Math 155

TRIGONOMETRY
EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

OVERVIEW on the MODULES for TRIGONOMETRY

I. COURSE TITLE: TRIGONOMETRY

II. COURSE OVERVIEW:

Welcome!

This Module is designed to provide you an understanding on the concepts about Trigonometry.

The Module covers topics on Plane Trigonometry and Polar Coordinate System. The topics
are discussed deals with solving triangles (right and oblique), Trigonometric ratios and identities and
polar coordinates. You will appreciate its practical, intellectual and aesthetic dimension and application
of mathematical tools in daily life.

The module begins with an introduction to trigonometry regarding the branches, importance
and identifying classifications of triangles and its parts. You will be solving right and oblique triangles,
prove trigonometric identities and polar coordinate system.

Trigonometry is a fundamental component of calculus. In statistics, trigonometric functions are

necessary for the computation of the bell curve and for the study of seasonal periodicities. Most uses
of trigonometry in other fields relate to the use of Fourier series, which cannot be calculated without
the use of trigonometry.

III.COURSE STUDY GUIDE:

The key to successfully finish this module lies in your hands. This module was prepared for you to
learn diligently, intelligently, independently and working with honesty. As an ISPSCian, doing these
will greatly help and prepare you to become a critical thinker individual. There are activities that would
really test your honesty and being responsible learner. It is more on performance task and the quality
of the outputs that you need to accomplish. The following guides and house rules to help you further
to be on track and to say at the end of the module “I successfully made it”. This is the essence of
diligent, intelligent and independent learning.

1. Manage your time well. Create your own study routine. Schedule properly your reading
assignments and your activity accomplishments. Study how you can manage to do the
activities of this module in consideration of your other modules from your other subjects. Learn
also manage your time to read and understand every part of the module. You are free to browse
and read the different lessons of this module even prior to doing the tasks in each lesson.
However, you need to ensure that you will not miss any part of the module and you will not
miss to accomplish every activity.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
2. Focus your attention. Make sure that you do things one at a time. Read the material over and
over until you are able to get the point of the lesson. If you did not understand the readings and
other tasks, re-read or you can read other materials found in other resources like the internet
or books. If this will not work engage all possible resources. You may text your instructor or
your other family members to help you. Do not hesitate to ask your instructor. As a facilitator,
I am here to guide and process your learning experience.

3. Give your best. In the assessment tasks whether formative or summative, target the highest
standards because you are a better student. You have the knowledge and skills that you need
to finish with quality of your work. Do not settle with low standards, target the highest standards
in doing the activities even the assignment tasks. YOU CAN DO IT!
4. Submit on time. You will be submitting the accomplished activities in the modules on before
the scheduled time as per announced by your instructor. Once, I receive your output materials,
I will inform you immediately. Try your best to communicate with your instructor for possible
adjustments of submission of your outputs. Make a follow-up trough text or any media
available.
5. Be patient. I will make sure to give you my feedback on your work to ensure that you are on
the right track. While waiting for my feedback, you can continue working on the other activities
or read other materials related to the next lessons. Make sure that you do not miss any
important part in the module.
6. Answer confidently. In answering the activities and assignments you are expected to do the
following:
a. Write neatly and legibly on short bond papers (or encode/type) if you are sure of your
answers. Think before you write/type. If there are activities that you do not need to write or
encode then, do the activity as directed.
b. Make sure to give your answers completely and concisely. If the activity asked to research
or make term papers/ investigation or answer in essay form stick to the point. Cite also
correctly the references you use in your work. (do not copy what is in the web entirely)
7. Work independently and be honest. It is expected that you work on the activities in this
module on your own. Your family members and friends will support and help you but the
activities and assignments must be done by you. Cheating at any means is not allowed in
answering or doing the activities in this module. As an ISPSCian, you always need to
demonstrate our core values Productivity, Resiliency, Accountability, Ingenuity, Synergy and
Excellence.
8. Motivate yourself. One of the best ways to get motivated to be very clear about what you want
and why are you studying in the first place. Remember that whatever knowledge or skill you
are gaining from this course will definitely help you in your career and your everyday encounter
with the community. Enjoy what you are doing and everything else will follow.
9. Contact me. If any part of the module or lesson, you need help or guidance, do not hesitate to
contact me through any form. Remember, if there is a will there is a way. (email address:
[email protected] or cp. # 09473109003)
10. Lastly, check your manners. It is good to go back to your manners and right conduct.
Remember that this is not only about your academics but most important are the values you

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
learn from the activities in the module. You are living in a moral and ethical way in whatever
you do.

Good Luck, Relax and Enjoy!

III. COURSE STUDY SCHEDULE:

To keep you on track for the best use of the modules in Plane And Solid Geometry, the study schedule
is hereby presented for you to follow:

Week Topic Learning Special Instructions

Activities

Week 1 Module 1: Fundamental Read Information Research more information or details

and 2 Concepts of on the identified regarding the topics. Take note of the
Trigonometry
1. Etymology of topics in module 2 important points and Write in your
Trigonometry Notebook for subject
2. Angles
3. Triangles Answer/Perform the Work on the intended learning activity /
Intended Learning in-text questions and submit to your
4. Angle Measure Activity instructor. Place answers in yellow /bond
5. Arc Length of a Circle paper

Answer/research Work on the assignment then submit to

/perform the your instructor on the specified date.
Assignment Written assignments will be placed in a
yellow/bond paper.

Answer the Answer the assessment / Self Check

assessment / Self Activity then submit the soft copy/
check Activity photo in the assigned part in our
google classroom.

Week 3 Module 2: Circular and Read Information Research more information or details
to 5 Trigonometric Functions on the identified regarding the topics. Take note of the
1. Equation of a
topics in module 2 important points and Write in your
Circle
2. The Unit Circle
Notebook for subject

Answer/Perform the Work on the intended learning activity /

3. Circular
Functions/Trigonometric Intended Learning in-text questions and submit to your
Functions Activity instructor. Place answers in yellow /bond
paper

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
4. Inverse Answer/research Work on the assignment then submit to
Circular/Trigonometric /perform the your instructor on the specified date.
Functions Assignment Written assignments will be placed in a
yellow/bond paper.

