Example Ch 1

1- The radius of a sphere is (8.5 ± 0.2) cm. What is the percentage error in the
measurement? Error
  100 %
Result
The percentage error in the measurement
= ( 0.2 / 8.5 ) × 100 % = 2.3 %

2- What is the number of significant figures in the result of (0.310×103)

The number of significant figures in the result = 3

2
 PROBLEMS
Write each number in scientific notation.
1)326 = 3.26 × 102 2) 7980 = 7.980 × 103 3) 2650 = 2.65 × 103
4) 14,500 = 1.45 × 104 5) 826.4 = 8.264 × 102 6) 24.97 = 2.497 × 101
7) 0.00413 = 4.13 × 10-3 8) 0.00053 = 5.3 × 10-4 9) 6.43 = 6.43 × 100
Write each number in decimal form.
1) 8.62 × 104 = 86200 2) 8.67 × 102 = 867
3) 6.31 × 10-4 = 0.000631 4) 5.41 × 103 = 5410 5) 7.68 × 10-1 = 0.768
6) 9.94 × 101 = 99.4 7) 7.77 × 108 = 777000000
8) 4.19 × 10-6 = 0.00000419 9) 4.05 × 100 = 4.05
The number 0.00123×10-3 can be expressed in scientific notation as 1.23
×10-6

3
 Questions Chapter 1

1. A cubic box with an edge of exactly 1 m, has a Volume of:

A) 102 cm3 B) 104 cm3 C) 106 cm3 D) 109 cm3

Volume = 1 m x 1 m x 1 m = 1 m3 = 1 (100 cm)3 = 1 ( 102 cm)3 = 106 cm3

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2. One mile (1 mi) is equivalent to 1609 m, so 55 mph (mile/hour) is:
A) 15 m/s B) 25 m/s C) 66 m/s D) 88 m/s

1 mile = 1609 meter

55 mile = X
X = 55 x 1609 (meter/hour) = (55 x 1609) / (60 x 60) (meter/sec)
= 25 (meter/sec)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. A nanosecond is:
A) 109 s B) 10-9 s C) 10-10 s D) 10-12 s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. A gram is:
A) 10-6 kg B) 10-3 kg C) 1 kg D) 106 kg

kg = 1000 grams = 103 grams

grams = 10-3 kg 4
 Questions Chapter 1

5. One meter (1 m) is equivalent to 3.281 ft. A cube with an edge of 1.5 ft has
a volume of:
A. 1.2 × 102 m3 B. 9.6 × 10−2 m3 C. 10.5 m3 D. 9.5 × 10−2 m3

1 meter = 3.281 ft
ft = (1/3.28) meter

Volume = (1.5 ft) x (1.5 ft) x (1.5 ft) = (3.375) ft3 = (3.375) (1/3.28)3 m3
= 9.6 x 10-2 m3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. If (L) is the dimension of (Length) and (T) is the dimension of (time), the dimension of
acceleration (a) is:
A) L T B) L/T C) L2/T D) L/T2
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7. Suppose A = BC, where A has the dimension L/M and C has the dimension L/T. Then B has
the dimension:
A. T/M B. L2/TM C. TM/L2 D. L2T/M

A = BC
(L/M) = B (L/T)
B = (T/M) 5
 Example Ch 2
1-An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off the
ground. Determine the distance traveled before takeoff.

a = +3.2 m/s2 t = 32.8 s vi = 0 m/s Find: X = ??

X =x0 + vi × t + ½ × a × t2
X = 0 + (0 m/s) × (32.8 s)+ 0.5 × (3.20 m/s2) × (32.8 s)2
X = 1720 m

2-A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.21 seconds for a distance of
110 m. Determine the acceleration of the car.
X = 110 m t = 5.21 s vi = 0 m/s Find: a = ??
X = x0 + vi × t + ½ × a × t2
110 m = 0 + (0 m/s) × (5.21 s)+ 0.5 × (a) ×(5.21 s)2
110 m = (13.57 s2) × a
a = (110 m)/(13.57 s2)
a = 8.10 m/ s2
3-A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s in 2.47 seconds.
Determine the acceleration of the car and the distance traveled.

vi = 18.5 m/s vf = 46.1 m/s t = 2.47 s Find:

X = ?? a = ??
a = (Δ v)/t
a = (46.1 m/s - 18.5 m/s)/(2.47 s) a = 11.2 m/s2
X = x0 + vi × t + ½ × a × t2
X = 0 + (18.5 m/s) × (2.47 s)+ 1/2 × (11.2 m/s2) × (2.47 s)2
X = 45.7 m + 34.1 m X = 79.8 m
(Note: the d can also be calculated using the equation vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*X)
4-Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the human response to acceleration. If a
rocket-powered sled is accelerated to a speed of 444 m/s in 1.83 seconds, then what
is the acceleration and what is the distance that the sled travels?

