A Review on Systems of Linear Equations

Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

Linear Equations and Matrices

Jonwille Mark Castro

The Adelphi College, Inc.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Table of Contents

1 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations

2 Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Definitions
Properties of Matrix Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Table of Contents

1 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations

2 Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Definitions
Properties of Matrix Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Definition
A linear equation in n variables is an equation of the form

a1 x1 + a2 x2 + ... + an xn = b,

where xi ’s are variables, ai ’s and b are constants and not all ai ’s

are zero.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 1
1 ax + b = 0

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 1
1 ax + b = 0
2 ax + by + c = 0

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 1
1 ax + b = 0
2 ax + by + c = 0
3 ax + by + cz + d = 0

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 1
1 ax + b = 0
2 ax + by + c = 0
3 ax + by + cz + d = 0

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

A system of linear equations or a linear system in n variables

is a finite set of linear equations.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

A system of linear equations or a linear system in n variables

is a finite
 set of linear equations.
 2x + 3y = 1
Ex. -x - 2y + z = 0
2y - z = 1


Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

A system of linear equations or a linear system in n variables

is a finite
 set of linear equations.
 2x + 3y = 1
Ex. -x - 2y + z = 0
2y - z = 1


A solution to a linear system in n variables is an n-tuple

(s1 , s2 , ..., sn ) which satisfies every equation in the system.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

A system of linear equations or a linear system in n variables

is a finite
 set of linear equations.
 2x + 3y = 1
Ex. -x - 2y + z = 0
2y - z = 1


A solution to a linear system in n variables is an n-tuple

(s1 , s2 , ..., sn ) which satisfies every equation in the system.
A solution set consists of all such n-tuples.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

A system of linear equations or a linear system in n variables

is a finite
 set of linear equations.
 2x + 3y = 1
Ex. -x - 2y + z = 0
2y - z = 1


A solution to a linear system in n variables is an n-tuple

(s1 , s2 , ..., sn ) which satisfies every equation in the system.
A solution set consists of all such n-tuples.
The variables in a linear system are referred to as the
unknowns.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

A system of linear equations or a linear system in n variables

is a finite
 set of linear equations.
 2x + 3y = 1
Ex. -x - 2y + z = 0
2y - z = 1


A solution to a linear system in n variables is an n-tuple

(s1 , s2 , ..., sn ) which satisfies every equation in the system.
A solution set consists of all such n-tuples.
The variables in a linear system are referred to as the
unknowns.
A linear system which has no solution is called inconsistent,
and the one with at least one solution is called a consistent
system.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

A system of linear equations or a linear system in n variables

is a finite
 set of linear equations.
 2x + 3y = 1
Ex. -x - 2y + z = 0
2y - z = 1


A solution to a linear system in n variables is an n-tuple

(s1 , s2 , ..., sn ) which satisfies every equation in the system.
A solution set consists of all such n-tuples.
The variables in a linear system are referred to as the
unknowns.
A linear system which has no solution is called inconsistent,
and the one with at least one solution is called a consistent
system.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

In solving a system of linear equations, it is convenient to begin by

writing each equation in standard form so that like variables are
aligned in vertical columns. We then proceed to describe a
technique for solving linear systems.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

To find solutions to a linear system, we often use the method of

elimination. That is, we eliminate some of the unknowns by
adding a multiple of one equation to another equation. Our goal
here is transform the system into a more simple one so that its
solution set can be easily determined. Each step in the
transformation process is accomplished by repeatedly applying one
of the following elementary operations:

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

To find solutions to a linear system, we often use the method of

elimination. That is, we eliminate some of the unknowns by
adding a multiple of one equation to another equation. Our goal
here is transform the system into a more simple one so that its
solution set can be easily determined. Each step in the
transformation process is accomplished by repeatedly applying one
of the following elementary operations:
1 Interchange the positions of two equations in the system

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

To find solutions to a linear system, we often use the method of

elimination. That is, we eliminate some of the unknowns by
adding a multiple of one equation to another equation. Our goal
here is transform the system into a more simple one so that its
solution set can be easily determined. Each step in the
transformation process is accomplished by repeatedly applying one
of the following elementary operations:
1 Interchange the positions of two equations in the system
2 Multiply an equation by a nonzero scalar

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

To find solutions to a linear system, we often use the method of

elimination. That is, we eliminate some of the unknowns by
adding a multiple of one equation to another equation. Our goal
here is transform the system into a more simple one so that its
solution set can be easily determined. Each step in the
transformation process is accomplished by repeatedly applying one
of the following elementary operations:
1 Interchange the positions of two equations in the system
2 Multiply an equation by a nonzero scalar
3 Replace an equation with the sum of itself and a multiple of
another equation in the system

