1.

Web Browser
A web browser is application software for accessing the World Wide Web. When a user
requests a web page from a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary
content from a web server and then displays the page on the user's device.
2. The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through
the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with
an Internet connection
3. A virtual private network extends a private network across a public network and enables
users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing
devices were directly connected to the private network.
4. A search engine is a software system that is designed to carry out web searches. They
search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a
textual web search query.
5. Decryption is the process of transforming data that has been rendered unreadable
through encryption back to its unencrypted form. In decryption, the system extracts
and converts the garbled data and transforms it to texts and images that are easily
understandable not only by the reader but also by the system.
6. Cyber Law or IT Law is referred to as the Law of the Internet. The
Cyber law definition says it is a legal system designed to deal with
the Internet, computing, Cyberspace, and related legal issues. The
apt introduction to Cyber Law is: It is ‘paper laws’ in the ‘paperless
world’.
7. There are five distinct models that B2C companies use to move their
products in a digital space.

1. Direct sellers are one of the most common, selling a product

directly to consumers.

This includes small online businesses as well as large retailers like

Microsoft and Apple that sell exclusively in-house products.

2. Online intermediaries don’t own the products that are sold on

their site, but they put sellers directly in contact with buyers and
usually profit by taking a cut of the transaction.

B2C E-Commerce giants such as eBay and Etsy are examples of online
intermediaries.

8. Portal is a term, generally synonymous with gateway, for a World

Wide Web site that is or proposes to be a major starting site for users
when they get connected to the Web or that users tend to visit as an
anchor site. There are general portals and specialized or niche
portals. Some major general portals include Yahoo, Excite,
 Netscape, Lycos, CNET, Microsoft Network, and America Online's
AOL.com. Examples of niche portals include Garden.com (for
gardeners), Fool.com (for investors), and SearchNetworking.com (for
network administrators).
9. A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital
messages or documents
10. A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and
organizations to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. 

13.
Accounts/Billing
Financial processes become more streamlined, small business processing can be
centralised and simplified. Paper processing will be reduced and in some cases
eliminated. Accounts and billing information can be made available over the internet to
customers and suppliers and orders and payments generated electronically. More about
ERP
Inventory control
Systems can be open ended so that both the supply and demand ends of the supply
chain have a clear view of data. Information flows more freely, and collaborative
forecasting supports automatic replenishment processes. More about Supply Chain
Management
Procurement
There are two views – e-procurement, a web-based system for internal purchasing and
procurement and i-procurement, a web-based system connected to the outside systems
of vendors to automate procurement and payment. Processes are streamlined, the
business has greater control over what it is purchasing and when and excess
administration is eliminated. Bulk buying may also be made easier through e-
procurement systems. More about Supply Chain Management
Human Resources
Intranets will give people access to staff information and web-enabled HR applications
reduce the amount of paperwork previously required to complete HR functions like
reimbursements. Expense account claims and travel validation processes can be
automated, staff frustrations can be reduced. Find out about e-Recruitment
Marketing
Marketing departments can be linked to the web-enabled systems of sales and supply
areas, and with the systems of major partners and vendors. E-business systems can link
with those of mail houses and call centres so that when a call is received, interlinked
information is sent out to the customer automatically, and notification fed back to the
marketing department. Find out more about digital marketing
CRM
Customers will provide and keep updated their own information if there is an e-business
mechanism – like a website – that acts as an entry point for that information. This is a
significant advantage as many CRM systems fail to deliver due to the overheads
required keeping the information in them up to date
14. Types of Ecommerce Software 
There are three main types of ecommerce software:

1. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) are

simple options.

Both of these offer e-commerce solutions via the internet. SaaS provides solutions through
software, and after the hardware is added, this then becomes a PaaS. These are more
straightforward options for those who aren’t so tech-savvy. 

With this option, additional design and custom features may require some developer skills.
However, updates, patches, and new features are all dealt with automatically. 

So, if you’re the type of business owner that finds yourself asking questions like, “what is
software testing?” or “how does coding work?”, then these could be your best option. These
services usually charge monthly and transaction fees but provide the business full support
when it’s needed.

2. On-Premise platforms allow a company to have more control over its

site. 

