C-6 (Examples pa more)

6.19/p. 195 – An adiabatic condenser receives 100 kg/s of steam at 92 % quality and 60 kPaa.
The steam leaves at 60 kPaa and 60 oC. The cooling water enters at atmospheric pressure and 40
o
C and discharges at 60 oC. Determine (a) the heat transferred; (b) the cooling water flow rate.

Given: adiabatic condenser

kg
ṁ s =100 at x=92 %∧ p=60 kPaa
s
1

T out =60 ° C

ṁ w at T ¿=40 ° C

water at p=60 kPaa∧T =60 °C

Required:
(a) Q = ?
(b) ṁ w = ?

Solution:

(a) The amount of heat transferred is equal to the heat rejected by the steam as it condenses and
is equal to
Q̇=−ṁ s ( h1−h f 2 )
At p = 60 kPaa and x1 =92 %,
h1 =hf 1 + x 1 hfg 1

h1 =360.6+0.92 ( 2292.9 )

kJ
h1 =2 470.1
kg
At T2 = 60 oC and saturated liquid,
kJ
h f 2=251.71
kg

kg kJ
(
∴ Q̇=− 100
s )
( 2 470.1−251.71 )
kg

Q̇=−221839 kW
(b) For the mass flow rate of water,
Q̇= ṁ w c p ( T out −T ¿ )

kJ
221839
Q̇ s
ṁw = =
c p ( T out −T ¿ ) kJ
4.186 ( 60−40 ) K
kg−K

kg
ṁw =2 649.8
s

6.25/p. 196 – An ideal gas with a molecular weight of 6.5 kg/kg-mol is compressed in a
reversible manner from 690 kPaa and 277 K to a final specific volume of 0.47 m 3/kg according
to the relation p = 561 + 200v + 100v2, where p is the pressure in kPaa and v is the specific
volume in m3/kg. The specific heat at constant volume is 0.837 kJ/kg-K. Determine (a) the work;
(b) the heat; (c) the final temperature; (d) the initial specific volume.

Given: an ideal gas that is compressed in a reversible manner (in a closed system)
M = 6.5 kg/kg-mol
p1 = 690 kPaa
T1 = 277 K
v2 = 0.47 m3/kg
p = 561 + 200v + 100v2, where p is in kPaa and v in m3/kg
cv = 0.837 kJ/kg-K

Required:
(a) W = ?
(b) Q = ?
(c) T2 = ?
(d) v1 = ?

(a) Since the system is considered a closed system, the nonflow work is,
2 2
W =∫ pdv =∫ ( 561+ 200 v +100 v 2 ) dv
1 1

2
v2 v3
[
W = 561 v +200
2
+100
3 ( ) ( )] 1

v 22−v 12 v 3−v 13
W =561 ( v 2−v 1) + 200 ( 2 ) (+100 2
3 )
Solve for v1 using the given pv relationship since p1 is known.
 p1=561+200 v 1 +100 v 12

690=561+ 200 v 1+ 100 v 12

100 v 12 +200 v 1−129=0

Using the quadratic formula,
2
−b± √ b2 −4 ac −200 ± √ ( 200 ) −4 ( 100 ) (−129 )
v1 = =
2a 2 ( 100 )

−200 ± 302.65
v1 =
200

m3
v1 =0.513 3
kg

( 0.47 )2−( 0.513 3 )2 ( 0.47 )3−( 0.513 3 )3

∴ W =561 ( 0.47−0.513 3 )+ 200 [ 2 ] [
+ 100
3 ]
kJ
W =−29.6
kg

(b) For the heat Q,

Q=∆ u+W =c v ( T 2−T 1 ) +W

Determine the pressure p2 so that the temperature T 2 can be calculated. Using again the pv
relationship,
p2=561+200 v2 +100 v22