Answer the Answer the assessment / Self Check

assessment / Self Activity then submit the soft copy/
check Activity photo in the assigned part in our
google classroom.

Week 6 Module 3: Solving Read Information Research more information or details

to 9 Triangles on the identified regarding the topics. Take note of the
-The Pythagorean topics in module 3 important points and Write in your
Theorem Notebook for subject
-Angle of Elevation and Answer/Perform the Work on the intended learning activity /
Depression Intended Learning in-text questions and submit to your
-Solutions of Right Activity instructor. Place answers in yellow /bond
Triangle paper

-Solutions of Oblique Answer/research Work on the assignment then submit to

Triangles /perform the your instructor on the specified date.
Assignment Written assignments will be placed in a
yellow/bond paper.

Answer the Answer the assessment / Self Check

assessment / Self Activity then submit the soft copy/
check Activity photo in the assigned part in our
google classroom.

Week 10 .Module 4: Trigonometric Read Information Research more information or details

to 15 Identities on the identified regarding the topics. Take note of the
1. Fundamental Identities topics in module 4 important points and Write in your
2. Sum and Difference Notebook for subject
Identities
Answer/Perform the Work on the intended learning activity /
3. Double-Angle Identities
Intended Learning in-text questions and submit to your
4. Half-Angle Identities Activity instructor. Place answers in yellow /bond
5. Product to Sum/ Sum paper
to Product Formulas
Answer/research Work on the assignment then submit to
/perform the your instructor on the specified date.
Assignment Written assignments will be placed in a
yellow/bond paper.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Answer the Answer the assessment / Self Check
assessment / Self Activity then submit the soft copy/
check Activity photo in the assigned part in our
google classroom

Week 16 Module 5: Polar Read Information Research more information or details

to 18 Coordinates on the identified regarding the topics. Take note of the
topics in module 5 important points and Write in your
Notebook for subject

Answer/Perform the Work on the intended learning activity /

Intended Learning in-text questions and submit to your
Activity instructor. Place answers in yellow /bond
paper

Answer/research Work on the assignment then submit to

/perform the your instructor on the specified date.
Assignment Written assignments will be placed in a
yellow/bond paper.

Answer the Answer the assessment / Self Check

assessment / Self Activity then submit the soft copy/
check Activity photo in the assigned part in our
google classroom

V. COURSE EVALUATION:

To pass the course, you must:

1. Submit all course requirements to include the following:
a. Activity Notebook with answers of the in-text questions given in the four
modules;
b. Assignment Notebook or Assignment Outputs
c. Evaluation Activities (checklist or self-test)
d. Compilation of Answers to the Study Guide for the four modules.
2. Pass all examinations:
a. Pre-test and Post-test Exams; Quizzes
b. Midterm examination
c. Final examination

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

VI. HOW TO USE THIS MODULE:

Welcome!

The Module, “MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD”, is a course which

comprises the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a future educator. Kindly refer to the
FLOWCHART given in the next page for your guide on how to use the module.

DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS

MODULE. All answers to study guide,
activities, assignments, exercises and tests
should be written on a SEPARATE SHEET.

There are a number of symbols in this module to guide you as you study:

This tells you to take note of or to remember an important

point.

This tells you there is an Intended Learning Activity for you

to accomplish.

This tells you there is an assignment or research activity to

be undertaken.

This tells you there is an Assessment or Self-Test.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

This tells you the summary of the module.

This tells you of the study guide for you to work upon.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
FLOWCHART ON HOW TO USE THE MODULE

STEP 1

Obtain module from your instructor and

answer the pre-test

STEP 2

Study and work at the module at your own

(or with a group as the case may be)

STEP 3

After finishing the module, do all the activities,

assignment, research activities

STEP 6
STEP 4
If you did not pass the assessment
Complete the for assessment /self-check /self-check online re-study the
online module with emphasis on those
questions not passed

STEP 5
STEP 6
Submit the assessment /self-check online
If you pass the assessment /self-
check, proceed to the next module

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Welcome to MODULE 1:

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF TRIGONOMETRY

WHAT IS THE MODULE ALL ABOUT?

This module is designed for you who are enrolled in the course “Trigonometry”. This
is the first of a series of modules that will help and assist you become an expert pre-service
educator.

YOU WILL STUDY THE FOLLOWING TOPICS IN THIS MODULE:

1. Etymology of Trigonometry
2. Angles
3. Triangles
4. Angle Measure/ Arc Length of a Circle

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Define different fundamental concepts in trigonometry.

2. Convert angle measures from degrees to radians and vice versa.
3. Compute measures of angles.
4. Determine the length of an arc of a circle.

Prepare yourself with the topics in module 1, remember our study guide and
follow our study schedule.

Lesson 1:
Etymology of Trigonometry (Greek Words)

Trigonon → triangle
Metron → measure

Definition of Trigonometry
Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the properties
and applications of ratios associated with angles. It was developed after Arithmetic,
Algebra and Geometry.
It is termed as solving triangles

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Two branches of Trigonometry
1. Plane Trigonometry → studies the properties of a triangle in a plane and is
two dimensional.
2. Spherical Trigonometry → is concerned with relations that exists among
the sides and angles of a Spherical triangle.

Spherical triangle → a position of the surface of a sphere bounded by the arcs

of three great circles which intersect.

Importance of Trigonometry
Several branches of higher Mathematics depend on fundamental trigonometric
laws and properties. Physics, Astronomy, Engineering and Mechanics are among the
Sciences which could hardly have developed without Trigonometry. The surveyors and
navigators have to know a great deal about Trigonometric principles and methods. The
construction and operation of an airplane would be impossible without the techniques of
Trigonometry. The intelligent study of the fundamental principles of Trigonometry is
therefore very important for any person who is interested in science or who wishes to
prepare for any one of many types of Mathematical industrial or professional work.

Activity 1:
Answer the questions completely:
1. Define Trigonometry according to your own understanding.
2. How important is Trigonometry? Explain by giving examples.
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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
3. Compare and contrast Trigonometry from Geometry.

Assignment 1:
“Never deceive a friend” a saying from the so called “Father of Trigonometry”, identify and
give the biography of this Mathematician with a photo.

LESSON 2: ANGLES

Angle → is a geometric figure formed when line segments (vectors or rays) meet
at a common point. The point where the two lines meet is called the vertex of the angle.

