6 ⎞ − 2 ⎛ −2r − 4 ⎞ + 2(r + 1) = 3
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
? Length of the cable DC
4
2 2 2 Ÿ 9r = –12 Ÿr = −
= (0 − 15) + (0 + 20) + (30 − 0) 3
⎛ 5 2 −5 ⎞
Thus, the coordinates of Q be ⎜ , , ⎟ .
= 225 + 400 + 900 = 1525 = 5 61 m ⎝3 3 3 ⎠

---
 CHAPTER

12 Linear Programming

CASE STUDY / PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

Linear programming is a method for finding the optimal

ptima
maal va
vvalues
l es (maximum or minimum)
lu
of quantities subject to the constraints when relationship
lation
on
o nssh
hip
ip is
is expressed as linear equations
or inequations.
Based on the above information, answerr thee ffollowing
ollo
ol lowi
ow questions.

Syllabus (i) The optimal value of the objective

tivee function
f nccttiion is attained at the points
fu
Introduction, related (a) on X-axis
terminology such (b) on Y-axis
as constraints, (c) which are corner
err points
po ntss of
oiint of the feasible region
objective function,
(d) none of these
se
optimization,
different types of (ii) The graph of th the inequality
he inneq
equ 3x + 4y < 12 is
linear programming (a) half plane
lf pla ne tthat
ane hat contains the origin
ha
(L.P.) problems.
(b) half
lff plane
plane that
lane th neither contains the origin nor the points of the line 3x + 4y =12.
Graphical method
of solution for whole
(c)) wh
w olle XOY-plane
o X excluding the points on line 3x + 4y = 12
problems in two (d) None
(d)
(d Non of these
No
variables, feasible y
(iii) The feasible region for an LPP is shown in
and infeasible 8
regions (bounded), the figure. Let Z = 2x + 5y be the objective
feasible and function. Maximum of Z occurs at 6 (0, 6)
(4, 5)
infeasible solutions, (a) (7, 0) 4
optimal feasible (6, 3)
solutions (up to (b) (6, 3) 2
three non-trivial (7, 0)
(c) (0, 6) x
constraints). O 2 4 6 8
(d) (4, 5)
(iv) The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear
constraints are (0, 10), (5, 5), (15, 15), (0, 20). Let Z = px + qy, where p, q > 0.
Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z occurs at both the points (15, 15)
and (0, 20) is
(a) p = q (b) p = 2q
(c) q = 2p (d) q = 3p
98
Mathematics | Class 12

(v) The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear constraints are (0, 0), (0, 40),
(20, 40), (60, 20), (60, 0). The objective function is Z = 4x + 3y.
Compare the quantity in Column A and Column B
Column A Column B
Maximum of Z 325
(a) The quantity in column A is greater
(b) The quantity in column B is greater
(c) The two quantities are equal
(d) The relationship cannot be determined on the basis of the information supplied.

Deepa rides her car at 25 km/hr. She has to spend ` 2 per km on diesel and iff she
sh rides it at a faster speed of
40 km/hr, the diesel cost increases to ` 5 per km. She has ` 100 to spend on
nd iesel.
ie
iese
seel Let she travels x kms with
diesel.
speed 25 km/hr and y kms with speed 40 km/hr. The feasible region for the LPP
P is
LPP is shown
sh below :
y
50

40

30
C
20
B
2x +
10 5y =
100
A x
O 10 20 30 40 50 l2
x y
+ =1 l1
25 40
Based on the above information,
atiion
on,, answer
aan
nswe the following questions.
(i) What is the point of intersection
erseectio of line l1 and l2.
⎛ 40 50 ⎞ ⎛ 50 40 ⎞ ⎛ −50 40 ⎞ ⎛ −50 −40 ⎞
(a) ⎜ , ⎟ (b) ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎟ (d) ⎜ ,
3 ⎟⎠
(c) ⎜
⎝ 3 3⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠ ⎝ 3
(ii) The corner points of the feasible region shown in above graph are
⎛ 40 50 ⎞
(a) (0, 25), (20, 0), ⎜ , ⎟ (b) (0, 0), (25, 0), (0, 20)
⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛ 40 50 ⎞ ⎛ 50 40 ⎞
(c) (0, 0), ⎜ , ⎟ , (0, 20) (d) (0, 0), (25, 0), ⎜ , ⎟ , (0, 20)
⎝ 3 3⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
(iii) If Z = x + y be the objective function and max Z = 30. The maximum value occurs at point
⎛ 50 40 ⎞
(a) ⎜ , ⎟ (b) (0, 0) (c) (25, 0) (d) (0, 20)
⎝ 3 3⎠
(iv) If Z = 6x – 9y be the objective function, then maximum value of Z is
(a) –20 (b) 150 (c) 180 (d) 20
(v) If Z = 6x + 3y be the objective function, then what is the minimum value of Z?
(a) 120 (b) 130 (c) 0 (d) 150
Linear Programming 99

Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are (0, 3), (5, 0), (6, 8), (0, 8). Let Z = 4x – 6y be the objective
function.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) The minimum value of Z occurs at
(a) (6, 8) (b) (5, 0) (c) (0, 3) (d) (0, 8)
(ii) Maximum value of Z occurs at
(a) (5, 0) (b) (0, 8) (c) (0, 3) (d) (6, 8)
(iii) Maximum of Z – Minimum of Z =
(a) 58 (b) 68 (c) 78 (d) 88
x2
(iv) The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of
linear inequalities are 7
l1
6
(a) (0, 0), (–3, 0), (3, 2), (2, 3) 5
4
(b) (3, 0), (3, 2), (2, 3), (0, –3) 3 C(2, 3)
l2
D(0, 3)
(c) (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), (2, 3), (0, 3) 2 B(3, 2)
1
(d) None of these A(3, 0)
O
x1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(v) The feasible solution of LPP belongs to l3
(a) first and second quadrant ((b)
b first and third quadrant
(c) only second quadrant (d) only first quadrant

Suppose a dealer in rural areaa wishes

wisshhees to
t purpose a number of
sewing machines. He has only lyy ` 5760
nly 57660 to invest and has space for
at most 20 items for storage.
gee. An n eelectronic
lec sewing machine costs
him ` 360 and a manually operated a e sewing machine ` 240. He can
erat
sell an electronic sewing machine at a profit of ` 22 and a manually
operated sewing machine at a profit of ` 18.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Let x and y denotes the number of electronic sewing machines and manually operated sewing machines
purchased by the dealer. If it is assume that the dealer purchased atleast one of the the given machines, then
(a) x + y t 0 (b) x + y  0 (c) x + y > 0 (d) x + y d 0
(ii) Let the constraints in the given problem is represented by the following inequalities.
x + y d 20
360x + 240y d 5760
x, y t 0
Then which of the following point lie in its feasible region.
(a) (0, 24) (b) (8, 12) (c) (20, 2) (d) None of these
(iii) If the objective function of the given problem is maximise z = 22x + 18y, then its optimal value occur at
(a) (0, 0) (b) (16, 0) (c) (8, 12) (d) (0, 20)
100
Mathematics | Class 12

(iv) Suppose the following shaded region APDO,

represent the feasible region corresponding
to mathematical formulation of given
problem.
Then which of the following represent the
coordinates of one of its corner points.
(a) (0, 24)
(b) (12, 8)
(c) (8, 12)
(d) (6, 14)
(v) If an LPP admits optimal solution at two consecutive vertices of a feasible region, then
(a) the required optimal solution is at the midpoint of the line joining twooppoints.
(b) the optimal solution occurs at every point on the line joining thesee two
oppoints.
oi
oi
(c) the LPP under consideration is not solvable.
(d) the LPP under consideration must be reconstructed.

Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a linearlineear

ar p
programming
rog
ro problem and let Z = ax + by be the
objective function. When Z has an optimal value ue (maximum
((m mum or minimum), where the variables x and y are
maaxxim
subject to constraints described by linear inequalities,
qu
uala ittiees, this
thi optimal value must occur at a corner point (vertex)
of the feasible region.
Based on the above information, answerr thee following
fol lowii questions.
ollo
lo
(i) Objective function of a L.P.P. iss
(a) a constant (b) a function to be optimised
(c) a relation between the
he variables
he var
ariaiabl
be (d) none of these
(ii) Which of the following statement
staatem
te
te is correct?
(a) Every LPP has at least one optimal solution.
(b) Every LPP has a unique optimal solution.
(c) If an LPP has two optimal solutions, then it has infinitely many solutions.
(d) None of these
(iii) In solving the LPP : “minimize f = 6x + 10y subject to constraints x t 6, y t 2, 2x + y t 10, x t 0, y ≥ 0” redundant
constraints are
(a) x t6, y t 2 (b) 2x + y t 10, x t 0, y t0
(c) x t 6 (d) none of these
Y (4, 10)
(iv) The feasible region for a LPP is shown shaded in the figure. (6, 8)
(0, 8)
Let Z = 3x – 4y be the objective function. Minimum of Z occurs at (6, 5)
(a) (0, 0)
(b) (0, 8)
(c) (5, 0) X
(0, 0) O (5, 0)
(d) (4, 10)
Linear Programming 101

(v) The feasible region for a LPP is shown shaded in the Y (6, 16)
figure. Let F = 3x – 4y be the objective function.
Maximum value of F is
(a) 0 (6, 12)
(0, 4)
(b) 8
(c) 12
(d) –18 (0, 0) O (6, 0)
X

1. (i) (c) : When we solve an L.P.P. graphically, the Solving (i) and (ii), we get
optimal (or optimum) value of the objective function 50 40
x= ,y =
is attained at corner points of the feasible region. 3 3
⎛ 50 40 ⎞
(ii) (d) : From the graph y ? The point off int nt
nter i B(x, y) = ⎜ , ⎟ .
intersection
nt rse
s ccttio
⎝ 3 3⎠
of 3x + 4y < 12 it is clear (ii) (d) : Thee co corn
corner
rrn
ner
er ppoints of the feasible region
that it contains the origin B (0, 3)
shown in n the ggiven
iven
ive ggraph are
en
but not the points on the
(4, 0) ⎛ 50 40 ⎞
line 3x + 4y = 12. x (0,
0, 0),
(0 ( 5 0), B ⎜ , ⎟ , C(0, 20).
0 , A(25,
0) A(2
O A ⎝ 3 3⎠
(iii) (d) : Maximum of objective function occurs at (iii
(iii)
i) (a
((a)) : H
Here
e Z=x+y
corner points. Corner Points
C
Co Value of Z = x + y
Corner Points Value of Z = 2x + 5yy (0, 0) 0
(0, 0) 0 (25, 0) 25
(7, 0) 14 ⎛ 50 40 ⎞
(6, 3) 27 ⎜⎝ 3 , 3 ⎟⎠ 30 m Maximum
(4, 5) 33 m M aaxxim
Maximum
(0, 6) 300 (0, 20) 20
⎛ 50 40 ⎞
(iv) (d) : Value of Z = px + qyy att (1
((15,
5, 115)
5, 5 = 15p + 15q Thus, max Z = 30 occurs at point ⎜ , ⎟ .
cco
c rd
cordin
ing to given condition,
in
and that at (0, 20) = 20 q. According ⎝ 3 3⎠
(iv) (b) :
we have
15p + 15q = 20q Ÿ 15p = 5q Ÿ q = 3p Corner Points Value of Z = 6x – 9y
(v) (b) : Construct the following table of values of the (0, 0) 0
objective function : (25, 0) 150 m Maximum
Corner Point Value of Z = 4x + 3y ⎛ 50 40 ⎞
⎜⎝ 3 , 3 ⎟⎠ –20
(0, 0) 4×0+3×0=0
(0, 20) –180
(0, 40) 4 × 0 + 3 × 40 = 120
(20, 40) 4 × 20 + 3 × 40 = 200 (v) (c) :
(60, 20) 4 × 60 + 3 × 20 = 300 m Maximum Corner Points Value of Z = 6x + 3y
(60, 0) 4 × 60 + 3 × 0 = 240 (0, 0) 0 m Minimum
2. (i) (b) : Let B(x, y) be the point of intersection of (25, 0) 150
the given lines ⎛ 50 40 ⎞
2x + 5y = 100 …(i) ⎜⎝ 3 , 3 ⎟⎠ 140
x y
and + = 1 Ÿ 8x + 5y = 20 …(ii) (0, 20) 60
25 40
102
Mathematics | Class 12

3. Construct the following table of values of objective (v) (b) : The optimal solution occurs at every point
function on the line joining these two points.
Corner Points Value of Z = 4x – 6y 5. (i) (b) : Objective function is a linear function
(0, 3) 4 × 0 – 6 × 3 = –18 (involve variable) whose maximum or minimum
(5, 0) 4 × 5 – 6 × 0 = 20 value is to be found.
(6,8) 4 × 6 – 6 × 8 = –24 (ii) (c) : If optimal solution is obtained at two distinct
(0, 8) 4 × 0 – 6 × 8 = –48 points A and B (corners of the feasible region), then
optimal solution is obtained at every point of segment
(i) (d) : Minimum value of Z is –48 which occurs at [AB].
(0, 8). (iii) (b) : When x t 6 and y t 2, then
(ii) (a) : Maximum value of Z is 20, which occurs at 2x + y t 2 × 6 + 2, i.e., 2x + y t 14
(5, 0). Hence, x t 0, y t 0 and 2x + y t 10 are automatically
satisfied by every point of the region
(iii) (b) : Maximum of Z – Minimum of Z {(x, y) : x t 6} ˆ {(x,, y)) : y t 2}
= 20 – (–48) = 20 + 48 = 68
ructt the
(iv) (b) : Construct th
he following
follo
fo table of values of the
(iv) (c) : The corner points of the feasible region are nction
objective function on
on:
O(0, 0), A(3, 0), B(3, 2), C(2, 3), D(0, 3).
Cornerr Point
Poiint Value of Z = 3x – 4y
(v) (d) (0,
(0 0, 0)
0) 3×0–4×0=0
4. (i) (c) ((5,, 0)
(5 0) 3 × 5 – 4 × 0 = 15
(ii) (b) : Since (8, 12) satisfy all the inequalitiess (6,
((66, 5)
5 3 × 6 – 4 × 5 = –2
therefore (8, 12) is the point in its feasible region. ((6, 8) 3 × 6 – 4 × 8 = –14
(4,10) 3 × 4 – 4 × 10 = –28
(iii) (c) : At (0, 0), z = 0
At (16, 0), z = 352 (0, 8) 3 × 0 – 4 × 8 = – 32 m Minimum
At (8, 12), z = 392 Minimum of Z = – 32 at (0, 8)
At (0, 20), z = 360 (v) (a) : Construct the following table of values of the
It can be observed that max z occur cur att (8,
(8,, 12).
12) Thus, z objective function F :
will attain its optimal value at (8,
8,, 12).
12)
2).
)
Corner Point Value of F = 3x – 4y
(iv) (c) : We have, x + y = 2200 …(i) (0, 0) 3 × 0 – 4 × 0 = 0 m Maximum
and 3x + 2y = 4488 …(ii)
(6, 12) 3 × 6 – 4 × 12 = –30
On solving (i) and (ii), we get
(6, 16) 3 × 6 – 4 × 16 = – 46
x = 8, y = 12.
Thus, the coordinates of P are (8, 12) and hence (8, 12) (0, 4) 3 × 0 – 4 × 4 = – 16
is one of its corner points. Hence, maximum of F = 0
---
 CHAPTER

13 Probability

CASE STUDY / PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

1
Three friends A, B and C are playing a dice game. The n numbers
umbe
um b rs rolled up by them in their
first three chances were noted and given by A = {{1,
1,, 55},
}, B = {2,
}, { 4, 5} and C = {1, 2, 5} as A
reaches the cell ‘SKIP YOUR NEXT TURN’ in second
seeco
on nd throw.
d th

Syllabus
Conditional
probability,
multiplication
theorem on Based on
n the aabove
bovvee in
bo information, answer the following questions.
probability,
independent events,
(i) P(
P(A
(A | B)
B) =
total probability, 1 1 1 2
(a)
a) (b) (c) (d)
Bayes’ theorem, 6 3 2 3
Random variable
and its probability (ii) P(B | C) =
distribution. 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
3 12 9

(iii) P(A ˆ B | C) =
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 2 12 3

(iv) P(A | C) =
1 2
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) None of these
4 3

(v) P(A ‰ B | C) =
1 2
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
2 3
104
Mathematics | Class 12

2
In a play zone, Aastha is playing crane game. It has 12 blue balls, 8 red balls, 10 yellow balls and 5 green balls. If
Aastha draws two balls one after the other without replacement, then answer the following questions.

