TOPIC: SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

VIDISHA, RB67T3A61, 3460070013,

Department of ECE, B Tech (ECE),

Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144402, Punjab

[email protected]

ABSTRACT: communication between each pair of devices

In this article, we are going to study switching using mesh topology. However, mesh
techniques which are related to topology is impractical for large number of
multiprocessor system. The switching devices, because the number of links increases
techniques specify that when and hold exponentially (n(n-1)/2, where n is the number
internal switches are regulated until they of devices) with the number of devices. A
connect routers input to their outputs and better alternative is to use switching
which one of the packets must be transferred techniques leading to switched
along the route during a special time. The communication network. In the switched
switching techniques are placed next to flow network methodology, the network consists of
control mechanisms till information units a set of interconnected nodes, among which
sending among the routers become information is transmitted from source to
simultaneous and harmonic and finally these destination via different routes, which is
information units can be forwarded along the controlled by the switching mechanism. The
network. The flow control mechanisms should end devices that wish to communicate with
be also placed next to the buffer management each other are called stations. The switching
algorithms to define how the buffer request devices are called nodes. Some nodes connect
and become free and then it is revealed that to other nodes and some are to connected to
how the packets should be managed the are some stations. Key features of a switched
blocked in the network. communication network are given below:
• Network Topology is not regular.
1. INTRODUCTION: • Uses FDM or TDM for node-to-node
When there are many devices, it is necessary communication.
to develop suitable mechanism for • There exist multiple paths between a
communication between any two devices. One source-destination pair for better
alternative is to establish point-to-point network reliability.
 • The switching nodes are not concerned Communication via circuit switching implies
with the contents of data. that there is a dedicated communication path
• Their purpose is to provide a switching between the two stations. The path is a
facility that will move data from node connected through a sequence of links
to node until they reach the between network nodes. On each physical
destination. link, a logical channel is dedicated to the
connection. Circuit switching is commonly
The switching performed by different nodes used technique in telephony, where the caller
can be categorized into the following three sends a special message with the address of
types: the called (i.e. by dialing a number) to state its
I. Circuit Switching destination.
II. Packet Switching 2.1 Circuit Establishment: To establish an
III. Message Switching end-to-end connection before any transfer of
data.

2. CIRCUIT SWITCHING: Some segments of the circuit may be a

dedicated link, while some other segments
may be shared.

2.2 Data transfer:

• Transfer data is from the source to the

destination.
• The data may be analog or digital,
depending on the nature of the network.
• The connection is generally full-
duplex.

2.3 Circuit disconnect:

• Terminate connection at the end of

Fig1. basic model of switched telephone data transfer.

network • Signals must be propagated to

deallocate the dedicated resources.
4.1.2 Circuit switching Technique
 Major elements of a single-node network are
summarized below:

i. Digital switch: That provides a

transparent (full-duplex) signal path between
any pair of attached devices.
ii. Network interface: That represents the
functions and hardware needed to connect
digital devices to the network (like
telephones).
iii. Control unit: That establishes,
maintains, and tears down a connection.
Fig 2: Circuit Switching technique

The simplified schematic diagram of a

Thus the actual physical electrical path or switching node is shown in Figure. An
circuit between the source and destination important characteristic of a circuit-switch
host must be established before the message is node is whether it is blocking or non-blocking.
transmitted. This connection, once A blocking network is one, which may be
established, remains exclusive and continuous unable to connect two stations because all
for the complete duration of information possible paths between them are already in
exchange and the circuit becomes use. A non-blocking network permits all
disconnected only when the source wants to stations to be connected (in pairs) at once and
do so. Acknowledgement signal Node 1 Node grants all possible connection requests as long
2 Node 3 Message Node 4 TimeCall-request as the called party is free. For a network that
Signal Call-accept Signal. supports only voice traffic, a blocking
configuration may be acceptable, since most
2.4 Switching Node phone calls are of short duration. For data

Let us consider the operation of a single applications, where a connection may remain

circuit switched node comprising a collection active for hours, non-blocking configuration is

of stations attached to a central switching unit, desirable.

which establishes a dedicated path between

any two devices that wish to communicate.
 Fig 4: schematic diagram of a crossbar switch
Fig 3: schematic diagram of a switching node

