Dimensional Analysis Exercise Solutions
1. Nondimensionalize the differential equation:
d2 x −gR2 dx
= , x(0) = 0, (0) = V0
dt2 (x + R)2 dt
In this example, [x] = L, g is the acceleration due to gravity, R is the
radius of the earth, and V0 is initial velocity.
Note that this is the same one as in the text- Try to do it without referring
back to it!
SOLUTION: See the text.
2. We will re-dimensionalize the pendulum. That is, we start with the nondi-
mensional form,
d2 θ
= − sin(θ)
dτ 2
with the substitution: r
t g
τ=p = t
l/g l
d2 θ
Compute the differential equation for .
dt2
SOLUTION:
s
dθ dθ dt dt l
We note that = · . Given our substitution, = so that
dτ dt dτ dτ g
s
dθ l dθ
= . Repeat the process and substitute back in to get a final
dτ g dt
answer:
d2 θ g
2
= − sin(θ)
dt l
3. Find a proportionality relationship using dimensional analysis of centrifu-
gal force F in terms of mass m, velocity v and radius r.
SOLUTION:
We set: F = kma v b rc , where k is dimensionless, and compare dimensions:
ML Lb
2
= M a · b · Lc
T T
We see that a = 1, b = 2 so c = −1. This gives:
kmv 2
F =
r
1
4. In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number is a dimensionless number in-
volving fluid velocity v, density ρ, viscosity µ and a characteristic length
r. Find this dimensionless product of the variables, given the table of
dimensions below (Fill in the missing values first):
Variable v ρ µ r
Dimension M L−3 M L−1 T −1
SOLUTION:
Set up the dimensionless product:
La M b M c
· · · Ld
T a L3b Lc T c
from which we get (M, L, T):
b+c =0
a − 3b − c + d = 0
−a − c = 0
Since we have one free variable, we’ll set a = 1 to get b = 1, c = −1, d = 1.
In this case, we have that the dimensionless product that represents the
Reynolds number is given by:
vρr
µ
5. Certain stars, whose light and radial velocities undergo periodic vibrations,
are thought to be pulsing. It is hypothesized that the period t of pulsation
depends upon the star’s radius, r, its mass, m, and the gravitational
constant, G.
(a) Before going into this problem, as a simpler problem, compute the
units of force from: F = ma.
SOLUTION: [F ] = [m][a] = M · LT −2 = M L
T2
(b) Newton’s law of gravitation asserts that the attractive force between
two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses divided by
the distance between them:
Gm1 m2
F =
r2
Compute the units of G from this.
ML M2 L3
SOLUTION: 2 = [G] 2 ⇒ [G] =
T L MT2
(c) Going back to our star, express t as an appropriate product of powers
of m, r, and G.
2
3c
SOLUTION: t = ma rb Gc ⇒ T = M a Lb MLc T 2c so:
1 3 1
a − c = 0, b + 3c = 0, −2c = 1 ⇒ a = − , b = , c = −
2 2 2
r3/2
Now, t = √
mG
6. Find the volume flow rate of blood flowing in an artery, dV
dt , as a function
of the pressure drop per unit length, P , the radius r, the density ρ and
the viscosity µ.
Here is a list of dimensions. Fill in the blanks:
Variable dV /dt P r ρ µ
Dimension M/(LT 2 ) L M/L3 M/(LT )
Now perform dimensional analysis and apply Buckingham’s π Theorem.
SOLUTION: A generic dimensionless variable will have the form:
π = (dV )a P b rc ρd µe
so that, in dimensions,
L3a Mb Md Me
1= a
· b 2b · Lc · 3d · e e
T L T L L T
and by equating exponents (L,M, then T):
3a −b +c −3d −e = 0
b +d +e = 0
−a −2b −e = 0
We have three equations and five unknowns, so we can choose the two free
variables. Since we’re going to want to solve for dV /dt, we’ll choose a to
be one of the free ones. Arbitrarily, we choose e as the second.
There are several ways of writing the solutions. But notice that, given the
choice we made for free variables, we can write:
−b + c − 3d = −3a + e
b+d = −e
−2b =a+e
Which we could leave as is, or we can go ahead and solve, getting:
1 1 1 1
b = − a − e, c = −2a − e, d= a− e
2 2 2 2
Substituting a = 2, e = 0 and a = 0, e = 2, we get:
a = 2, b = −1, c = −4, d = 1, e = 0 and a = 0, b = −1, c = −2, d = −1, e = 2
3
Therefore,
2
µ2
dV ρ
π1 = , π 2 =
dt P r4 P r2 ρ
By the Buckingham π Theorem, there exists an f so that:
2 !
µ2
dV ρ
f , =0
dt P r4 P r2 ρ
By the Implicit Function Theorem, we assume that we can solve this so
that there exists a function h:
2 2
dV ρ µ
4
=h
dt Pr P r2 ρ
so that: s
µ2
dV P
= r2 · ·h
dt ρ P r2 ρ
7. The power P delivered to a pump depends on the specific weight w of the
fluid pumped, the height h to which the fluid is pumped, and the fluid
flow rate q. Use dimensional analysis to determine an equation for power.
Below are listed the dimensions:
Variable P w h q
Dimension M L2 T −3 M L−2 T −2 L L3 T −1
Set up the equations from:
a b 3 d
M L2
M L
Lc
T3 L2 T 2 T
From which:
a+b =0
−3a − 2b − d =0
2a − 2b + c + 3d =0
Take a as the free variable, and set it to 1, then b = c = d = −1. This
gives one dimensionless variable,
P
π1 =
whq
so that the Buckingham π Theorem states that there is a function f so
that
P
f =0
whq
Since f (π) = 0, π is a constant. Thus,
P ∝ whq or P = kwhq