p2=561+200 ( 0.47 )+100 ( 0.47 )2

p2=677 kPaa

Using the ideal gas equation, solve for T2. Thus,

p v p v
T 2= 2 2 = 2 2
R Ŕ
M

kN m3

T 2=
( 677 2
m )(
0.47
kg )
kN−m
8.314 3
kg−mol−K
kg
6.5
kg−mol
 T 2=248.8 ° K

kJ kJ
(
∴ Q= 0.837
kg−K ) (
( 248.8−277 ) K + −29.6
kg )
kJ
Q=−53.2
kg
(c) T 2=248.8 ° K

m3
(d) v1 =0.513 3
kg
6.31 A vertical piston-cylinder system is constructed so the piston may travel between two stops.
The system is surrounded by air at 100 kPaa. The enclosed volume is 0.05 m 3 at the lower stop
and 0.12 m3 at the upper stop. Carbon dioxide is contained in the system at a temperature of
300 K and a pressure of 200 kPaa. Heat is added, and the piston rises, the system changing at
constant pressure, until the piston reaches the upper stop. Heat continues to be added until the
temperature is 900 K. Determine (a)mthe
V2 = 0.12 3 heat added; (b) the change of enthalpy; (c) the system
work; (d) the net work; (e) the final pressure.
V1 = 0.05 m3
Given: vertical piston-cylinder system containing CO2 and is surrounded by air
Pair = 100 kPaa

upper stop

lower stop

CO2 at p1 = 200 kPaa and T1 = 300 K

Q at p = C until the upper stop and still added until T2 = 900 K

Required:
(a) Qin = ?
(b) ΔH = ?
(c) Wsys = ?
(d) Wnet = ?
(e) p2 = ?

Solution:
(a) The heat added is
Q ¿ =∆ U +W
 Q ¿ =m c v ( T 2−T 1) + p ( V 2−V 1 )

For CO2: R = 0.188 96 kJ/kg-K; cv = 0.656 1 kJ/kg-K; cp = 0.845 2 kJ/kg-K

Solve for the mass of CO2 using the ideal gas equation.

m=
p1 V 1
=
(200 kNm ) (0.05 m )
2
3

RT1
( 0.188 96 kNkg−−mK ) ( 300 K )
m=0.176 kg
kJ kN
(
∴ Q ¿=( 0.176 kg ) 0.656 1
kg−K ) (
( 900−300 ) K + 200 2 ( 0.12−0.05 ) m 3
m )
Q¿ =83.3 kJ

(b) For the change in enthalpy,

∆ H =mc p ( T 2−T 1 )

kJ
(
∆ H =( 0.176 kg ) 0.845 2
kg−K )
( 900−300 ) K

∆ H =89.3 kJ

(c) For the system work,

2
W sys=∫ pdV = p ( V 2−V 1 )
1

kN
(
W sys= 200
m 2 )
( 0.12−0.05 ) m3

W sys=14 kJ

(d) For the net work,

W net =W sys−W surr

kN
W net =14 kJ − 100
( m 2 )
( 0.12−0.05 ) m3

W net =7 kJ

(e) For the final pressure,

 kN −m
p2=
mR T 2
=
(
( 0.176 kg ) 0.188 96
kg−K )
( 900 K )

V2 0.12 m3

p2=249.4 kPaa

6.34/p.197
In a natural gas pipeline compressor 110 m3/min propane is compressed polytropically. The inlet
pressure is 101 kPaa and the temperature is 38 oC. The process follows pV1.08 = C. The exit
pressure is 510 kPaa. Determine (a) the exit temperature; (b) the heat loss; (c) the power
required;(d) the mass flow rate.

Given: natural gas pipeline compressor

V̇ =110 m3/min propane (C3H8)
process is polytropic (pV1.08 = C)
p1 = 101 kPaa
T1 = 38 oC + 273 = 311 K
p2 = 510 kPaa

Required:
(a) T2 = ?
(b) Q = ?
(c) Ẇ = ?
(d) ṁ = ?