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

To find solutions to a linear system, we often use the method of

elimination. That is, we eliminate some of the unknowns by
adding a multiple of one equation to another equation. Our goal
here is transform the system into a more simple one so that its
solution set can be easily determined. Each step in the
transformation process is accomplished by repeatedly applying one
of the following elementary operations:
1 Interchange the positions of two equations in the system
2 Multiply an equation by a nonzero scalar
3 Replace an equation with the sum of itself and a multiple of
another equation in the system

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 2
Solve the given systems of equations using the method of
elimination.

1
x + 2y = 8
3x − 4y = 4

 3x + 2y + z = 2
2 4x + 2y + 2z = 8
x −y +z =4


Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Theorem
If any one of the three elementary operations is performed on a
given system of linear equations, an equivalent linear system is
obtained.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 3
Suppose that the three points (−2, 8), (2, 6), and (−7, 3) lie on the
circle x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
1 Determine a linear system of three equations in three
unknowns that must be solved to find D, E , and F .
2 Solve the linear system obtained in (1) for D, E , and F .

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 4
A manufacturer makes three different types of chemical products:
A, B, and C . Each product must go through two processing
machines: X and Y . The products require the following times in
machines X and Y :
1 One ton of A requires 2 hours in machine X and 2 hours in
machine Y .
2 One ton of B requires 3 hours in X and 2 hours in Y .
3 One ton of C requires 4 hours in X and 3 hours in Y .
Machine X is available 80 hours per week and machine Y is
available 60 hours per week. Since management does not want to
keep the expensive machines X and Y idle, it would like to know
how many tons of each product to make so that the machines are
fully utilized. It is assumed that the manufacturer can sell as much
of the product as it is made.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Remark
The general solution of the previous example can be written in
terms of a parameter, say r , s, or t. This parameter is any real
number assigned to a variable so that every other variable is
expressed in terms of this variable.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 5 (Inconsistent system)


 x − 3y + z = 1
2x − y − 2z = 2
x + 2y − 3z = −1


Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 5 (Inconsistent system)


 x − 3y + z = 1
2x − y − 2z = 2
x + 2y − 3z = −1

E 2 + (−2)E 1 → E 2
E 3 + (−1)E 1 → E 3

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 5 (Inconsistent system)


 x − 3y + z = 1
2x − y − 2z = 2
x + 2y − 3z = −1

E 2 + (−2)E 1 → E 2
E 3 + (−1)E 1 → E 3

 x − 3y + z = 1
5y − 4z = 0
5y − 4z = −2


Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 5 (Inconsistent system)


 x − 3y + z = 1
2x − y − 2z = 2
x + 2y − 3z = −1

E 2 + (−2)E 1 → E 2
E 3 + (−1)E 1 → E 3

 x − 3y + z = 1
5y − 4z = 0
5y − 4z = −2

E 3 + (−1)E 2 → E 3

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 5 (Inconsistent system)


 x − 3y + z = 1
2x − y − 2z = 2
x + 2y − 3z = −1

E 2 + (−2)E 1 → E 2
E 3 + (−1)E 1 → E 3

 x − 3y + z = 1
5y − 4z = 0
5y − 4z = −2

E
 3 + (−1)E 2 → E 3
 x − 3y + z = 1
5y − 4z = 0
0 = −2


Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Example 5 (Inconsistent system)


 x − 3y + z = 1
2x − y − 2z = 2
x + 2y − 3z = −1

E 2 + (−2)E 1 → E 2
E 3 + (−1)E 1 → E 3

 x − 3y + z = 1
5y − 4z = 0
5y − 4z = −2

E
 3 + (−1)E 2 → E 3
 x − 3y + z = 1
5y − 4z = 0 No solution!
0 = −2


Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Table of Contents

1 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations

2 Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Definitions
Properties of Matrix Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Table of Contents

1 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations

2 Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Definitions
Properties of Matrix Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of mn real (or

complex) numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns.
 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a21 a22 . . . a2n 
 
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
am1 am2 . . . amn

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of mn real (or

complex) numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns.
 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a21 a22 . . . a2n 
 
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
am1 am2 . . . amn

 
The ith row of A is ai1 ai2 ... ain , (1 ≤ i ≤ m)

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of mn real (or

complex) numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns.
 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a21 a22 . . . a2n 
 