(i) What is the probability that the first ball is blue and the second ball is gr
green?
ree
e n?
5 12 6 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
119 119 1199 119
(ii) What is the probability that the first ball is yellow and the second
cond
d ball
ball is
ba is red?
16 8 2244
(a) (b) (c)) (d) None of these
119 119 119
1119
(iii) What is the probability that both the balls are red?
4 24 12 64
(a) (b) (c)
(c)
(c (d)
85 595 119 119
(iv) What is the probability that the first balll is green
green
reeeen
n and
and the second ball is not yellow?
10 6 12
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
119 85 119
(v) What is the probability that both
oth the
he balls
th ball
ba lls are not blue?
6 122 15 253
(a) (b)
(b)
(b (c) (d)
595 885
5 17 595

3
Ajay enrolled himself in an online practice test portal provided by his school for better practice. Out of 5 questions
in a set-I, he was able to solve 4 of them and got stuck in the one which is as shown below.

If A and B are independent events, P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.8, then answer the following questions.
Probability 105

(i) P(A ˆ B) =
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.9 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.6
(ii) P(A ‰ B) =
(a) 0.92 (b) 0.08 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.64
(iii) P(B | A) =
(a) 0.14 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.6 (d) 0.8
(iv) P(A | B) =
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.9 (c) 0.19 (d) 0.11
(v) P (not A and not B) =
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.48 (c) 0.08 (d) 0.91

4
A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that the probabilities
he p robaabi
ro bili that he will come by cab,
metro, bike or by other means of transport are respectively 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 anand 0.4.
nd 00.
.4. The probabilities that he will be
4 Th
late are 0.25, 0.3, 0.35 and 0.1 if he comes by cab, metro, bike and other
d oth means
herr m e n of transport respectively.
ea

Based on the above information,

ation
on
on, answer
answ
an
nsw
swer the following questions.
(i) When the doctor arrives
ess la
late,
attee,
e what
w is the probability that he comes by metro?
5 2 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
14 7 21 6
(ii) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by cab?
4 1 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21 7 14 21
(iii) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by bike?
5 4 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
21 7 6 6
(iv) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by other means of transport?
6 5 4 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 14 21 7
(v) What is the probability that the doctor is late by any means?
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d)
2 4
106
Mathematics | Class 12

5
Suman was doing a project on a school survey, on the average number of hours spent on study by students
selected at random. At the end of survey, Suman prepared the following report related to the data.
Let X denotes the average number of hours spent on study by students. The probability that X can take the values
x, has the following form, where k is some unknown constant.
⎧0.2, if x = 0
⎪kx , if x = 1 or 2
⎪
P( X = x) = ⎨
⎪k(6 − x ), if x = 3 or 4
⎪⎩0, otherwisse

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

estio
ons
ns..
(i) Find the value of k.
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 (c)
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.05
(ii) What is the probability that the average study
dy time
me of students is not more than 1 hour?
tiim
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.1
(iii) What is the probability that the averagege study
averaage udy time of students is at least 3 hours?
sttu
(a) 0.5 (b)
b) 0.9
00..9 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.1
(iv) What is the probability that
hatt the
thee average
avera study time of students is exactly 2 hours?
vera
(a) 0.4 (b)
b) 0.5
(b 0 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.2
(v) What is the probability that
att the
hat th average study time of students is at least 1 hour?
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.6

6
On a holiday, a father gave a puzzle from a newspaper to his son Ravi and his daughter Priya. The probability of
1 1
solving this specific puzzle independently by Ravi and Priya are and respectively.
4 5
Probability 107

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The chance that both Ravi and Priya solved the puzzle, is
(a) 10% (b) 5% (c) 25% (d) 20%
(ii) Probability that puzzle is solved by Ravi but not by Priya, is
1 1 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 5 3
(iii) Find the probability that puzzle is solved.
1 1 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 5 6
(iv) Probability that exactly one of them solved the puzzle, is
1 1 7 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
30 20 20 20
(v) Probability that none of them solved the puzzle, is
1 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 5 5

A card is lost from a pack of 52 cards. From the remaining

maiini
ning
n ccards
a ds two cards are drawn at random.
ar

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The probability of drawing two diamonds, given that a card of diamond is missing, is
21 22 23 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
425 425 425 425

(ii) The probability of drawing two diamonds, given that a card of heart is missing, is
26 22 19 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
425 425 425 425
(iii) Let A be the event of drawing two diamonds from remaining 51 cards and E1, E2, E3 and E4 be the events
4
that lost card is of diamond, club, spade and heart respectively, then the approximate value of ∑ P ( A | Ei ) is
i =1
(a) 0.17 (b) 0.24 (c) 0.25 (d) 0.18
108
Mathematics | Class 12

(iv) All of a sudden, missing card is found and, then two cards are drawn simultaneously without replacement.
Probability that both drawn cards are king is
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
52 221 121 221
(v) If two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, one by one with replacement, then probability
of getting not a king in 1st and 2nd draw is
144 12 64
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
169 169 169

One day, a sangeet mahotsav is to be organised in an open area of Rajasthan. In recent years, it has rained only
6 days each year. Also, it is given that when it actually rains, the weatherman correctly
orr
r forecasts rain 80% of the
time. When it doesn’t rain, he incorrectly forecasts rain 20% of the time.
If leap year is considered, then answer the following questions.

(i) The probability that it rains

ains
nss on
on chosen day is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
366 73 60 61

(ii) The probability that it does not rain on chosen day is

1 5 360
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
366 366 366
(iii) The probability that the weatherman predicts correctly is
5 7 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 8 5 5
(iv) The probability that it will rain on the chosen day, if weatherman predict rain for that day, is
(a) 0.0625 (b) 0.0725 (c) 0.0825 (d) 0.0925

(v) The probability that it will not rain on the chosen day, if weatherman predict rain for that day, is
(a) 0.94 (b) 0.84 (c) 0.74 (d) 0.64
Probability 109

9
In a family there are four children. All of them have to work in their family business to earn their livelihood at
the age of 18.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Probability that all children are girls, if it is given that elder child
ld iss a boy,
bo
oy, is
(a) 3/8 (b) 1/8 (c) 5/8 (d) none of these
(ii) Probability that all children are boys, if two elder children
renn are
are boys,
b ys is
bo
(a) 1/4 (b) 3/4 (c)
(cc) 1/2
11//2 (d) none of these
(iii) Find the probability that two middle children aree boys,
boyyss, if
bo
boys if it is given that eldest child is a girl.
(a) 0 (b) 3/4 (c)
( 1/4 (d) none of these
(iv) Find the probability that all children are
re boys,
oyys, if
boy if it
i is
i given that at most one of the children is a girl.
(a) 0 (b) 1/55 (c) 2/5 (d) 4/5
(v) Find the probability that all children
ildren
enn are
re boys,
are bo if it is given that at least three of the children are boys.
(a) 1/5 (b) 2/5
2/5
2/ (c) 3/5 (d) 4/5

10
To teach the application of probability a maths teacher arranged a surprise game for 5 of his students namely
Archit, Aadya, Mivaan, Deepak and Vrinda. He took a bowl containing tickets numbered 1 to 50 and told
the students go one by one and draw two tickets simultaneously from the bowl and replace it after noting the
numbers.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