This type of ecommerce platform is hosted locally by the retailer and often managed by their
IT department. On-site professionals can fix any problems as they occur, do manual updates,
and add new features. 

If your business has its own internal IT team, then this is an excellent option for you. It
allows firms to have more control over their site and create their own custom storefront
solution.

What to Look for in an Ecommerce Platform 

The type of platform you choose depends on the type of business you have. Ultimately,
though, you want to select one that’s user-friendly and enables a significant process
improvement for your company. Here are a few points to help you make the right choice. 

1. Choose a simple interface for your customer to interact with.

This is how the website looks from the outside and how the user interacts with your site.
Some interfaces may require a little more technical skill to navigate than others, so it’s
important to look around and get an idea of what would work best for your client. 

Consider how you want to use your site. Do you aim to just sell products? Or would you like
to sell, blog, and even share social media videos? Whatever your vision, make sure your
platform of choice makes it simple for customers to access these features. It’s also helpful to
select an interface that allows you to make any potential changes with ease. 
2. Find a design that expresses your brand identity. 

When it comes to design, you should pick something that reflects your brand. The majority of
ecommerce platforms have numerous options to choose from that are both free and paid for.
It’s always a good idea to select an option that’s clean and straightforward for users to ‘read’.
I.e., ensuring that writing isn’t overly cursive or that colors don’t clash, etc. 

Of course, to avoid selecting something overused, it’s possible to make a custom design. But
this will inevitably demand more time and skill. 

3. Select a payment process that keeps things simple.

You wouldn’t be setting up a business if you didn’t want to get paid. So, you need to make
sure that you choose something that makes the payment process uncomplicated on both sides.
This includes certifying that people can pay in the correct currency and with the methods
most convenient to them. 

You should look into the shopping cart software available to allow for a smooth user
experience from start to finish and the payment gateway technology that moves money from
the customer’s account to yours. You must set these up with your ecommerce software from
the get-go. 

4. Make sure you pick a platform that meets security standards.

With hacking more prevalent than ever before, it’s vital to ensure your ecommerce software
has the measures in place to protect both you and your customer. The simplest way to do this
is to select a platform that meets PCI security standards and has SSL certificates. 

Setting up your own business is exciting, and finding the right software will help get it off the
ground. Be brave and show your personality with your online store. So, for now, all that’s left
to say is good luck! 

15. 1. From Customer's Perspective:

 Stolen Payment credentials and passwords.
 Dishonest merchants for financial service providers.
 Disputes over quality of services and products.
Fraud

o Electronic payment systems are prone to fraud. The payment is done

usually after keying in a password and sometimes answering security questions.
There is no way of verifying the true identity of the maker of the transaction. As long
as the password and security questions are correct, the system assumes the right
person. If this information falls into the possession of fraudsters, then they can
defraud the money.
Impulse Buying
o Electronic payment systems encourage impulse buying, especially online
and customers are likely to make a decision to purchase an item they find on sale online,
because it will cost just a click to buy it through credit card. 
Impulse buying leads to disorganized budgets and is one of the disadvantages of
electronic payment systems.

2. From Merchant's Perspective:

 Forget payment.
 Insufficient funds in customers account.
 Slow Financial service providers.

3. From Financial Service Providers Perspective:

 Stolen customer or service credentials.
Tax Evasion

 Businesses are required by law to provide records of their financial

transactions to the government so that their tax compliance can be verified.
Electronic payment however can frustrate the efforts of tax collection. Unless a
business discloses the various electronic payments it has made or received over the
tax period, the government may not know the truth, which could cause tax evasion.

Payment Conflict

 Payment conflicts often arise because the payments are not done manually but
by an automated system that can cause errors. This is especially common when
payment is done on a regular basis to many recipients. If you do not check your pay
slip at the end of every pay period, for instance, then you might end up with a conflict
due to these technical glitches, or anomalies.
 Characteristics of Web
18.

Portals and Web

Applications to
Consider During
Development
Web applications and web portals, along with online stores, are the most
popular modern types of online business solutions. Their main features are
functionality and internal architecture.