Types of an Angle

1. Directed Angle → an ordered pair of rays with a common point, one ray
called the initial side and the other called terminal side of the angle together with a
rotation from the initial side to the terminal side:

(terminal side) (initial side)

(initial side) (terminal side)

Counter clockwise Clockwise

• The amount of rotation is the measure of the angle

• Counter clockwise direction → generates positive angle (e.g. 100°; 280°; 325°;
250°30;20”; 350°27’54”)
• Clockwise direction → generates a negative angle. (-100°, - 30°36’56”, - 400°)

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
2. If the vertex is placed at the center and the initial side of the angle on the
positive part of the horizontal axis, the angle is said to be in standard position.

terminal

Initial

3. If the terminal of an angle coincides with a coordinate axis, then the angle
is called Quadrantal angle.

Examples of quadrantal angles are 90°; 270°; 450°; - 180°; - 720° etc.

4. Coterminal angles are two angles that are drawn in the standard position (so their
initial sides are on the positive x-axis) and have the same terminal side like 45° and -315°

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Another way to describe coterminal angles is that they are two angles in the standard
position and one angle is a multiple of 360 degrees larger or smaller than the other. That is, if angle
A has a measure of M degrees, then angle B is co-terminal if it measures M +/- 360n, where n = 0, 1,
2, 3, ...

Example of Measures of angles that are considered as coterminal angles:

110 ° and −250°

90° and 450°

180° and −180°

170° and −190°

100° and −260°

360° and 720°

360° and −360°

Example1: Find a positive and a negative coterminal angle of 35°.

Solution:

One positive coterminal angle with 35° is:

35° + 360° = 395°

One negative coterminal angle with 35° is:

35° – 360° = -325°

Example 2: What is the smallest possible measure of an angle coterminal to an angle

measuring 100° moving counter-clockwise and clockwise direction.

Solution

Counter-clockwise direction

100° + 360° = 460°

Clockwise direction:

100° – 360° = -260°

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

You may also graph the given angle so that you can determine the measure of the
angle coterminal to the given reference angle. You may watch this video as your reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkMhGwp8pv4 : Disclaimer: not my own video

Activity 2:

Answer the following:

1. Describe an angle?
2. Differentiate the types of angles.
3. Complete the table below with the correct measures of coterminal angles given the
measures of the reference angles and direction of angles:

Reference angle Counter-clockwise direction Clockwise direction

1. 120°

2. - 45°

3. 76°

4. -186°

5. 60°30’20”

Assignment 2:

Angles are very useful in architecture and Engineering. Research the application of
angles in those branches.

Format:

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Lesson 3: Triangles
Definition of a triangle

Triangles
A triangle is a plane closed figure formed by three-line segments. It has three
angles and three sides. The line segments form called the sides of the triangle and the
angles of a triangle are called the vertices (plural for vertex)
B

c a

A C
b

Kinds of Triangles

1. Right Triangle → is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle.

The two sides that form a right angle are called the legs while the remaining side which
is opposite to the right angle is called hypotenuse.

The right triangle

B C = right angle
A & B = two acute angles
c a a & b = sides/legs
c = hypotenuse → opposite to
A C the right angle

Special Types of Right Triangle

a. 30° - 60° - 90° → right triangle
b. 45° - 45° - 90 ° → right triangle

2. Oblique Triangle → a triangle with no right angle

Kinds according to angle

1. Acute triangle → a triangle with all three angles acute
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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
2. Obtuse triangle → a triangle with an obtuse angle

Kinds according to sides

1. Scalene (general) triangle → a triangle with no sides equal
2. Isosceles (equal legs) triangle →a triangle with two equal sides
3. Equilateral (equal sides) triangle → a triangle with all sides equal
equilateral → all angles equal

Activity 3:

A. Classify the triangles in each number below as right or oblique, given the measures of the
angles respectively.

1.) 45⁰ ; 50⁰ ; 85⁰ 6.) 75⁰ ; 55⁰ ; 50⁰

2.) 60⁰ ; 90⁰ ; 30⁰ 7.) 62⁰ ; 34⁰ ; 84⁰
3.) 120⁰ ; 20⁰ ; 40⁰ 8.) 36⁰ ; 90⁰; 54⁰
4.) 45⁰ ; 45⁰ ; 90⁰ 9.) 102⁰ ; 28⁰ ; 50⁰
5.) 76⁰ ; 92⁰ ; 12⁰ 10.) 80⁰ ; 95⁰ ; 5⁰

Assignment 3:

Using used cardboard or cartoon cut out replica of the different classifications of triangles.
Make it artistic and colorful.

Lesson 4: Angle Measurements / Arc Length of a Circle

There are 3 standard methods of measuring angles.

3 standard methods of measuring angles

1. Revolution system → the number of rotations on the fractional part of a

rotation counted from the initial side of an angle to its terminal side.
→ One full rotation = one revolution

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Examples: 1/8 rev; 1/6 rev; ¼ rev; ¾ rev

2. Sexagesimal System → fractions with denominators divisible by 60.

The base unit is degree (°).

→ one full counter clockwise rotation = 360°

The degree is subdivided into 60 minutes (60’) and each minute is divided
further into 60 seconds (60”)

1 rev = 360°
1° = 60’
1’ = 60”

Also:
1° = 1/ 360 rev.
1° = 3600”

3. Radian System → The system provides a link between the measure of

an angle and the length of an arc of a circle.

S Measure of an angle in radian = arc length

radius
A B
Ɵ
Ɵ=S S=rƟ
C r r

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Example: r = 5 → S = 10 → Ɵ =?
Solution: Ɵ = S/ r → Ɵ = 10 / 2 → Ɵ = 2 radians

Conversion from radians to degrees and vice versa

• An angle Ɵ in one full rotation → S = 2πr and Ɵ = 2πr/r → Ɵ = 2π

or 360° = 2π radians → 180° = π radians

• To convert angle from degrees to radians: the conversion factor is:

π = 0.01745 rad/deg
180°
Example : convert 15° to radians

Solution: → 15° (π/ 180°) → 15°π / 180° → π/ 12 rad

• To convert angle measure from radians to degrees; the conversion factor is

180° = 57.296 deg/ rad
Π

Example: convert π/12 to degrees

Solution; π/12 (180°/π) → 180°/12 → 15°

Activity 5:

Convert the following from degrees to radians or vice versa

1. 25° 6. – 3 π
2. - 35° 7. 3π/4
3. π/2 8. - 190°
4. -3π/2 9. 72°
5. – 140 ° 10. 11π/ 6

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Assignment 5:
Protractor is a device used to measure and angle in degrees. Research the
story behind the construction of the protractor.