110
Mathematics | Class 12

(i) Teacher ask Vrinda, what is the probability that both tickets drawn by Archit shows even number?
(a) 1/50 (b) 12/49 (c) 13/49 (d) 15/49
(ii) Teacher ask Mivaan, what is the probability that both tickets drawn by Aadya shows odd number?
(a) 1/50 (b) 2/49 (c) 12/49 (d) 5/49
(iii) Teacher ask Deepak, what is the probability that tickets drawn by Mivaan, shows a multiple of 4 on one
ticket and a multiple 5 on other ticket?
(a) 14/245 (b) 16/245 (c) 24/245 (d) None of these
(iv) Teacher ask Archit, what is the probability that tickets are drawn by Deepak, shows a prime number on one
ticket and a multiple of 4 on other ticket?
(a) 3/245 (b) 17/245 (c) 18/245 (d) 36/245
(v) Teacher ask Aadya, what is the probability that tickets drawn by Vrinda, shows an even number on first
ticket and an odd number on second ticket?
(a) 15/98 (b) 25/98 (c) 35/98 (d) none of these

11
A pharmaceutical company wants to advertise a new productt on nTT.V.,
.V.
.V
V.,., w
where
h the product is specially designed
for women. For that an advertising executive is hired to study
stu d ttelevision-viewing
udy ellevi habits of married couples
during prime time hours. Based on past viewing records he ha has determined
as de
dete
et r that during prime time husbands are
watching television 70% of the time. It has also been de
determined
d teermined that when the husband is watching television,
min
30% of the time the wife is also watching. When the
he husband
hu
husb
sbannd is
i not watching television, 40% of the time the wife
is watching television.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The probability that the husband is not watching television during prime time, is
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.5
(ii) If the wife is watching television, the probability that husband is also watching television, is
(a) 2/11 (b) 7/11 (c) 5/11 (d) 8/11
(iii) The probability that both husband and wife are watching television during prime time, is
(a) 0.21 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.4
(iv) The probability that the wife is watching television during prime time, is
(a) 0.24 (b) 0.33 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.4
(v) If the wife is watching television, then the probability that husband is not watching television, is
(a) 2/11 (b) 4/11 (c) 1/11 (d) 5/11
Probability 111

12

In a bilateral cricket series between India and South Africa, the probability that India wins the first match is 0.6.
If India wins any match, then the probability that it wins the next match is 0.4, otherwise the probability is 0.3.
Also, it is given that there is no tie in any match.

Based on the above information answer the following questions.

as already
(i) The probability that India won the second match, if India has alr
lrreeaady loose
lo the first match is
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.4 03
0.
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.6
(ii) The probability that India losing the third match, if India
iaa has already loose the first two matches is
haass alr
(a) 0.2 (b) 0.3 (c)
((cc) 0.4
0 (d) 0.7
(iii) The probability that India losing the first two
wo matches
mat
a ches is
hes
(a) 0.12 (b) 0.28 (c) 0.42 (d) 0.01
(iv) The probability that India winning the first
firrsstt three
hre matches is
thre
hr
(a) 0.92 (b) 0.966 (c) 0.94 (d) 0.096
winnin
ng exactly
(v) The probability that India winning exxact one of the first three matches is
(a) 0.205 (b) 0.21
(b
(b) 00..21
21 (c) 0.408 (d) 0.312

13
A student is preparing for the competitive examinations LIC AAO, SSC CGL and Bank P.O. The probabilities
that the student is selected independently in competitive examination of LIC AAO, SSC CGL and Bank P.O. are
a, b and c respectively. Of these examinations, students has 50% chance of selection in at least one, 40% chance
of selection in at least two and 30% chance of selection in exactly two examinations.
112
Mathematics | Class 12

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The value of a + b + c – ab – bc – ca + abc is
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.6
(ii) The value of ab + bc + ac – 2abc is
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.6
(iii) The value of abc is
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.7 (d) 0.3
(iv) The value of ab + bc + ac is
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.6 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.3
(v) The value of a + b + c is
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) 1.6 (d) 1.4

14

A factory has three machines A, B and C to manufacture bolts.. Machine

Maach
chin
in
ne A manufacture 30%, machine B
manufacture 20% and machine C manufacture 50% of the bolts resp respectively.
pec
ectively Out of their respective outputs 5%,
tive
ive
2% and 4% are defective. A bolt is drawn at random from total production
tall pr
p oduc
oducti
c and it is found to be defective.

Based on the above information,

on answer the following questions.
(i) Probability that defective bolt drawn is manufactured by machine A, is
4 5 6 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13
(ii) Probability that defective bolt drawn is manufactured by machine B, is
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.1 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.4
(iii) Probability that defective bolt drawn is manufactured by machine C, is
16 17 20 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
39 39 39 39
(iv) Probability that defective bolt is not manufactured by machine B, is
35 61 41
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
39 39 39
(v) Probability that defective bolt is not manufactured by machine C, is
(a) 0.03 (b)  (c)  (d) 0.9
Probability 113

15
Box I contains 1 white, 3 black and 2 red balls. Box II contains 2 white, 1 black and 3 red balls. Box III
contains 3 white, 2 black and 1 red balls. One box is chosen at random and two balls are drawn with
replacement.

If E1, E2, E3 be the events that the balls drawn from box I, box II and box III respectively and E be the event that
balls drawn are one white and one red, then answer the following questions.
(i) Probability of occurrence of event E given that the balls drawn are from box I, is
1 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 6 5 7
(ii) Probability of occurrence of event E, given that the balls drawn are
re from
fro
om box
b x II, is
bo
1 1 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 4 5

(iii) Probability of occurrence of event E, given that balls drawnwn are

arree from
fr box III, is
1 3 1 4
(a) (b) (c)
((cc) (d)
12 11 6 11
3
(iv) The value of ∑ P(E | Ei ) is equal to
i =1
5 1 1 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 2 18 18
(v) The probability that the balls
allls drawn
drraw
awn are
a from box II, given that event E has already occurred, is
1 6 5
(a) (b)
((b
b) (c) (d) none of these
11 11 11

16

Nisha and Ayushi appeared for first round of an interview for two vacancies. The probability of Nisha’s selection
is 1/3 and that of Ayushi’s selection is 1/2.
114
Mathematics | Class 12

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The probability that both of them are selected, is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 24 6 2
(ii) The probability that none of them is selected, is
2 3 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 8 8 3
(iii) The probability that only one of them is selected, is
5 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 3 5 2
(iv) The probability that atleast one of them is selected, is
2 1 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 8 5 5
(v) Suppose Nisha is selected by the manager and told her about two wo poposts
ost
s s I aand II for which selection is
1 1
independent. If the probability of selection for post I is and
nd for
orr post
pos
o t III is , then the probability that
6 5
Nisha is selected for at least one post, is
1 2 1
(a) (b) (cc) 3
(c) (d)
3 3 8 2

17

Varun and Isha decided to play with dice

ce too keep
keep themselves
ke th busy at home as their schools are closed due to
coronavirus pandemic. Varun throw a dice
cee rrepeatedly
e ea
ep until a six is obtained. He denote the number of throws
required by X.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The probability that X = 2 equals
1 5 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 62 36 63
(ii) The probability that X = 4 equals
1 1 53 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 6 4
6 6 6 64
(iii) The probability that X t 2 equals
25 1 5 25
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 36 6 36
Probability 115

(iv) The value of P(X t 6) is

55 53 53 × 61 53
(a) (b) 1 – (c) (d)
65 65 65 64
(v) The probability that X > 3 equals

36 52 5 53
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 62 6 63

18

In pre-board examination of class XII, commerce stream with Economics and Mathematics of a particular
school, 50% of the students failed in Economics, 35% failed in Mathematics and 25% failed in both Economics
and Mathematics. A student is selected at random from the class.