Specifics of creating web

applications
An application is one of the most complicated online products. Professional
developers provide users with a ton of opportunities. Depending on the
purpose, applications can be used to process data, generate reports, and
evaluate the effectiveness of a business process or a specific employee.
What is important, users need a computer or mobile device with the
Internet for these aims.

It is also necessary to mention electronic payment systems and Internet

banking that provide secure electronic payments. These financial services
are particularly demanding on a high load. Therefore, they must be
developed only by professionals with proper skills in working with payment
services.

Web applications can also be considered as an alternative or addition to

existing business process management tools. Significant advantages
 include the lack of the need to use powerful computing technology, which
creates conditions for reducing the total cost of ownership.

Development of a web application to solve current business problems can

help you achieve the following goals:

 No attachment to equipment;

 Availability online at any given time;

 Reducing the cost of IT infrastructure;

 An increase in the number of customers, which ensures an increase

in profits.

Web portal development

specifics
A portal provides a user with various services operating as part of a single
Internet project. Their creation does not imply the use of a unified solution.
Often, a special system to satisfy certain needs must be designed first.

When creating an information portal, you need to consider the following

features of the future product:

 A significant amount of data with a convenient classification and

search system;
 Modular architecture;

 The ability to simultaneously authorise a user on several services;

 Various-level access to subsections and individual components;

 Availability of communication services;

 Ability to change data by users;

 The provided function of continuous improvement.

An effective web portal development strategy is an opportunity to offer the

target audience demanded, interesting, and relevant services. They can
ensure high attendance, attractiveness, and demand for the resource.
21. Overview

Web server is a computer where the web content is stored. Basically web server is
used to host the web sites but there exists other web servers also such as gaming,
storage, FTP, email etc.
Web site is collection of web pages whileweb server is a software that respond to the
request for web resources.

Web Server Working

Web server respond to the client request in either of the following two ways:
 Sending the file to the client associated with the requested URL.
 Generating response by invoking a script and communicating with database

Key Points
 When client sends request for a web page, the web server search for the
requested page if requested page is found then it will send it to client with an
HTTP response.
 If the requested web page is not found, web server will the send an HTTP
response:Error 404 Not found.
 If client has requested for some other resources then the web server will
contact to the application server and data store to construct the HTTP
response.

Architecture
Web Server Architecture follows the following two approaches:
1. Concurrent Approach
2. Single-Process-Event-Driven Approach.

Concurrent Approach

Concurrent approach allows the web server to handle multiple client requests at the
same time. It can be achieved by following methods:
 Multi-process
 Multi-threaded
 Hybrid method.

Multi-processing

In this a single process (parent process) initiates several single-threaded child

processes and distribute incoming requests to these child processes. Each of the
child processes are responsible for handling single request.
It is the responsibility of parent process to monitor the load and decide if processes
should be killed or forked.

Multi-threaded

Unlike Multi-process, it creates multiple single-threaded process.

Hybrid

It is combination of above two approaches. In this approach multiple process are

created and each process initiates multiple threads. Each of the threads handles
one connection. Using multiple threads in single process results in less load on
system resources.

Examples
Following table describes the most leading web servers available today:

S.N Web Server Descriptino

.

1 Apache HTTP Server

This is the most popular web server in the world developed by the Apache
Software Foundation. Apache web server is an open source software and
can be installed on almost all operating systems including Linux, UNIX,
Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. About 60% of the web server
 machines run the Apache Web Server.

2. Internet Information Services (IIS)

The Internet Information Server (IIS) is a high performance Web Server
from Microsoft. This web server runs on Windows NT/2000 and 2003
platforms (and may be on upcoming new Windows version also). IIS comes
bundled with Windows NT/2000 and 2003; Because IIS is tightly integrated
with the operating system so it is relatively easy to administer it.

3. Lighttpd
The lighttpd, pronounced lighty is also a free web server that is distributed
with the FreeBSD operating system. This open source web server is fast,
secure and consumes much less CPU power. Lighttpd can also run on
Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Solaris operating systems.

4. Sun Java System Web Server

This web server from Sun Microsystems is suited for medium and large
web sites. Though the server is free it is not open source. It however, runs
on Windows, Linux and UNIX platforms. The Sun Java System web server
supports various languages, scripts and technologies required for Web 2.0
such as JSP, Java Servlets, PHP, Perl, Python, and Ruby on Rails, ASP
and Coldfusion etc.