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
am1 am2 . . . amn

 
The ith row of A is ai1 ai2 ... ain , (1 ≤ i ≤ m)
 
a1j
 a2j 
The jth column of A is  . , (1 ≤ j ≤ n)
 
 .. 
amj

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of mn real (or

complex) numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns.
 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a21 a22 . . . a2n 
 
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
am1 am2 . . . amn

 
The ith row of A is ai1 ai2 ... ain , (1 ≤ i ≤ m)
 
a1j
 a2j 
The jth column of A is  . , (1 ≤ j ≤ n)
 
 .. 
amj
The number m corresponds to the number of rows.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of mn real (or

complex) numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns.
 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a21 a22 . . . a2n 
 
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
am1 am2 . . . amn

 
The ith row of A is ai1 ai2 ... ain , (1 ≤ i ≤ m)
 
a1j
 a2j 
The jth column of A is  . , (1 ≤ j ≤ n)
 
 .. 
amj
The number m corresponds to the number of rows.
The number n corresponds to the number of columns.
Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)
 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

The numbers that appear in each row or column are called the
entries of A and the one on the ith row and jth column is
written aij .
We call m × n the size of the matrix.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

The numbers that appear in each row or column are called the
entries of A and the one on the ith row and jth column is
written aij .
We call m × n the size of the matrix.
Matrix Notation: We denote a matrix by A, Am×n or
A = [aij ].

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

The numbers that appear in each row or column are called the
entries of A and the one on the ith row and jth column is
written aij .
We call m × n the size of the matrix.
Matrix Notation: We denote a matrix by A, Am×n or
A = [aij ].
For purposes of discussion, we shall denote an m × n matrix A
in terms of the entries aij , i. e.
A = [aij ], 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

The numbers that appear in each row or column are called the
entries of A and the one on the ith row and jth column is
written aij .
We call m × n the size of the matrix.
Matrix Notation: We denote a matrix by A, Am×n or
A = [aij ].
For purposes of discussion, we shall denote an m × n matrix A
in terms of the entries aij , i. e.
A = [aij ], 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
Two matrices A and B, A = [aij ], B = [bij ], are equal if and
only if A and B have the same dimensions and aij = bij ∀i∀j.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

The numbers that appear in each row or column are called the
entries of A and the one on the ith row and jth column is
written aij .
We call m × n the size of the matrix.
Matrix Notation: We denote a matrix by A, Am×n or
A = [aij ].
For purposes of discussion, we shall denote an m × n matrix A
in terms of the entries aij , i. e.
A = [aij ], 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
Two matrices A and B, A = [aij ], B = [bij ], are equal if and
only if A and B have the same dimensions and aij = bij ∀i∀j.
Matrix Addition: If A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are m × n
matrices, then the sum of A and B is the matrix C = [cij ]
defined by cij = aij + bij .

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Scalar Multiplication: Let A = [aij ] be an m × n matrix. The

scalar multiple of A by r is the m × n matrix rA = [raij ].

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Scalar Multiplication: Let A = [aij ] be an m × n matrix. The

scalar multiple of A by r is the m × n matrix rA = [raij ].
Transpose: If A = [aij ] is an m × n matrix, then the n × m
matrix AT = [aijT ], where aijT = aji is called the transpose of
A.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Scalar Multiplication: Let A = [aij ] be an m × n matrix. The

scalar multiple of A by r is the m × n matrix rA = [raij ].
Transpose: If A = [aij ] is an m × n matrix, then the n × m
matrix AT = [aijT ], where aijT = aji is called the transpose of
A.
A 1 × n matrix a is called a row vector and an n × 1 matrix b
is called a column vector.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Scalar Multiplication: Let A = [aij ] be an m × n matrix. The

scalar multiple of A by r is the m × n matrix rA = [raij ].
Transpose: If A = [aij ] is an m × n matrix, then the n × m
matrix AT = [aijT ], where aijT = aji is called the transpose of
A.
A 1 × n matrix a is called a row vector and an n × 1 matrix b
is called a column vector.
The dot product or inner product
 of the two n-vectors a =
b1
   b2 
a1 a2 . . . an and b =  .  is given by
 
 .. 
Pn bn
a•b = i=1 ai bi .