In this lesson you were able to define different fundamental concepts in

trigonometry. You were able also to convert angle measures from degrees to radians and
vice versa. You have computed also measures of angles and determined the length of an
arc of a circle.

Assessment /Self check 1:

I. Identify the following: (strictly no erasures)

_____________1. it studies the properties of a triangle in a plane and is two dimensional
_____________2. this figure form when two rays meet at a common point called the vertex
_____________3. It is an angle in the standard position whose terminal side coincides with a
coordinate axis
_____________4. It is termed as the measure of a triangles
_____________5. angles that have the same initial and terminal side
_____________6. a position of the surface of a sphere bounded by the arcs of three great circles
which intersect
_____________7. the movement of angle that generates negative measurements
_____________8. a branch of Mathematics that deals with the properties and applications of ratios
associated with angles
_____________9. it is concerned with relations that exists among the sides and angles of a
Spherical triangle
_____________10. the movement of angle that generates positive measurements

II. TRUE or FALSE: Write yes if the statement is true otherwise write no.
_____1. The sides of an angle are the two rays that meet at a common point.
_____2. An angle whose measure is 56° is an obtuse angle.
_____3. Clockwise direction of an angle generates a negative angle.
_____4. An angle whose terminal side is at the origin is said to be in the standard position.
_____ 5. Counterclockwise direction generates a positive measure of angles.
_____6. Two angles with the same vertex but different initial sides are said to be coterminal

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
angles.
_____7. A quarter revolution is an example of a straight angle.
_____8. Coterminal angles are angles with the same initial but different terminal sides.
_____9. An angle measuring – 270° is a quadrantal angle.
_____10. An angle measuring -45° is an angle coterminal to an angle measuring 325°.

III. Give the smallest possible measure of the angles coterminal to the following reference angles.
Reference Angle CLOCKWISE COUNTERCLOCKWISE
1. 143 º
2. - 37 º
3. -318 º
4. -130 º 69 ’ 73 ”
5. 40 º 40’ 40”

IV. Convert the following as indicated:

1. 9/8 rev = ________º 6. 5Л / 6 = _______ º
2 50 º = _________rev 7. 5/6 rev = _______’
3. 360000” = _____ º 8. 450 º = _______rad
4. 5’ = _________” 9. 7/4 rev = _______’
5. 3 º 20’ = _______” 10. 21600’ = __________ º
V. Convert the following from degrees to radians or vice versa:
1. 150° =_____________ 6. – 5/9 Л = ______________
2. - 810° = _____________ 7. - 945° = _______________
3. Л/5 = _______________ 8. 25/2 Л = _______________
4. – ¾ Л = ______________ 9. 550° = ________________
5. 210° = _______________ 10. 2/9 Л = _______________

References:

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/trigonometry.html
https://www.mathwarehouse.com/coterminal-angle/how-to-calculate-coterminal-
angles.php
https://mathmonks.com/angle/coterminal-angles
https://www.cuemath.com/learn/different-systems-used-to-measure-angles/
https://byjus.com/jee/measurement-of-angles-examples/

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

You are done with the first Module! I hope you have changed your notion that Mathematics
is boring and very difficult to understand. Just learn to love and appreciate the subject and
you will enjoy playing with numbers. Fasten your seatbelt and get ready for the next module!

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Welcome to MODULE 2:

CIRCULAR AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

WHAT IS THE MODULE ALL ABOUT?

This module is designed for you who are enrolled in the course “Trigonometry”. This
is the second of a series of modules that will help and assist you become an expert pre-
service educator.

YOU WILL STUDY THE FOLLOWING TOPICS IN THIS MODULE:

1. Equations of Circles
2. The Unit Circle
3. Circular Functions and Inverse Circular/Trigonometric Functions

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Derive the equation of a circle.

2. Illustrate the unit circle.
3. Determine the different circular and trigonometric functions.

Prepare yourself with the topics in module 2, remember our study guide and
follow our study schedule.

Lesson 1: Equations of Circles

The equation of a circle comes in two forms:

1) The standard form: (x - h)² + (y-k)² = r²

2) The general form : x² + y² + Dx + Ey + F = 0, where D, E, F are constants.

If the equation of a circle is in the standard form, we can easily identify the center of the
circle, (h, k), and the radius, r. Note: The radius, r, is always positive.

Example 1: (x-2)² + (y-3)² = 4. (a) Find the center and radius of the circle.

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Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Note: A common mistake is to take h= -2 and K= -3. In an equation, if the sign preceding
h and k , ( h, k) are negative, then h and k are positive. That is, h= 2 and k= 3.

(a) Center: (h= 2, k= 3) = ( 2, 3 ) and radius r=2 since r = 4 => r = Ö4 = 2

Example 2: (x+1)² + (y-2)² = 9. (a) Find the center and radius of the circle.
Note: To correctly identify the center of the circle we have to place the equation in the
standard form:
The standard form is: (x - h) ² + (y-k)² = r²
(x - (-1))² + (y-2)² = (3)². Now, you can identify the center correctly.

(a) Center: (h= -1, k= 2) = ( -1, 2 ) and radius r=3 since r²= 9 r=√9 = 3
Center: (- 1, 2) ; radius = 3

Example 3: 2x² + 2y² = 8. (a) Find the center and radius of the circle.
Note: To correctly identify the center of the circle we have to place the equation in the
standard form.

First divide the equation by 2. The new equation is : x + y = 4 .

The standard form: (x - h) + (y - k) = r

(x - 0) + (y - 0) = (2). Now, you can identify the center correctly.

(a) Center: (h= 0, k= 0) = ( 0, 0 ) and radius r = 2 since r² = 4 =>

r = √4 = 2 Center: (0,0) radius = 2
If the equation is in the general form, we have to complete the square and bring the
equation in the standard form. Then, we can identify the center and radius correctly. We
learned how to complete the square when working with quadratic equations (E III). We will
review it through an example.