vi = 0 m/s vf = 444 m/s t = 1.83 s Find:

a = ?? X = ?? a = (Δ v)/t
a = (444 m/s - 0 m/s)/(1.83 s) a = 243 m/s2
X = x0 + vi × t + ½ × a × t2
X = 0 + (0 m/s) × (1.83 s)+ ½ × (243 m/s2) × (1.83 s)2
X = 0 m + 406 m X = 406 m
(Note: the d can also be calculated using the equation vf2 = vi2 + 2*a*X)
5-An engineer is designing the runway for an airport. Of the planes that will use the airport,
the lowest acceleration rate is likely to be 3 m/s2. The takeoff speed for this plane will be 65
m/s. Assuming this minimum acceleration, what is the minimum allowed length for the
runway?

vi = 0 m/s vf = 65 m/s a = 3 m/s2 Find:

X = ??
vf2 = vi2 + 2 × a × X
(65 m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2 × (3 m/s2) × X
4225 m2/s2 = (0 m/s)2 + (6 m/s2) × X
(4225 m2/s2)/(6 m/s2) = X
X = 704 m
6-A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in 2.55 s. Determine the skidding distance of the
car (assume uniform acceleration).

vi = 22.4 m/s vf = 0 m/s t = 2.55 s Find:

X = ??
X = (vi + vf)/2 × t
X = (22.4 m/s + 0 m/s)/2 × 2.55 s
X = (11.2 m/s) × 2.55 s
X = 28.6 m
7-A stone is dropped into a deep well and is heard to hit the water 3.41 s after being
dropped. Determine the depth of the well.

a = -9.8 m/s2 t = 3.41 s vi = 0 m/s Find: X = ??

X = x0 + vi × t + ½ × a × t2
X = 0 + (0 m/s) × (3.41 s)+ ½ × (-9.8 m/s2) × (3.41 s)2
X = 0 m+ 0.5 × (-9.8 m/s2) × (11.63 s2)
X = -57.0 m
(NOTE: the - sign indicates direction)
8-A plane has a takeoff speed of 88.3 m/s and requires 1365 m to reach that speed.
Determine the acceleration of the plane and the time required to reach this speed.
vi = 0 m/s vf = 88.3 m/s X = 1365 m Find: a = ?? t = ??
vf2 = vi2 + 2 × a × X
(88.3 m/s)2 = (0 m/s)2 + 2 × (a) ×(1365 m)
7797 m2/s2 = (0 m2/s2) + (2730 m) × a
7797 m2/s2 = (2730 m) × a
(7797 m2/s2)/(2730 m) = a
a = 2.86 m/s2
vf = vi + a × t
88.3 m/s = 0 m/s + (2.86 m/s2) × t
(88.3 m/s)/(2.86 m/s2) = t
t = 30. 8 s
 Example Ch 3
1- If 𝐴Ԧ = 6𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ , then (4A) has magnitude of ……………….
(4A) = 4 × 6𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ = 24 𝑖Ƹ − 32𝑗Ƹ =
R= 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 = 242 + 322 = 576 + 1024 = 1600 = 40
a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40
2- Vectors A and 𝐵 lie in the x y-plane. We can conclude that (𝐴Ԧ = B ) if:
a. 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 = 𝐵𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 b. 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦
c. 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 and 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐵𝑦 d. 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑦 and 𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑦
3- A vector in the x y-plane has a magnitude of (24 m) and an x-component of
(12 m). Find the angle (θ) it makes with the positive x-axis is:
a. 27o b. 30o C. 60o d. 68o
4- A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements ∆𝑟Ԧ1 = 15𝑖Ƹ + 30𝑗Ƹ + 12𝑘෠ 𝑐𝑚,
∆𝑟Ԧ2 = 23𝑖Ƹ − 14𝑗Ƹ − 5𝑘෠ 𝑐𝑚, ∆𝑟Ԧ3 = −13𝑖Ƹ + 15𝑗Ƹ 𝑐𝑚 . Find unit-vector notation for
the resultant displacement and its magnitude?
a. ∆𝑟 = 25𝑖Ƹ + 31𝑗Ƹ + 7𝑘෠ 𝑐𝑚 , 40 cm b. ∆𝑟 = 15𝑖Ƹ + 31𝑗Ƹ + 7𝑘෠ 𝑐𝑚 , 34 cm
c. ∆𝑟 = 25𝑖Ƹ + 13𝑗Ƹ + 7𝑘෠ 𝑐𝑚 , 40cm d. ∆𝑟 = 5𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ + 7𝑘෠ 𝑐𝑚 , 24cm 111
5- Consider the two vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ and 𝐵 = −𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ Calculate:
(a) 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + −𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ = ( 3 − 1)𝑖Ƹ + (−2 + 4)𝑗Ƹ
= 2𝑖 Ƹ + 2𝑗 Ƹ

(b) 𝐴Ԧ - 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ − −𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ = ( 3 − (−1)𝑖Ƹ + (−2 − 4)𝑗Ƹ

= 4𝑖 Ƹ − 6𝑗 Ƹ

(c) Magnitude and direction of 𝑅 = 2𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 ?