5. Jigsaw Server
Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web Consortium. It is
open source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux, UNIX,
Windows, and Mac OS X Free BSD etc. Jigsaw has been written in Java
and can run CGI scripts and PHP programs.

22. Following are the essential characteristics of electronic payment

system:

1.Acceptability:-

The payment infrastructure should not only be robust but also available and
accessible to a wide range of consumers and sellers of goods and
services. The value stored in the electronic cash should be honored and
accepted by other banks and financial institutions for reconciliation.

2.Reliability:-

Users and businesses want a payment system that is reliable because the
availability of services and smooth running of an enterprise will depend on
the availability and successful operation of the payment infrastructure.

The users should be completely shielded infrastructures. The user should

be completely shielded from a system or single point failure.

3.Security:-

Digital currency should be stored in a form that is resistant to replication,

double-spending, and tampering. At the same time, it should offer
protection from the intruders trying to tap it to unauthorized use, when
transmitted over the internet.

4.Usability:-

The user of the payment mechanism should be able to use it as easily as

real currency. This requires that the payment system should be well
integrated with the existing applications and processes that acquire the role
of transacting parties in e-commerce.

5.Scalability:-

The payment system infrastructure should be scalable, to be able to handle

the addition of new users and merchants, so that systems will perform
normally without performance degradation and maintain the quality of
service.

It should be able to offer the same performance and cost per transaction
overheads with a growing number of customers and transactions.

6.Anonymity, privacy:-

This characteristic refers to the desire of users to protect their privacy,

identity and personal information. In some transactions, the identities of the
parties could be protected by anonym it.

Anonymity means that it is not possible to discover someone’s identity or to

monitor an individual’s spending patterns.

7.Applicability:-

Applicability of a payment system is defined as the extent to which it is

accepted for payments at points of sale, or at online e-commerce sites.

Debit cards and credit cards have high applicability, as one can pay with
them in a variety of places. The applicability of a payment system may vary
from country to country.

8.Authorization type:-

Authorization type is defined as the form of control over the validity of

transactions. The authorization type can be offline. Offline authorization
means that users of the system can exchange money while not connected
to a network, without a third party mediating the transaction. Paper
cheques are the example of offline authorization.

9.Convertibility:-

Funds represented by one payment system should be easily convertible

into funds represented by other payment systems. Users should be able to
transfer money from electronic payment systems.

Users should be able to transfer money from electronic payment systems

to another accepted money from i.e. receive it in cash, or transfer to a bank
account.

The electronic currency should be interoperable and exchangeable with

other forms electronic cash, paper currencies, and deposits in the bank
accounts, bank notes or any other financial instrument.

10. Interoperability:-

A payment system in interoperable if it is not dependent on one company,

but it is open and allows other interested parties to join. This can be
achieved by means of open standards for data transmission protocols and
infrastructure.

An interoperable system can faster gain the necessary customer base for
future development and will have a higher level of applicability.

11. Multi-currency:-
Effective and efficient payment systems between countries are possible
when a system allows processing multiple currencies, as it is currently
done with credit cards.

This feature is not implemented in the payment systems of many countries,

binding them to a particular region. Multi-currency payments are required
for payments in cross-border e-commerce.

12. Traceability:-

Traceability indicates how easy it is to trace money flows and sources of

funds that are going through a payment system and used for purchases. In
electronic payment systems, money can be traced by records that are kept
of payment activity.

13. Linkability:-

Linkability of an electronic payment system implies that payments can be

associated with a particular user, or that it is possible to recognize several
payments originating from some user.

Users can be linked to their spending even if the system they use is
anonymous. A relation between the user and his payments can be
established.

14. Trust:-

Trust refers to the degree of customers confidence that their money and
personal information will be safe, and that all parties involved will not act
against users’ interests. Users need to trust that payments will be bot be
stolen or misused.
 15. Flexibility:-

Payment systems should be in a position to accept several forms of

payment rather than limiting the users to a single form of currency.

16. Efficiency:-

Efficiency here refers mainly to the cost overheads involved in the

operation of digital payments. The cost of payment per transaction should
be negligible.