Example 4: x² + y² - 6x + 4y + 9 = 0. (a) Find the center and radius of the circle.

Completing the square:

Write the equation in this form:
(x² - 6x + ?1 ) + (y²+ 4y + ?2 ) = -9 + ?1 + ?2 .
In the first parenthesis, we group the x-terms and in the second the y-terms. The constant is
moved on the right-hand side. The question mark,?, is the number needed in each parenthesis
to complete the square. Note that we have to add this number to both sides of the equation.
That is why you see ?1 and ?2, added to both sides.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
How to find the number to replace the question mark, ? 1. Take the coefficient of x and divide
it by 2, (-6/2), and then square it, (-3)² = 9. ?1 is going to be replaced by the number 9.
How to find the number to replace the question mark, ? 2. Take the coefficient of y and divide
it by 2, (4/2), and then square it, (2)²= 4. ?2 is going to be replaced by the number 4.

Putting steps 1-3 together we have the following:

(x² - 6x + ?1 ) + (y² + 4y + ?2 ) = -9 + ?1 + ?2
(x² - 6x + 9 ) + (y ²+ 4y + 4 ) = -9 + 9 + 4
( x - 3 )² + ( y + 2 )² = 4
( x - 3 )² + ( y - (-2) )² = 4
This equation is in the standard form.

(a) Center: (h= 3, k= -2) = ( 3, -2 ) and radius r=2 since r² = 4 => r

= √4 = 2

Example 5: x² + y² - 6x + 2y + 4 = 0. (a) Find the center and radius of the circle. (b)
Graph the circle.

Completing the square:

Write the equation in this form:

(x² - 6x + ?1 ) + (y² + 2y + ?2 ) = -4 + ?1 + ?2 . In the first parenthesis, we group the x-
terms and in the second the y-terms.
The constant is moved on the right-hand side. The question mark, ?, is the number
needed in each parenthesis to complete the square. Note that we have to add this number
to both sides of the equation. That is why you see ? 1 and ?2, added to both sides.
How to find the number to replace the question mark, ?1. Take the coefficient of x and
divide it by 2, (-6/2), and then square it, (-3)² = 9. ?1 is going to be replaced by the
number 9.
How to find the number to replace the question mark, ?2. Take the coefficient of y and
divide it by 2, (2/2), and then square it, (1)² = 1. ?2 is going to be replaced by the number
1.

Putting steps 1-3 together we have the following:

(x² - 6x + ?1 ) + (y² + 2y + ?2 ) = -4 + ?1 + ?2
(x² - 6x + 9 ) + (y² + 2y + 1 ) = -4 + 9 + 1
( x - 3 )² + ( y + 1 )² = 4
( x - 3 )² + ( y - (-1) )² = 4
This equation is in the standard form.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
(a) Center: (h= 3, k= -1) = ( 3, -1 ) and radius r=2 since r² = 4 => r
= √4 = 2

Activity 6:

For each problem, Rewrite the equation of circle in the standard form then determine
the center and radius of the circle.

1. (x-2)² + (y+1)² = 4.
2. (x-3)² + (y-2)² = 9
3. x² + y² - 6x - 10y + 30 = 0.
4. x² + y² - 6x + 4y + 9 = 0.
5. X² + y² - 10x = 0.
6. X² + y² = 8.
7. X² + y² = 1.
8. 4x² + 4 y² = 9.

Assignment 6:

“A Circle is a reflection of eternity”. Research about the origin of a circle and its
application in real life.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Lesson 2: The unit circle

The UNIT CIRCLE

A circle in a coordinate axis with the center as its origin, having a
common radius of 1.

Note: 0/1 = 0 tan = sin/ cos

1
/0 = und cot = cos / sin
x = cos
y = sin
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Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Summary table of the equivalent value of the measures of quadrantal angles in
corresponds with the functions using the unit circle:

Degrees sin cos tan cot csc sec

0° 0 1 0 und und 1
90° (π/2) 1 0 und 0 1 und
180° (π) 0 -1 0 und und -1
270° -1 0 und 0 -1 und
(3π/2)
360° (2π) 0 1 0 und und 1

Special angles of a right triangle

1. 30° - 60° - 90° right triangle

Equilateral triangle with sides equal

60° to 2

2 2

60° 60°
2

30° - 60° - 90° right triangle

30°
Solve for the unknown side by Pythagorean Theorem
2 ? a = √ c2 – b2
2 2
a = √2 – 1
60° a=√4–1
1 a = √3

sin 30° = ½ sin 60° = √3/2

cos 30° = √3/2 cos 60° = ½
tan 30° = 1/ √3 or √3/ 3 tan 60° = √3
csc 30° = 2 csc 60° = 2/ √3 or 2√3/2
sec 30° = 2/ √3 or 2√3/2 sec 60° = 2
cot 30° = √3 cot 60° = 1/√3 or √3/3
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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

2. 45° - 45° - 90° right triangle

1
Square with sides equal to one (1)
90° 90°

1 1

90° 90°
1
Solve for the unknown side by
Pythagorean Theorem
45°
c = √ a2 + b2
a = √12 + 12
1 ? a=√1+1
a = √2
90° 45°
1
sin 45 ° = 1/√2 or √2 / 2
cos 45 ° = 1/√2 or √2 / 2
tan 45° = 1
csc 45° = √2
sec 45° = √2
cot 45° = 1

The Whole Circle

For the whole circle we need values in every quadrant, with the correct plus or minus sign
as per Cartesian Coordinates:

Note that cos is first and sin is second, so it goes (cos, sin):

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Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Example1: What is cos (330°)?

Solution:

Since the coordinates to where 330° falls is at point (√3/ 2 , - ½), and the value
of x coordinate is cosine therefore cos 330° is √3/ 2

Example2: What is sin(7π/6)?

Solution:
By looking at the graph the coordinate to where (7π/6) falls is at point (-√3/ 2 , - ½), and
note that the value of sin is the y coordinate, therefore sin (7π/6) is −½.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Activity 7:

Using the unit circle, give the equivalent value of the following:

1. Tan 180° 6. Cot 300°

2. Cos 210° 7. Csc 150°
3. Sin (5π/3) 8. Sec 270°
4. Cos (4π/3) 9. Csc (7π/6)
5. Tan (π/6) 10. Cot (3π/2)

Assignment 7:

Unit circles can be useful in other fields of sciences. Research the applications of unit
circle in real world.