Example: Xilinx crossbar switch using

Circuit switching uses any of the three FPGAs. It is based on reconfigurable routing
technologies: Space-division switches, Time- infrastructure. It is a high-speed high capacity
division switches or a combination of both. In nonblocking type switch with sizes varying
Space-division switching, the paths in the from 64X64 to 1024X1024 and data rate of
circuit are separated with each other spatially, 200 Mbps.
i.e. different ongoing connections, at a same
2.5 Limitations of crossbar switches are as
instant of time, uses different switching paths,
follows:
which are separated spatially. This was
originally developed for the analog • The number of crosspoints grows with the
environment, and has been carried over to the square of the number of attached stations.
digital domain. Some of the space switches • Costly for a large switch.
are crossbar switches, Multi-stage switches • The failure of a crosspoint prevents
(e.g. Omega Switches). Basic building block connection between the two devices whose
of the switch is a metallic crosspoint or lines intersect at that crosspoint.
semiconductor gate that can be enabled or • The crosspoints are inefficiently utilized.
disabled by a control unit. • Only a small fraction of crosspoints are
engaged even if all of the attached devices are
active.

Some of the above problems can be overcome

with the help of multistage space division
switches. By splitting the crossbar switch into crosspoints needed goes down from 64 to 40.
smaller units and interconnecting them, it is There is more than one path through the
possible to build multistage switches with network to connect two endpoints, thereby
fewer crosspoints. increasing reliability. Multistage switches may
lead to blocking. The problem may be tackled
by increasing the number or size of the
intermediate switches, which also increases
the cost. As shown in Figure after setting up
connections for 1-to-3 and 2-to-4, the switch
cannot establish connections for 3-to-6 and 4-
to-5.
3. TIME DIVISION SWITCHING
Both voice and data can be transmitted using
digital signals through the same switches. All

Fig 5: three stage space division switch modern circuit switches use digital time-
division multiplexing (TDM) technique for
establishing and maintaining circuits.
Synchronous TDM allows multiple low-speed
bit streams to share a high-speed line. A set of
inputs is sampled in a round robin manner.
The samples are organized serially into slots
(channels) to form a recurring frame of slots.
During successive time slots, different I/O
pairings are enabled, allowing a number of
connections to be carried over the shared bus.
To keep up with the input lines, the data rate
on the bus must be high enough so that the
slots recur sufficiently frequently. For 100
full-duplex lines at 19.200 Kbps, the data rate
on the bus must be greater than 1.92 Mbps.
Fig 6: Block nature of the switch
The source-destination pairs corresponding to
all active connections are stored in the control
Figure above shows a three-stage space
memory. Thus the slots need not specify the
division switch. In this case the number of
source and destination addresses. Schematic slot only one particular output switch is
diagram of time division switching is shown closed, so only one connection at a particular
in Figure instant of time as shown in Figure

Fig 7: operation of a TSI

Time-division switching uses time-division

multiplexing to achieve switching, i.e.
different ongoing connections can use same
switching path but at different interleaved
time intervals. There are two popular methods
of time-division switching namely, Time-Slot
Interchange (TSI) and the TDM bus. TSI Fig 8: TDM bus switching
changes the ordering of the slots based on
desired connection and it has a random-access
memory to store data and flip the time slots as
shown in Figure As shown in the figure,
writing can be performed in the memory
sequentially, but data is read selectively. In
TDM bus there are several input and outputs
connected to a high-speed bus. During a time
 4. CONCLUSION buffer is so little. The packet switching has
more predictable delay features especially in
The switching techniques are completed to
the low traffic load. VCT acts like wormhole
access to better performance. VCT switching
in the low traffic load and it acts as the packet
offers message sending as pipelined one. The
switching in the high traffic loads. In the low
wormhole switching also needs a few buffers
traffics, we expect that the wormhole
and decreases the buffer rate in the switches
technique has had better delay/throughput
and it also presents a good pipeline. The mad-
comparing to packet switching network. In the
postman switching also displays bit level
high traffics, we expect the packet switching
pipeline which increases the performance. In
acts better. These switching techniques can be
VCT and packet switching, the message must
considered as optimistic techniques. In
completely save in the routers. Using the
contrary, PCS and scouting are considered as
virtual channels causes there haven't had any
pessimistic ones, because data flit are only
blocked messages in the physical channels
sent when it has cleared that the flits can
and it decreases the delay originated from the
advance forward.
blocking. But increasing some message
multiplexing enhances the delay that data flits
REFERNCE:
are faced. Also, increasing virtual channels
[1] http://www.wiziq.com/tutorials/switching-
numbers raises the flow control delay in the
techniques
router and the delay along the physical
[2]
channel. The wormhole effect on the message
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~mngroup/projects
can be unavoidable. Because the required
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