Based on the above information, answerr thee ffollowing

ollo
ol lowi
low questions.
(i) The probability that the selected
cted student
stu
uddeent has failed in Economics, if it is known that he has failed in
Mathematics, is
3 12 1 5
(a) (b)
(b
b) (c) (d)
10 25 4 7
(ii) The probability that the selected student has failed in Mathematics, if it is known that he has failed in
Economics, is
12 1 3
(a) 22 (b) (c) (d)
25 25 2 25
(iii) The probability that the selected student has passed in at least one of the two subjects, is

(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) None of these

4 2 4
(iv) The probability that the selected student has failed in at least one of the two subjects, is
3 22 2 43
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 25 5 100
(v) The probability that the selected student has passed in Mathematics, if it is known that he has failed in
Economics, is
2 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 3 2
116
Mathematics | Class 12

19

In a wedding ceremony, consists of father, mother, daughter and son line up at random for a family photograph,
as shown in figure.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the probability that daughter is at one end, given that at ffather
her aand
aatthe
ther
he nd mother are in the middle.
1 1 2
(a) 1 (b) (c)
(cc) (d)
2 3 3
(ii) Find the probability that mother is at right end,
d, gi
give
given
iven
veen th
tthat
hat
a son and daughter are together.
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 3 4
mothe
heer ar
h
(iii) Find the probability that father and mother re iin
are n the middle, given that son is at right end.
1 1 1 2
(a) (b)) (c) (d)
4 2 3 3
(iv) Find the probability that father
fath
th
her
er and
an
nd
d son
so are standing together, given that mother and daughter are standing
together.
1 2
(a) 0 (b)
(b 1 (c) (d)
2 3
(v) Find the probability that father and mother are on either of the ends, given that son is at second position
from the right end.
1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4 5

20
Between students of class XII of two schools A and B basketball match is organised. For which, a team from each
school is chosen, say T1 be the team of school A and T2 be the team of school B. These teams have to play two
games against each other. It is assumed that the outcomes of the two games are independent. The probability of
1 3 1
T1 winning, drawing and losing a game against T2 are , and respectively.
2 10 5
Each team gets 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 point for a loss in a game.
Let X and Y denote the total points scored by team A and B respectively, after two games.
Probability 117

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) P(T2 winning a match against T1) is equal to
(a) 1/5 (b) 1/6 (c) 1/3 (d) none of these
(ii) P(T2 drawing a match against T1) is equal to
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/6 (d) 3/10
(iii) P(X > Y) is equal to
(a) 1/4 (b) 5/12 (c) 1/20
/20 (d) 11/20
(iv) P(X = Y) is equal to
(a) 11/100 (b) 1/3 (c)
(cc) 29/100
299/1
/1
/100 (d) 1/2
(v) P(X + Y = 8) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 5/12 (c)
( ) 13/36
(c (d) 7/12

21
In an office three employees Vinay, y, Sonia
Soni
niia and
n aan
nd Iqbal process incoming copies of a certain form. Vinay process
50% of the forms, Sonia processeses 20%
200% and
annd Iqbal
I the remaining 30% of the forms. Vinay has an error rate of 0.06,
Sonia has an error rate of 0.04
04 an
and
nd Iq
IIqbal
qba
b l has an error rate of 0.03.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The conditional probability that an error is committed in processing given that Sonia processed the form is
(a) 0.0210 (b) 0.04 (c) 0.47 (d) 0.06
(ii) The probability that Sonia processed the form and committed an error is
(a) 0.005 (b) 0.006 (c) 0.008 (d) 0.68
118
Mathematics | Class 12

(iii) The total probability of committing an error in processing the form is

(a) 0 (b) 0.047 (c) 0.234 (d) 1
(iv) The manager of the company wants to do a quality check. During inspection he selects a form at random
from the days output of processed forms. If the form selected at random has an error, the probability that
the form is NOT processed by Vinay is
30 20 17
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
47 47 47
(v) Let A be the event of committing an error in processing the form and let E1, E2 and E3 be the events that
3
Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal processed the form. The value of ∑ P(Ei | A) is
i =1
(a) 0 (b) 0.03 (c) 0.06 (d) 1

HINTS & EXPLANATIONS

1. Here, sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A ˆ B = {5}, 8 7
Here, P(E) = aannd P ( E ) =
and
B ˆ C = {2, 5}, A ˆ C = {1, 5}, A ˆB ˆC = {5} 355 34
and {A ‰ B} ˆ C = {1, 2, 5} 8 7 4
? P(F
F ˆ E)
E) = P(E).P(F
P(E | E) = . =
2 3 3
35 34 85
Also, P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) = 5 24 12
6 6 6 (iv) (c) P(Y ˆ G) = P(G) . (Yc | G) =
((cc) : P(Yc . =
35 34 119
1 2 2 (v)
(v
v) (d
((d)) : Let E = event of drawing a first non-blue ball
P(A ˆB)= , P(B ˆ C) = , P(A ˆC) = ,
6 6 6 and
nd F = event of drawing a second non-blue ball
an
1 3 23 22
P(A ˆB ˆC) = and P((A ‰ B) ˆ C) = Here, P (E ) = and P (F ) =
H
6 6 35 34
P( A ∩ B) 1 / 6 1 23 22 253
(i) (b) : P( A | B) = = = ? P (F ∩ E ) = P (E ).P (F | E ) = . =
P( B) 3/ 6 3 35 34 595
3. Here, P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.8
P( B ∩ C ) 2 / 6 2
(ii) (a) : P( B | C ) = = = (i) (c) : P(A ˆ B) = P(A).P(B) = (0.6)(0.8) = 0.48
P(C ) 3/ 6 3
P( A ∩ B ∩ C ) 1 / 6 1 (ii) (a) : P(A ‰ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ˆ B)
(iii) (d) : P( A ∩ B | C ) = = = = 0.6 + 0.8 – 0.48 = 0.92
P(C ) 3/ 6 3
P( A ∩ C ) 2 / 6 2 (iii) (d) : P(B | A) = P(B) (' A and B are independent)
(iv) (c) : P( A | C ) = = = = 0.8
P(C ) 3/ 6 3
P (( A ∪ B ) ∩ C ) 3 / 6 (iv) (a) : P(A | B) = P(A) (' A and B are independent)
(v) (d) : P( A ∪ B | C ) = = =1 = 0.6
P(C ) 3/ 6
(v) (c) : P(not A and not B) = P(Ac ˆ Bc) = P(A ‰ B)c
2. Let B, R, Y and G denote the events that ball drawn = 1 – P(A ‰ B) = 1 – 0.92 = 0.08
is blue, red, yellow and green respectively.
4. Let E be the event that the doctor visit the patient
12 8 10 5
∴ P ( B ) = , P ( R ) = , P (Y ) = and P (G )= late and let A1, A2, A3, A4 be the events that the doctor
35 35 35 35
comes by cab, metro, bike and other means of transport
12 5 6
(i) (c) : P(G ˆ B) = P(B).P(G | B) = . = respectively.
35 34 119
P(A1) = 0.3, P(A2) = 0.2, P(A3) = 0.1, P(A4) = 0.4
10 8 8 P(E|A1) = Probability that the doctor arriving late
(ii) (b) : P(R ˆ Y) = P(Y).P(R | Y) = . =
35 34 119 when he comes by cab = 0.25
(iii) (a) : Let E = event of drawing a first red ball and Similarly, P(E | A2) = 0.3, P(E | A3) = 0.35
F = event of drawing a second red ball and P(E | A4) = 0.1
Probability 119