Lesson 3: Circular Functions/Trigonometric Functions and Inverse

Circular/Trigonometric Functions
We defined cos(θ) and sin(θ) for angles θ using the coordinate values of points on the Unit
Circle. As such, these functions earn the moniker circular functions. We also showed cosine and
sine to be functions of an angle residing in a right triangle so we could just as easily call them
trigonometric functions. In later sections, you will find that we do indeed use the phrase `trigonometric
function' interchangeably with the term “circular function”. It turns out that cosine and sine are just two
of the six commonly used circular functions which we define below.

The Circular Functions

Suppose θ is an angle plotted in standard position and P(x,y) is the point on the
terminal side of θ which lies on the Unit Circle.

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
The cosine of θ, denoted cos(θ), is defined by cos(θ)=x.
The sine of θ, denoted sin(θ), is defined by sin(θ)=y.
The secant of θ, denoted sec(θ), is defined by sec(θ)=1x, provided x≠0.
The cosecant of θ, denoted csc(θ), is defined by csc(θ)=1y, provided y≠0.
The tangent of θ, denoted tan(θ), is defined by tan(θ)=yx , provided x≠0.
The cotangent of θ, denoted cot(θ), is defined by cot(θ)=xy, provided y≠0.

The six (6) Trigonometric Functions

1. Sine (sin) → the ratio of the measure of the length of the opposite side to
that of the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

sin Ɵ = opp/ hyp

2. Cosine (cos) →the ratio of the measure of the length of the adjacent side
to that of the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

cos Ɵ = adj/ hyp

3. Tangent (tan) → the ratio of the length of the opposite side to that of the
adjacent side of a right triangle.

tan Ɵ = opp/ adj

4. Cotangent (cot) → the reciprocal of tangent

cot Ɵ = adj/ opp

5. Secant (sec) → the reciprocal of cosine

Sec Ɵ = hyp/ adj

6. Cosine (csc) → the reciprocal of sine

csc Ɵ = hyp/ opp

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Basic Functions Reciprocal Functions

sin A = o/h → a/c csc A = h/o → c/a

cos A = a/h → b/c sec A = h/a → c/b
tan A = o/a → a/b cot A = a/o → b/a

Summary of the function with reference to angles A and B

Complementary angles (co – functions) → angles forming a balance whole whose

sum equal to 90° angle A + angle B = 90°
A

b c

C B
a

sin A = o/h → a/c cos B = a/h → a/c

cos A = a/h → b/c sin B = o/h → b/c
tan A = o/a → a/b tan B = o/a → b/a
csc A = h/o → c/a sec B = h/a → c/a
sec A = h/a → c/b csc B = h/o → c/b
cot A = a/o → b/a cot B = a/o → a/b

Expressing the given functions of the acute angle as a function of its complementary

Example; a. sin 83 ° = cos 7° b. tan 62° 40’ = cot 27° 20’

c. csc 12° = sec 78° d. cos 45°29’30” = sin 44°30’30”

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Activity 8:

Exercises:

1. sin 73 ° 11. sin 78° 20’ 23”

2. tan 42 ° 12. csc 19° 22’ 42”
3. sec 15° 20’ 13. tan 35°19’ 26”
4. cos 85° 15’ 14. sec 26° 45’
5. sin 39° 25’ 15. csc 0° 48’ 30”
6. cot 55° 16. tan 52° 31’
7. csc 4° 5’ 17. sin 45° 33”
8. cot 29 ° 18. sec 69° 2’ 3”
9. tan 45° 36’ 19. cot 71° 35”
10. cos 30° 20’ 20. tan 23° 53’ 1”

The signs of the six trigonometric functions in the four quadrants

II I

sin (+) all (+)

csc

tan (+) cos (+)

cot sec

III IV

The following acronym helps you to remember the signs of the functions in the three
quadrants

S → stands for the first letter of Sine and Second quadrant

T → stands for the first letter of Tangent and Third quadrant
C → stands for the first letter of Cosine and Cuatro (the Spanish for
four) for the fourth quadrant

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Summary table of the sign of the Trigonometric Functions:

Quadrants of terminal side
Pair of Functions
I II III IV
Sine & Cosecant + + - -

Tangent & + - + -
Cotangent
+ - - +
Cosine & Secant

Example1: which quadrant must the terminal side of the angle lie if sine is
positive and its tangent is negative?

Solution:
Sin (+) → QI
QII the angle lies in quadrant II
Tan (-) → Q II
Q III
Example1: which quadrant must the terminal side of the angle lie if cos is negative
and its cot is negative?
Solution:
cos (-) → QII
QIV the angle lies in quadrant II
cot (-) → Q II
Q III

Activity 9:
Exercises:
Tell which quadrant must the terminal side of the angle lie given the following:

1. tan (--) & sin (+) 6. csc (+) & cos (+)

2. cos (--) & cot (--) 7. tan (--) & sec (--)

3. sec (+) & tan (--) 8. cot (+) & sin (--)

4. csc (+) & tan (+) 9. cos (+) & sin (--)

5. sin (--) & tan (--) 10. cot (+) & sec (--)

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Assignment 8:
“After exponential quantities, the circular functions sine and cosine should be
considered because they arise when imaginary quantities and involved in exponential”.
Identify if who mentioned that statement and give his autobiography.

Inverse Circular Functions.

Trigonometric functions defined by y=sin x, y=cos x, y=tan x, etc. are known as the
sine, cosine, tangent, etc. functions respectively. The inverse trigonometric functions are
the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions.
Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant,
and cosecant functions. They are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's
trigonometric ratios. Inverse trigonometric functions are widely used
in engineering, navigation, physics, and geometry.
If sin θ = a then we know that a is a quantity given by a series of angles. Now the smallest
angle of this series of angles can be obtained by applying an inverse function. The inverse
of sin θ = a is sin-1 a = θ. This inverse function is called arc sine. The symbol sin -1 a is often
written as "arc sin a", similarly cos-1 a is written as "arc cos a", and so for the inverse ratios.
Similarly, the inverse of all the trigonometric functions is given right side. These are also
called as inverse circular functions.