Solution:
(a) For a polytropic process,
n−1
T2 p
T1 ( )
= 2
p1
n

1.08−1
510
T 2=311 K ( )
101
1.08

T 2=350.6 K

(d) For the mass flow rate,

p1
ṁ=ρ V̇ = ( )
R T1
V̇

For propane (C3H8), R = 0.188 64 kJ/kg-K, cp = 1.670 7 kJ/kg-K, cv = 1.482 0 kJ/kg-K.

 (101 kNm )
2
m3
ṁ=
kN−m ( 110
min )( 160mins )
( 0.188 64 )
( 311 K )
kg−K

kg
ṁ=3.16
s

(c) For the power,

n −1
p
Ẇ =
n
n−1
ṁ RT 1 1− 2
[ () ]
p1
n

1.08−1
1.08 kg kJ 510
Ẇ =
1.08−1
3.16( s
0.188 64 )(
kg−K
( 311 K ) 1−
101 ) [ ( ) ] 1.08

Ẇ =−318.9 kW

(b) For the heat loss,

Q̇=∆ Ḣ + Ẇ

Q̇= ṁc p ( T 2 −T 1 ) + Ẇ

kg kJ
(
Q̇= 3.16
s )(
1.6707
kg−K )
( 350.6−311 ) K + (−318.9 kW )

Q̇=−109.9 kW

6.53/p. 198
Air, initially at 120 kPaa and 320 K, occupies 0.11 m3. It is compressed isothermally until the
volume is halved and then compressed at constant pressure until the volume decreases to one-
quarter the initial volume. Sketch the process on a pV diagram and determine the total heat and
total work for the two processes.

Given: air undergoing two processes

p1 = 120 kPaa
T1 = 320 K
V1 = 0.11 m3
Process 1 - 2: isothermal compression, T = C
V2 = 0.5V1 = 0.5(0.11 m3) = 0.055 m3
Process 2 - 3: isobaric compression, p = C
V3 = 0.25V1 = 0.25(0.11 m3) = 0.027 5 m3

Required:
 pV sketch ?
QT = ?
WT = ?

Solution:
For the pV sketch:

p p=C
3 2

T=C

Process 1 – 2: isothermal compression, T = C

The pressure p2 is obtained by the equation
p1 V 1=p 2 V 2

V1
p2=( 120 kPaa ) ( 0.5 V 1 )
p2=240 kPaa

The work W1-2 is equal to

2 2
dV V
W 1−2=∫ pdV =C∫ =p 1 V 1 ln 2
1 1 V V1

kN ( 0.5 V 1
(
W 1−2= 120
m 2) 3
0.11 m ) ln
V1( )
W 1−2=−9.15 kJ

The heat Q1-2 is then

Q1−2=∆U 1−2 +W 1−2

Q 1−2=−9.15 kJ

Process 2 – 3: isobaric process, p = C

The temperature T3 will be determine using Charles’ law:

T3 V 3
=
T2 V 2

0.25V 1
T 3=( 320 K ) ( 0.5V 1 )
T 3=160 K
The work W2-3 is
3 3
W 2−3=∫ pdV =p ∫ dV = p ( V 3−V 2 )
2 2

kN
(
W 2−3= 240
m 2)( 0.027 5−0.055 ) m3

W 2−3=−6.60 kJ

The heat Q2-3 will be

Q2−3=∆U 2−3+W 2−3

Q 2−3=m c v ( T 3−T 2 ) +W 2−3

For the mass m,

p1 V 1 ( 120 ) ( 0.11 )
m= =
R T 1 ( 0.287 08 ) ( 320 )

m=0.144 kg

kJ
(
∴ Q 2−3 =( 0.144 kg ) 0.7176
kg−K )
( 160−320 ) + (−6.60 kJ )

Q2−3=−23.13 kJ

The total heat and total work are respectively:

Q T =Q 1−2+Q 2−3

QT =−9.15 kJ + (−23.13 kJ )

QT =−32.28 kJ
 W T =W 1−2 +W 2−3

W T =−9.15 kJ + (−6.60 kJ )

W T =−15.75 kJ