(i) (b) : P(A2|E) = Probability that the doctor arriving 6. Let E1 be the event that Ravi solved the puzzle and
late and he comes by metro E2 be the event that Priya solved the puzzle.
P ( A2 ) P ( E | A2 ) Then, P(E1) = 1/4 and P(E2) = 1/5
=
ΣP ( Ai ) P ( E | Ai )
(0.2) (0.3) (i) (b) : Since, E1 and E2 are independent events.
= ? P(both solved the puzzle) = P(E1 ˆ E2)
(0.3) (0.25) + (0.2) (0.3) + (0.1) (0.35) + (0.4) (0.1)
1 1 1 1
=
0.06 2
= = P(E1) ˜ P(E2) = × = = × 100% = 5%
0.21 7 4 5 20 20
(ii) (c) : P(A1|E) = Probability that the doctor arriving (ii) (b) : P(puzzle is solved by Ravi but not by Priya)
late and he comes by cab ⎛ 1⎞ 1 4 1 1
P( A1 ) P( E | A1 ) = P( E 2)P(E1) = ⎜ 1 − ⎟ ⋅ = ⋅ =
= ⎝ 5⎠ 4 5 4 5
ΣP ( Ai ) P ( E | Ai )
(0.3) (0.25) (iii) (c) : P(puzzle is solved) = P(E1 or E2)
=
(0.3) (0.25) + (0.2) (0.3) + (0.1) (0.35) + (0.4) (0.1) = P(E1 ‰ E2) = P(E
(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1 ˆ E2)
0.075 5 1 1 1 8 2
= =
0.21 14 = + − = =
4 5 20 200 5
(iii) (d) : P(A3|E) = Probability that the doctor arriving
(iv) (c) : P(Exactly
P(Exa
xaaccttly one
on of them solved the puzzle)
late and he comes by bike
P( A3 ) P( E | A3 ) P[((E1 and
= P[(E and
d E 2) or (E2 and E 1)]
=
ΣP ( Ai ) P ( E | Ai ) E1 ˆ E 2) + P(E2 ˆ E 1)
= P ((E
(0.1) (0.35)
= =P(E1) × P( E 2) + P(E2) × P( E 1)
P(E
(0.3) (0.25) + (0.2) (0.3) + (0.1) (0.35) + (0.4) (0.1)
1 4 1 3
0.035 1 = × + × [ P( E 1)= 1 – P(E1)]
= = 4 5 5 4
0.21 6
4 3 7
(iv) (c) : P(A4|E) = Probability that the doctor
tor arriving
arrri
arri
riving
ving
vi ng = + =
ansp
late and he comes by other means of transportpor
ortt 20 20 20
P( A4 ) P( E | A4 ) (v) (b) : P(none of them solved the puzzle)
=
ΣP ( Ai ) P ( E | Ai )
(0.4) (0.1) 3 4 3
= = P (E1 ∩ E2 ) = P (E1 ) ⋅ P (E2 ) = × =
(0.3) (0.25) + (0.2) (0.3) + (0.1) (0.35) + (0.4) (0.1) 4 5 5
0.04 4 12
= =
C2
7. (i) (b) : Required probability =
0.21 21 51
C2
(v) (a) : Probability that the doctor is late by any means 12 × 11 22
= =
2 5 1 4 51 × 50 425
= + + + =1
7 14 6 21 13
C2 13 × 12 26
(ii) (a) : Required probability = = =
5. (i) (a) : We know that 6Pi = 1 51
C2 51 × 50 425
Then 0.2 + k + 2k + 3k + 2k + 0 = 1 12
C2 22
Ÿ 8k = 1 – 0.2 = 0.8 Ÿ k = 0.1 (iii) (b) : Clearly, P ( A | E1 ) = 51
=
C2 425
13
(ii) (b) : P(Average study time is not more than 1 hour) 26
C2
P ( A | E2 ) = 51 =
= P(X d 1) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3 C2 425
(iii) (a) : P(Average study time is at least 3 hours) 26
P ( A | E3 ) = P ( A | E4 ) =
= P(X t 3) = P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) = 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.5 425
4 22 26 26 26 100
(iv) (d) : P(Average study time is exactly 2 hours)
∴ ∑ P ( A | Ei ) = + + + = = 0.24
= P(X = 2) = 0.2 i =1 425 425 425 425 425
4
C 4×3 1
(v) (c) : P(Average study time is at least 1 hour) (iv) (b) : P(getting both king) = 52 2 = =
= 1 – P(X = 0) = 1 – 0.2 = 0.8 C2 52 × 51 221
120
Mathematics | Class 12

4 1 Now, n(E ˆ F) = 0
(v) (a) : P(drawing a king) = = (E ∩ F )
52 13 ∴ P (E|F ) = =0
1 12 n(F )
? P(not drawing a king) = 1 − =
13 13 (ii) (a) : Let E = All are boys.
12 12 144 ? E = {BBBB} i.e., n(E) = 1
? Required probability = × = F = Two elder children are boys
13 13 169
8. (i) (d): Since, it rained only 6 days each year, ? F = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BBGG} i.e., n(F) = 4
therefore, probability that it rains on chosen day is Now, n(E ˆ F) = 1
6 1 n(E ∩ F ) 1
= ∴ P (E|F ) = =
366 61 n(F ) 4
(ii) (c) : The probability that it does not rain on (iii) (c) : Let E = Two middle children are boys.
1 60 360 ? E = {BBBB, BBBG, GBBB, GBBG} i.e., n(E) = 4
chosen day = 1 − = = F = Eldest child is a girl
61 61 366
(iii) (c) : It is given that, when it actually rains, the ? F = {GBBB, GBBG, G, GBGB, GBGG, GGBB, GGBG,
weatherman correctly forecasts rain 80% of the time. GGGB, GGGG} i.e., e., n(F)
n((F) = 8
80 8 4 Now, n(E ˆ F) = 2
? Required probability = = = 2 1
100 10 5 ∴ P (E | F ) = =
8 4
(iv) (a) : Let A1 be the event that it rains on chosen
(iv) (b)) : Let
Leet E = A
L All are boys.
day, A2 be the event that it does not rain on chosen
? E = {BBBB}
{BB
B BB i.e., n(E) = 1
day and E be the event the weatherman predict rain.
F = At A most
mos one child is girl.
6 360
Then we have, P(A1) = , P(A2) = , ? F = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, GBBB}
366 366 ii.e.,
i..e., n(F) = 5
8 2
P(E | A1) = and P(E | A2)= NNow, n(E ˆ F) = 1
10 10
1
Required probability = P(A1 | E) ∴ P (E | F ) =
5
P ( A1 ) ⋅ P (E | A1 )
= (v) (a) : Let E = All are boys.
P ( A1 ) ⋅ P ( E | A1 ) + P ( A2 ) ⋅ P ( E | A2 ) ? E = {BBBB} i.e., n(E) = 1
6 8 F = At least three of the children are boys.
×
366 10 488 ? F = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, GBBB} i.e., n(F) = 5
= = = 00.0625
.00625
6 8 360 2 76868 Now, n(E ˆ F) = 1
× + ×
366 10 366 10 1
∴ P (E | F ) =
5
(v) (a) : Required probability = 1 – P(A1 | E)
10. (i) (b) : Total number of tickets = 50
= 1 – 0.0625 = 0.9375 | 0.94
Let event A = First ticket shows even number
9. Let B and G denote the boy and girl respectively. and B = Second ticket shows even number
If a family has 4 children then each of four children Now, P(Both tickets show even number) = P(A).P(B|A)
can either boy or girl. 25 24 12
= ⋅ =
Sample space is given by 50 49 49
S = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, BBGG, BGBG, BGGB, (ii) (c) : Let the event A = First ticket shows odd number
BGGG, GBBB, GBBG, GBGB, GBGG, GGBB, GGBG, and B = Second ticket shows odd number
GGGB, GGGG} P(Both tickets show odd number)
25 24 12
(i) (d) : Let E = All children are girls. = × =
? E = {GGGG} i.e., n(E) = 1 50 49 49
F = Elder child is a boy (iii) (c) : Required probability = P(one number is a
? F = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, BBGG, BGBG, multiple of 4 and other is a multiple of 5)
BGGB, BGGG} i.e., n(F) = 8 = P(multiple of 5 on first ticket and multiple of 4 on
Probability 121