The symbol sin-1 a is read as "sin minus 1 a" and must be carefully distinguished from
1/sin a which would be written in the form (sin a) -1.

"sin-1 a" is an angle and denotes the smallest numerical angle whose sine is a.

The range of the values of the angles is given right side.

1. sin-1 a + sin-1 b = sin-1[a√(1−b2) + b√(1−a2)]

2. sin-1 a − sin-1 b = sin-1[a√(1−b2) − b√(1−a2)]
3. cos-1 a + cos-1 b = cos-1[ab − √(1−a2)√(1−b2)]
4. cos-1 a − cos-1 b = cos-1[ab + √(1−a2)√(1−b2)]
5. tan-1 a + tan-1 b = tan-1 [(a+b)/(1−ab)] if ab<1
tan-1 a + tan-1 b = π + tan-1 [(a+b)/(1−ab)] if ab>1,x>0,y>0
tan-1 a + tan-1 b = −π + tan-1 [(a+b)/(1−ab)] if ab>1,x<0,y<0
tan-1 a + tan-1 b = π/2 if ab=1,x>0,y>0
tan-1 a + tan-1 b = −π/2 if ab=1,x<0,y<0

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
6. tan-1 a − tan-1 b = tan-1 [(a − b)/(1+ab)] if ab< − 1
tan-1 a − tan-1 b = −π + tan-1 [(a − b)/(1+ab)] if ab<− 1,x<0,y>0
tan-1 a − tan-1 b = π + tan-1 [(a − b)/(1+ab)] if ab<−1, x>0,y<0
tan-1 a − tan-1 b = −π/2 if ab=−1,x<0,y>0
tan-1 a − tan-1 b = π/2 if ab=−1,x>0,y<0

Trigonometric function Inverse Trigonometric Function

sin θ = a sin-1 a = θ
or arc sine a = θ
cos θ = a cos-1 a = θ
or arc cos a = θ
tan θ = a tan-1 a = θ
or arc tan a = θ
cot θ = a cot-1 a = θ
or arc cot a = θ
cosec θ = a cosec-1 a = θ
or arc cosec a = θ
sec θ = a sec-1 a = θ
or arc sec a = θ

Function Domain Range

sin-1 a = θ a = [−1,1] θ = [-π/2,π/2]
cos-1 a = θ a = [−1,1] θ = [0,π]
tan-1 a = θ a = R or [−∞,∞] θ = (−π/2,π/2)
cosec-1 a = θ a ≤ −1 or a ≥ 1 θ = [−π/2,π/2] − {0}
sec-1 a = θ a ≤ −1 or a ≥ 1 θ = [0,π] − {π/2}
cot-1 a = θ R or (−∞,∞) θ = (0,π)

Example:
The inverse sine function is defined by y = sin -1x.
Now, for y = sin-1x.
Domain = {x: - 1 ≤ x ≤ 1}
And range = {y : −π2−π2 ≤ y ≤ π2π2}
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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
For y = cos-1x
Domain = {x: -1 ≤ x ≤ 1}
And Range = {y: 0 ≤ y ≤ π}
And for y = tan-1x.
Domain = {x:-∞ < x < ∞} and range = {y: π2π2 ≤ y ≤ π2π2}
Thus, for the above domain and range the functions sin -1x, cos-1x and tan-1x becomes the
functions of x.

Examples:
Sin-1 1 = π2π2
Sin-1 = (−12)(−12) = –sin-1(12)(12) = −π6−π6
Arc cot(-1) = cos-1(-1) s= 3π43π4
Arc tan(−13√)(−13) = tan-1(−13√)(−13) = -tan-1(13√)(13) = −π6−π6.

Evaluating Inverse Trig Functions – Special Angles

When you are asked to evaluate inverse functions, you may be see the notation
like sin−1 or arcsin.
Here is the Unit Circle again:

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
To do these problems, use the Unit Circle remember again the “sun” diagrams to make
sure you’re getting the angle back from the correct quadrant:

When using the Unit Circle, when the answer is in Quadrant IV, it must be negative
(go backwards from the (1,0) point). For example, for the sin−1(−1/2) or arcsin (−1/2), we see
that the angle is 330°, or 11π/6.
To get the inverses for the reciprocal functions, you do the same thing, but we’ll
take the reciprocal of what’s in the parentheses and then use the “normal” trig functions. For
example, to get sec−1(−√2), we have to look for cos−1(−1 / √2), which is cos−1(−√2 / 2), which
is 3π / 4, or 135°.
Note: be careful with the signs of the measures of angles and the direction in the unit circle.
For all inverse trig functions of a positive argument (given the correct domain), we should get an
angle in Quadrant I (0≤ θ ≤ π/2). For the arcsin, arccsc, and arctan functions, if we have a negative
argument, we’ll end up in Quadrant IV (specifically −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2), and for the arccos, arcsec,
and arccot functions, if we have a negative argument, we’ll end up in Quadrant II (π/2 ≤θ ≤ π). (For
arguments outside the domains of the trig functions for arcsin, arccsc, arccos, and arcsec, we’ll get no
solution.)

Inverse
Answer Inverse Function Answer
Function

cos−1(1/2) arcsin(√2 / 2)

What angle gives

What angle gives us 1/2 back
us √2/2 back for sin,
for cos,
between −π/ 2 and π/2 (–
between 0 and π (0° and 180°)?
90° and 90°)?

π/3 or 60°
π/4 or 45°

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39
Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Inverse
Answer Inverse Function Answer
Function

arctan(−1)
arccos(−√3/2)
What angle gives us –1 back
for tan,
What angle gives us −√3/
between −π/2 and π/2
2 back for cos,
(–90° and 90°)?
between 0 and π (0° and 180°)?