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Matrix Multiplication: If A = [aij ] is an m × p matrix and

B = [bij ] is a p × n matrix, then the product A · B is the
matrixPC = [cij ] defined by
cij = ps=1 ais bsj , 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Matrix Multiplication: If A = [aij ] is an m × p matrix and

B = [bij ] is a p × n matrix, then the product A · B is the
matrixPC = [cij ] defined by
cij = ps=1 ais bsj , 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
Note that the cij , the i, jth element in the product matrix C ,
is the dot/inner product of the ith row of A and the jth
column of B.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 1
 
−4 5  
T −4 0 −5
1 If A =  0 4  then A = .
5 4 0
−5 0

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 1
 
−4 5  
T −4 0 −5
1 If A =  0 4  then A = .
5 4 0
−5 0
 
−4 5  
1 2 3
2 If A =  0 4  and B = then
−3 −2 −1
−5 0
 
−19 −18 −17
AB =  −12 −8 −4 .
−5 −10 −15

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 1
 
  1 5
−1 2 3 −2  2 0 
3. If A =  2 5 6 3  and B =   then
 3 −2 
1 0 2 4
4 0
 
4 −4
AB =  42 −16 .
23 −6

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A = [aij ] is called a square matrix if m = n.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A = [aij ] is called a square matrix if m = n.

A square matrix A = [aij ] is called a diagonal matrix if aij = 0
for every i 6= j.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A = [aij ] is called a square matrix if m = n.

A square matrix A = [aij ] is called a diagonal matrix if aij = 0
for every i 6= j.
A square matrix A = [aij ] is upper (or lower) triangular if
aij = 0 for i > j (aij = 0 for i < j).

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A = [aij ] is called a square matrix if m = n.

A square matrix A = [aij ] is called a diagonal matrix if aij = 0
for every i 6= j.
A square matrix A = [aij ] is upper (or lower) triangular if
aij = 0 for i > j (aij = 0 for i < j).
A diagonal matrix A = [aij ] is called a scalar matrix if aij = c
for every i = j.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

An m × n matrix A = [aij ] is called a square matrix if m = n.

A square matrix A = [aij ] is called a diagonal matrix if aij = 0
for every i 6= j.
A square matrix A = [aij ] is upper (or lower) triangular if
aij = 0 for i > j (aij = 0 for i < j).
A diagonal matrix A = [aij ] is called a scalar matrix if aij = c
for every i = j.
A square matrix A = [aij ] is called a symmetric matrix if
AT = A.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 2
1 An
 example of 
a square matrix
3 4 5
 1 2 3 
−1 6 2

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 2
1 An
 example of 
a square matrix
3 4 5
 1 2 3 
−1 6 2
2 An
 example of 
a upper triangular matrix
4 5 0
 0 1 −1 
0 0 0

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 2
1 An
 example of 
a square matrix
3 4 5
 1 2 3 
−1 6 2
2 An
 example of 
a upper triangular matrix
4 5 0
 0 1 −1 
0 0 0
3 An
 example of
 a diagonal matrix
1 0 0
 0 2 0 
0 0 3

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 2
1 An
 example of a symmetric matrix
1 2 −1
 2 2 0 
−1 0 3

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Example 2
1 An
 example of a symmetric matrix
1 2 −1
 2 2 0 
−1 0 3
2 An
 example of a scalar
 matrix
−2 0 0
 0 −2 0 
0 0 −2

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

Table of Contents

1 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations

2 Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems

Definitions
Properties of Matrix Operations

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

I. Properties of Matrix Addition

∀m × n matrices A, B, and C ,
1 A+B =B +A
2 (A + B) + C = A + (B + C )
3 ∃!m × n matrix O such that A + O = A
4 ∀A∃!(−A) such that A + (−A) = O

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

II. Properties of Matrix Multiplication

∀ matrices A, B, C of appropriate dimensions,
1 (AB)C = A(BC )
2 A(B + C ) = AB + AC and (B + C )A = BA + CA
3 For any n × n matrix A,
  there exists an identity matrix In =
1 0 0 ... 0
 0 1 0 ... 0 
.  such that In A = AIn = A. More
 
 .. .. .. . .
 . . . . .. 
0 0 0 ... 1
generally, for any m × n matrix A, Im A = AIn = A.

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

III. Properties of Scalar Multiplication

∀ matrices A, B of appropriate dimensions, and scalars r and s,
1 r (sA) = (rs)A
2 (r + s)A = rA + sA
3 r (A + B) = rA + rB
4 A(rB) = r (AB) = (rA)B

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)

 A Review on Systems of Linear Equations Definitions
Matrices and Row Reduction of Linear Systems Properties of Matrix Operations

IV. Properties of Transpose

1 (AT )T = A
2 (A + B)T = AT + B T
3 (AB)T = B T AT
4 (rA)T = rAT

Jonwille Mark Castro Math 112 (Linear Algebra)