second ticket) + P(multiple of 4 on first ticket and (iii) (b) : Required probability = P(India losing first
multiple of 5 on second ticket) match) ˜ P(India losing second match when India has
10 12 12 10 12 12 24 already lost first match)
= ⋅ + × = + =
50 49 50 49 245 245 245 = 0.4 × 0.7 = 0.28
(iv) (d) : Required probability = P(one ticket with (iv) (d) : Required probability = P(India winning
prime number and other ticket with a multiple of 4) first match) ˜ P(India winning second match if India
⎛ 15 12 ⎞ 36 has already won first match) ˜ P(India winning third
= 2⎜ × ⎟ =
⎝ 50 49 ⎠ 245 match if India has already won first two matches)
= 0.6 × 0.4 × 0.4 = 0.096
(v) (b) : Let the event A = First ticket shows even
number and B = Second ticket shows odd number (v) (c) : Required probability = P(Win 1st match)
Now, P(First ticket shows an even number and second P(Lose 2nd match) P(Lose 3rd match) + P (Lose 1st
ticket shows an odd number) = P(A) . P(B|A) match) P(Win 2nd match) P(Lose 3rd match) + P(Lose
25 25 25 1st match) P(Lose 2nd match) P(Win 3rd match)
= × = = 0.6 × (1 – 0.4).(1 – 0.3
0.3)
.33) + (1 – 0.6).(0.3) (1 – 0.4)
50 49 98
+ (1 – 0.6) (1 – 0.3) (0.3)
11. (i) (b) : Since, it is given that during prime time
= 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.7 + 0.00.4 0.3 × 0.6 + 0.4 × 0.7 × 0.3
.4 × 0.
husband is watching T.V. 70% of the time
= 0.252 + 0.0722 + 0.
00.084
.0 4 = 0.408
0.08
? Required probability
= 1 – P(husband is watching television during prime 13. Let bee th
et A b he event
the e that the student is selected for
time) LIC AAO,
C AAO
AAAO,
O, B bbee the event that the student is selected
= 1 – 0.7 = 0.3 SSC
for SSSC C CGL
G and C be the event that the student is
selected
se cted for
eleect f Bank P.O.
(ii) (b) : Let H be the event that husband is watching
ngg Then,
Th
T e P(A) = a; P(B) = b and P(C) = c
hen
T.V., W be the event that wife is watching T.V.
Then, P(H) = 0.7, P(H) = 0.3 ((i) (b) : We have, P(A ‰ B ‰ C) = 0.5
P(W | H) = 0.3 and P(W | H) = 0.4 Ÿ 1 − P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 0.5
? Required probability = P(H | W) Ÿ 1 − P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0. 5
P (H) ⋅ P (W|H) Ÿ 1 − P ( A) ⋅ P ( B ) ⋅ P (C ) = 0.5
=
P (H) ⋅ P (W | H) + P (H)P P((W | H) Ÿ 1 – (1 – a) (1 – b) (1 – c) = 0.5
0. 7 × 0. 3 0.21
21 7 Ÿ 1 – [(1 – a – b + ab) (1 – c)] = 0.5
= = =
0.7 × 0.3 + 0.4 × 0.3 0.33 33 111 Ÿ 1 – [1 – c – a + ac – b + bc + ab – abc] = 0.5
(iii) (a) : Required probability = P(H ˆ W) Ÿ a + b + c – ab – bc – ca + abc = 0.5 ...(i)
= P(H)P(W | H) = 0.7 × 0.3 = 0.21 (ii) (c) : We have, P(selection in at least two
P (H ∩ W) competitive exams) = 0.4
(iv) (b) : Required probability = P(W) = Ÿ P(A ∩ B ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C) +
P (H|W)
0.21 21 11 33 P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0. 4
= = × = = 0.33
7 / 11 100 7 100 Ÿ ab(1 – c) + (1 – a)bc + a(1 – b)c + abc = 0.4
(v) (b) : Required probability = P(H | W) Ÿ ab – abc + bc – abc + ac – abc + abc = 0.4
7 4 Ÿ ab + bc + ac – 2abc = 0.4 ...(ii)
= 1 – P(H | W) = 1 − =
11 11 (iii) (a) : We have, P(selection in exactly two
12. (i) (c) : It is given that if India loose any match, examinations) = 0.3
then the probability that it wins the next match is 0.3. Ÿ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.3
? Required probability = 0.3 Ÿ ab(1 – c) + (1 – a)bc + a(1 – b)c = 0.3
(ii) (d) : It is given that, if India loose any match, then Ÿ ab + bc + ac – 3abc = 0.3 ...(iii)
the probability that it wins the next match is 0.3. On subtracting (iii) from (ii), we get
? Required probability = 1 – 0.3 = 0.7 abc = 0.1
122
Mathematics | Class 12

(iv) (b) : On substituting the value of abc in (ii), we get 1 1000 20

ab + bc + ac = 0.6 = × =
50 39 39
(v) (a) : On substituting the value of ab + bc + ac and
(iv) (a) : Probability that the defective bolt is not
abc in (i), we get
manufactured by machine B i.e., it is manufactured by
a + b + c – 0.6 + 0.1 = 0.5
15 20 35
Ÿ a+b+c=1 machine A or C = + =
39 39 39
14. Let E1, E2, E3 be the events of drawing a bolt 15 4 19
produced by machine A, B and C, respectively. (v) (c) : Required probability = + = ≈ 0. 5
39 39 39
30 3 20 1
Then P (E1 ) = = , P (E2 ) = = 1
100 10 100 5 15. We have, P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) =
50 1 3
and P (E3 ) = = (i) (a) : P(E | E1) = Probability of drawing red and
100 2 white ball, if box I is selected.
Also, let E be the event of drawing a defective bolt.
= P(red) × P(white) + P(white) × P(red)
5 1 2 1
Then P(E|E1) = = , P (E|E2 ) = = , 2 1 1 2 4 1
100 20 100 50 = × + × = =
4 1 6 6 6 6 36 36 9
P (E|E3 ) = = (ii) (a) : P(EE | E2) = Pr P
Probability
o of drawing red and
100 25
(i) (b) : Probability that the defective bolt is white balls,
lls, iff box
bo
b ox II
II iis selected.
manufactured by machine A = P(E1|E) = P(r
(rred
e )×P
P(red) (
P(white) + P(white) × P(red)
P (E | E1 ) × P (E1 ) 3 2 2 3 12 1
= = × + × = =
P (E | E1 ) ⋅ P (E1 ) + P (E | E2 ) ⋅ P (E2 ) + P (E | E3 ) ⋅ P (E3 ) 6 6 6 6 36 3
[Using Bayes’ Theorem]
m]] (iii)
(iii
(i ii) (c
ii)
ii (c) : P(E | E3) = Probability of drawing red and
1 3 white
w
wh i balls, if box III is selected.
×
20 10 3 1000 5 = P(red) × P(white) + P(white) × P(red)
= = × =
1 3 1 1 1 1 200 39 133 1 3 3 1 6 1
× + × + × = × + × = =
20 10 50 5 25 2 6 6 6 6 36 6
3
(ii) (b) : Probability that the def defective
fec
ectiive
v bolt is (iv) (d) : ∑ P(E | Ei ) = P(E | E1) + P(E | E2 ) + P(E | E3 )
manufactured by machine B = P(E P(E2||E)
E) i =1

P (E | E2 ) ⋅ P (E2 ) 4 12 6 4 + 12 + 6 22 11
= = + + = = =
P ( E|E1 ) ⋅ P (E1 ) + P (E | E2 ) ⋅ P (E2 ) + P (E | E3 ) ⋅ P (E3 ) 36 36 36 36 36 18

1 1 (v) (b) : Using Bayes’ theorem,

× P (E | E2 ) ⋅ P (E2 )
= 50 5 P (E2 | E ) =
⎛ 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ P (E | E1 ) ⋅ P (E1 ) + P (E | E2 ) ⋅ P (E2 ) + P (E | E3 ) ⋅ P (E3 )
⎜⎝ 20 × 10 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 50 × 5 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 25 × 2 ⎟⎠
1 1
×
1 1000 4 = 3 3
= × = ≈ 0. 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
250 39 39 ⎜⎝ × ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ × ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ × ⎟⎠
9 3 3 3 6 3
(iii) (c) : Probability that the defective bolt is 1 1
manufactured by machine C = P(E3|E) 1 18 6
= 3 = 3 = × =
P (E | E3 ) ⋅ P (E3 ) 1 1 1 11 3 11 11
= + +
P (E | E1 ) ⋅ P (E1 ) + P (E | E2 ) ⋅ P (E2 ) + P (E | E3 ) ⋅ P (E3 ) 9 3 6 18
1 1 16. Let A be the event that Nisha is selected and B be
×
= 25 2 the event that Ayushi is selected. Then, we have
⎛ 1 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
⎜⎝ 20 × 10 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 50 × 5 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 25 × 2 ⎟⎠ P(A) =
3
Probability 123

1 2 2
Ÿ P(A) = 1 − = = P (Nisha is not selected) 53 ⎡ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎤
3 3 = ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + ...... ⎥
1 64 ⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎦
P ( B) =
2 53 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎛ 53 ⎞ 53
= ⎢ ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ .6 =
1 1 6 4 ⎢1 − ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎥ ⎝ 6 4 ⎠ 63
Ÿ P(B) = 1 − = = P (Ayushi is not selected) ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2 2 ⎣ 6 ⎦