−π/4 or –45°
5π/6 or 150°
The angle should be in the
standard position

What angle gives us 2 back

for sin,
between −π/2 and π/2 (– sec−1 ( - 3 /√2) What angle gives us – 3/
90° and 90°)? √2 back for cos (reciprocal),
sin−1(2) between 0 and π (0° and 180°)?
Since the range
of sin−1 (domain of sin) π/6 or 30°
is [−1,1], this is undefined,
or no solution, or ∅.

arccot(−√3 / 3)

arcsec(1) What angle gives us −√3/ 3

=(−3/√3*√3/ √3 )=−√3
What angle gives back for tan (reciprocal),
us 1/1=1 back between 0 and π (0° and 180°)?
for cos (reciprocal), 2π/3 or 120°
between 0° and π (0 and 180°)? Note that if we
put tan−1(−√3) in the
0 or 0° calculator, we would have to
add π (or 180°) so it will be
in Quadrant II.

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40
Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Inverse
Answer Inverse Function Answer
Function

What angle gives

us 1−1=−1 back
Arccsc (−√2) What angle gives
for tan (reciprocal),
us −1/√2=−√2 / 2 back
between 0 and π (0° and 180°)?
for sin,
3π4 or 135°
between −π/2 and π/2 (–
Note that if we
90° and 90°)?
put cot−1(−1) in the calculator,
we would have to
−π/4 or –45°
add π (or 180°) so it will be
in Quadrant II.

To further understand evaluating inverse trigonometric function, you may watch this
video: Disclaimer: not my own video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oDUbIYDpno

Pressing Calculator
Direct functions

sin 62° 12’ 24” sin °‘“

62 12 °‘“ 24 °‘“ =
°°“”
.884635235 “

sin 3/7 3/7 shift sin shift °‘“ 25° 22’ 37”
Reciprocal functions

sec 25° 20’ 20” cos 25 °‘“ 20 °‘“ 20 °‘“ = x–1 =

1.106448933

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Activity 10:
Evaluate the given functions:
1. sin-1 √2 / 2 6. arcsin (-1)
2. tan-1 - √3 /3 7. arccsc (- 1/2)
3. arccos (1) 8. cot-1 (√3)
4. arctan (-√3) 9. sec-1 (-1)
5. cos-1 (-1/2) 10. arccos (√2/ 2)

Assignment 9:
Inverse circular functions can be presented in graphs. Research how to graph
Inverse circular functions. Give examples.

In this lesson you were able to derive the equations of circles and have illustrated
the unit circle. You were able also to determine the different circular and trigonometric
functions.

Assessment/Self Check 2:

I. Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on the space provided in each
number. ( Strictly no erasures and use capital letters)
1. It is a series of points that are at given distance from a fixed point called center
A. angle C. triangle
B. circle D. plane
2. What is cotangent π/2?
A. 0 B. 1 C. √3 D. √2
3. It is the ratio of the measures of the opposite side to that of the adjacent side of a
right triangle.
A. sine B. cosine C. tangent D. cosecant
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42
Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
4. What is the co-function of tan 35°?
A. cos 55° B. sin 55° C. cot 55° D. sec 55°
5. Which quadrant must the terminal side of the angle lie if sine is negative and
tangent is negative?
A. I B. II C. III D. IV
6. What is secant 45°?
A. 0 B. 1 C. √3 D. √2
7. It is the reciprocal function of Sine.
A. cosine B. tangent C. cosecant D. secant
8. Which quadrant must the terminal side of the angle lie if secant is negative and
sine is positive
A. I B. II C. III D. IV
9. Evaluate arcsin – ½
A. 30° B. 45° C. 60° D. 90°
10. Evaluate arctan √3
A. 30° B. 45° C. 60° D. 90°
11. It is the ratio of the measure of the hypotenuse to that of the adjacent side of a
right triangle
A. sine B. cosine C. cosecant D. secant
12. What is the co-function of tangent 50°?
A. sin 40° B. cos 40° C. sec 40° D. cot 40°
13 Which of the following is the equivalent of sin 30°
A. 1 B. ½ C. 0 D. - 1
14. Which is the equivalent of arctan 1
A. π/2 B. π/3 C. π/4 D. π/6
_____15. What is the reciprocal of cosine?
A. sine B. cosecant C. tangent D. secant

II. TRUE or FALSE: Write yes if the statement is true otherwise write no.
1. Equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all of its angles are acute.
2. Hypotenuse is a leg of a right triangle.
3. Secant is the reciprocal of sine.
4. Obtuse triangle is a triangle in which all of its angles are obtuse.
5. Secant is the ratio of the measure of the length of the hypotenuse to that of
opposite side of a right triangle.
6. The co-function of Sin A is Csc B.
7. When zero is divided by any number the quotient is the number.
8. The equivalent of arcsin √3 is 0
9. Cotangent is positive in the third quadrant.
10. Arctan -1 is equivalent to - π/4.

III. Express the given function of the acute angle as a function of its complementary angle.
(Co-function)
1. cot 8 º 6. tan 55 º 5 ’ 16 ”
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43
Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
2. cos 85 º 24 ’ 40 ” 7. cot 44 º 14 ’ 15 ”
3. sec 50 º 59 ’ 38 ” 8. sec 55 º 59 ’ 36 ”
4. sin 57 º 57 ’ 38 ” 9. cos 29 º 2 ”
5. csc 34 º 4 ’ 5 ” 10. sin 67 º 37 ’ 38 ”
IV. Tell which quadrant must the terminal side of the angle lie given the following:
1. tan (--) & sin (+) 6. csc (+) & cos (+)
2. cos (--) & cot (--) 7. tan (--) & sec (--)
3. sec (+) & tan (--) 8. cot (+) & sin (--)
4. csc (+) & tan (+) 9. cos (+) & sin (--)
5. sin (--) & tan (--) 10. cot (+) & sec (--)

References:

https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/circle.html

https://byjus.com/maths/equation-of-a-circle/

https://byjus.com/equation-of-a-circle-formula/

https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/unit-circle.html

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Precalculus/Book%3A_Precalculus_(StitzZeager)/
10%3A_Foundations_of_Trigonometry/10.03%3A_The_Six_Circular_Functions_and_Fund
amental_Identities

http://www.khullakitab.com/inverse-circular-functions-/notes/mathematics/grade-
11/14/notes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8oDUbIYDpno

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Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

You are done with the second Module! I hope you are enjoying learning about Trigonometry.
Just learn to love and appreciate the subject and you will enjoy playing with numbers.
Fasten your seatbelt and get ready for the next module!

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45
Course Code: Math 155
Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE
Descriptive Title: TRIGONOMETRY Instructor: EUGENE D. GABRIEL, MSE