(i) (c) : P (both are selected) = P(A ˆ B) = P(A)˜P(B) 18. Let E denote the event that student has failed in
1 1 1 Economics and M denote the event that student has
= × = failed in Mathematics.
3 2 6
(ii) (d) : P (both are rejected) = P( A ∩ B ) = P(A)˜P(B) 50 1 35 7
? P (E ) = = , P (M ) = =
2 1 1 100 2 100 20
= × = 25 1
3 2 3 and P (E ∩ M ) = =
(iii) (d) : P (only one of them is selected) 100 4
= P ( A ∩ B ) + P( A ∩ B) = P( A) ⋅ P( B) + P( A) ⋅ P( B) (i) (d) : Required probability
proba
ba = P(E | M)
1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 P (E ∩ M ) 1 / 4 1 20 5
= × + × = + = = = = = × =
3 2 3 2 6 6 6 2 P (M ) 7 / 2200 4 7 7
(iv) (a) : P (at least one of them is selected) (ii) (c) : Required
Requuir
ired
ed
d probability
pro = P(M | E)
1 2 P (M ∩ E ) 1 / 4 1
= 1 – P (Both are rejected) = 1 − = = = =
3 3 P (E) 1/ 2 2
(v) (a) : Let E1 be the event that Nisha is selected for
(iii)
(iii
iii) (c
ii) ((c)
c) : Required
R probability = P(Ec ‰ Mc)
post I and E2 be the event that Nisha is selected forr
P ˆ M)c
= P(E
post II.
1 3
? P (Nisha is selected for atleast one post) = 1 − P (E ∩ M ) = 1 − =
4 4
= P(E1 ‰ E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1 ˆ E2)
(iv) (a) : Required probability = P(E ‰ M)
1 1 1 1 10 1
= + − × = = = P(E) + P(M) – P(E ˆ M)
6 5 6 5 30 3
5 7 1 12 3
= + − = =
17. (i) (b) : P(X = 2) = (Probability
ilityy of
of not
noot getting
g six 10 20 4 20 5
at first throw) × (Probabilityy off getting
get
etti
ttiingg six at second (v) (d) : Required probability = P(Mc | E)
throw) 1 1
5 1 5 P (M ′ ∩ E ) P (E ) − P (E ∩ M ) 2 − 4 1
= × = = = = =
6 6 62 P (E ) P (E ) 1 2
5 5 5 1 53 2
(ii) (c) : P(X = 4) = × × × = 19. Sample space is given by
6 6 6 6 64 {MFSD, MFDS, MSFD, MSDF, MDFS, MDSF,
(iii) (c) : P(X t 2) = 1 – P(X < 2) FMSD, FMDS, FSMD, FSDM, FDMS, FDSM,
1 5 SFMD, SFDM, SMFD, SMDF, SDMF, SDFM
= 1 – P(X = 1) = 1 − =
6 6 DFMS, DFSM, DMSF, DMFS, DSMF, DSFM},
5 6 where F, M, D and S represent father, mother, daughter
⎛5⎞ 1 ⎛5⎞ 1
(iv) (a) : P ( X ≥ 6) = ⎜ ⎟ × + ⎜ ⎟ × + ...∞ and son respectively.
⎝6⎠ 6 ⎝6⎠ 6
? n(S) = 24
55 ⎡ 5 ⎛ 5 ⎞
2 ⎤ 55 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5 (i) (a) : Let A denotes the event that daughter is at
= ⎢1 + + ⎜ ⎟ + ... ∞ ⎥ = 6 ⎢ 5⎥ =
66 ⎣ 6 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎦ 6 1− ⎝6⎠ one end.
⎢⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ ? n(A) = 12
3 4 and B denotes the event that father and mother are in
⎛5⎞ 1 ⎛5⎞ 1
(v) (d) : P ( X ≥ 4) = ⎜ ⎟ . + ⎜ ⎟ . + ...... the middle.
⎝6⎠ 6 ⎝6⎠ 6 ? n(B) = 4
124
Mathematics | Class 12

Also, n(A ˆ B) = 4 X 4 3 2 1 0
P ( A ∩ B) 4 / 24
? P ( A | B) = = =1 Y 0 1 2 3 4
P ( B) 4 / 24
(ii) (b) : Let A denotes the event that mother is at right Now, P(X > Y) = P(X = 4, Y = 0) + P(X = 3, Y = 1)
end. = P(T1 win) P(T1 win) + P(T1 win) P(match draw)
? n(A) = 6 + P(match draw) P(T1 win)
and B denotes the event that son and daughter are 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 + 3 + 3 11
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = =
together. 2 2 2 10 10 2 20 20
? n(B) = 12 (iv) (c) : P(X = Y) = P(X = 2, Y = 2)
Also, n(A ˆ B) = 4 = P(T1 win) P(T2 win) + P(T2 win) P(T1 win)
P ( A ∩ B) 4 / 24 1 + P(match draw) P(match draw)
? P ( A | B) = = =
P ( B) 12 / 24 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 9 29
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = + + =
(iii) (c) : Let A denotes the event that father and 2 5 5 2 10 10 10 10 100 100
mother are in the middle. (v) (a) : From the giv
given information, it is clear
? n(A) = 4 that maximum sum um o
off X and Y can be 4, therefore
and B denotes the event that son is at right end. P(X + Y = 8) = 0
? n(B) = 6
Also, n(A ˆ B) = 2 21. Let A be the hee eevent
h vveent of commiting an error and E1,
P ( A ∩ B) 2 / 24 1 E2 and E3 be be th
tthe
he eevents that Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal
? P ( A | B) = = = cessse
sed tth
processed he fform.
the o
P ( B) 6 / 24 3
(iv) (d) : Let A denotes the event that father and son (i) (b
(b)) : R
Required
e probability = P(A|E2)
are standing together. ⎛ 20 ⎞
⎜ 0.04 ×
? n(A) = 12 P ( A ∩ E2 ) ⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
= = = 0.04
and B denotes the event that mother and daughter hteer are
arre P (E2 ) ⎛ 20 ⎞
standing together. ⎜⎝ 100 ⎟⎠
? n(B) = 12
(ii) (c) : Required probability = P(A ˆ E2)
Also, n(A ˆ B) = 8
20
P ( A ∩ B) 8 / 24 2 = 0.04 × = 0.008
? P ( A | B) = = = 100
P ( B) 12 / 244 3
(iii) (b) : Total probability is given by
(v) (a) : Let A denotes the he eevent
ventt tthat
ve h father and P(A) = P(E1)·P(A|E1) + P(E2)·P(A|E2) + P(E3)·P(A|E3)
endss.
en
mother are on either of the ends.
? n(A) = 4 50 20 30
= × 0.06 + × 0.04 + × 0.03 = 0.047
and B denotes the event that son is at second position 100 100 100
from the right end. (iv) (d) : Using Bayes' theorem, we have
? n(B) = 6 P (E1 ) ⋅ P ( A | E1 )
Also, n(A ˆ B) = 2 P (E1 | A) =
P (E1 ) ⋅ P ( A | E1 ) + P (E2 ) ⋅ P ( A | E2 )
P ( A ∩ B) 2 / 24 1
? P ( A | B) = = = + P (E3 ) ⋅ P ( A | E3 )
P ( B) 6 / 24 3
0.5 × 0.06 30
20. (i) (a) : Clearly, P(T2 winning a match against T1) = =
1 0.5 × 0.06 + 0.2 × 0.04 + 0.3 × 0.03 47
= P(T1 losing) =
5 ? Required probability = P (E1 | A)
(ii) (d) : Clearly, P(T2 drawing a match against T1) 30 17
= 1 − P (E1 | A) = 1 − =
3 47 47
= P(T1 drawing) = 3
10 (v) (d) : ∑ P (Ei | A) = P(E1|A) + P(E2|A) + P(E3|A)
(iii) (d) : According to given information, we have the i =1
following possibilities for the values of X and Y. =1 [∵ Sum of posterior probabilities is 1]
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