𝑅 = 2 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + −𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ

= 6𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ + −𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ = (6𝑖Ƹ − (−𝑖)Ƹ + (−4𝑗Ƹ +4𝑗Ƹ )
= 5𝑖 Ƹ + 0
Magnitude = R = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 = 52 + 02 = 5
 Example Ch 4

1. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of (16𝑖Ƹ – 12𝑗)Ƹ m/s and
moves in the X y plane with a constant acceleration of a = (3.0𝑖Ƹ – 6.0𝑗)Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 .
What is the speed of the particle at t = 2.0 s?
𝑣𝑖 = (16𝑖Ƹ – 12𝑗)Ƹ m/s 𝑎 = 3.0𝑖Ƹ – 6.0𝑗)Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 t = 2.0 s
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎 𝑡
𝑣𝑓 = (16𝑖Ƹ – 12𝑗)Ƹ + (3.0𝑖Ƹ – 6.0𝑗)Ƹ × 𝑡
𝑣𝑓 = (16𝑖Ƹ – 12𝑗)Ƹ + (3.0𝑖Ƹ – 6.0𝑗)Ƹ × 2
𝑣𝑓 = (16𝑖Ƹ – 12𝑗)Ƹ + (6.0𝑖Ƹ – 12.0𝑗)Ƹ = (22𝑖Ƹ – 24𝑗)Ƹ
𝑣𝑓 = 2
𝑣𝑥𝑓 2
+ 𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 222 + 242 = 32.7 m/s
a . 52.6 m/s b. 39.7 m/s c. 46.7 m/s d. 32.7 m/s
2. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of 8.0𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 and moves
in the x y plane with a constant acceleration of (4.0𝑖Ƹ + 2.0𝑗)Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 . The position
vector of the particle at t =1 s is:

𝑣𝑖 = 8.0𝑗Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑎 = (4.0𝑖Ƹ + 2.0𝑗)Ƹ 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 t = 1.0 s

1
𝑋 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡2
2
X= 0 + 8.0𝑗Ƹ × t + 1/2 (4.0𝑖Ƹ + 2.0𝑗)Ƹ × 𝑡2
X= 0 + 8.0𝑗Ƹ × 1 + 1/2 (4.0𝑖Ƹ + 2.0𝑗)Ƹ × 12 =
X= 0 + 8.0𝑗Ƹ + (2.0𝑖Ƹ + 1.0𝑗)Ƹ =
X= (2.0𝑖Ƹ + 9.0 𝑗)Ƹ m

a . (4.0𝑖Ƹ + 2.0𝑗)Ƹ m b. (2.0𝑖Ƹ + 9.0 𝑗)Ƹ m c. 8.0𝑗Ƹ m d. (4.0𝑖Ƹ + 8.0𝑗)Ƹ m

 Example Ch 5
Example The force needed to accelerate a mass of 66 kg at acceleration of 2 m/sec2 is
m= 66 Kg a = 2 m/sec2 F= ?
F= m × a = 66 kg × 2 m/sec2 = 132 N
a. 166 N b. 132 N c. 66 N d. 200 N
Example A 5 kg block is pulled across a table by a horizontal force of 40 N with a frictional force (Fs) of
8 N opposite the motion. What is the acceleration of the object?
F= 40 N F S= 8 N m= 5 Kg
 F= m × a  a =  F / m  a= (F – Fs) / m = (40 – 8 ) / 5 = 6.4 m/s2
a. 4 m/s2 b. 5.8 m/s2 c. 6.4 m/s2 d. 4.2 m/s2
Example An object of mass 300 kg is observed to accelerate at the rate of 4 m/s2 the force required to
produce this acceleration is
m= 300 Kg a= 4 m/s2 F=?
F= m × a = 300 kg × 4 m/sec = 1200 N
2

a.1000 N b.1200 N c.1500 N d.2000 N

Example A 3.0 kg object undergoes an acceleration given by a= (2i+5j) m/s2 . Find the magnitude of the
resultant force?
m= 3Kg a= (2i+5j) m/s2 F=?
F= m × a = 3 kg × (2i+5j) m/s2 = 3× 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 = 𝟑 × 𝟐𝟗 = 16.2 N
a.21.8 N b.34.3 N c.16.2 N d.18.2 N
Example A constant retarding negative force of 50 N is applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving initially
with a speed of 15 m/s. How long does the body take to stop?
m= 20 Kg a=? F= 50 N Vi= 15 m/s
F= m × a  a = F / m  a = 50 / 20 = 2.5
Vf= Vi + at  t = (Vf - Vi ) / a  (0 – 15 ) / 2.5 = 6 s
1.5 s 6s 2.4 s 5s
Example If the kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg is 25 J. Its speed is
m= 2Kg K = 25 J V= ?
𝟏 𝟐𝑲 𝟐×𝟐𝟓
K=𝟐 𝒎𝑽𝟐  𝑽 = = = 𝟐𝟓 = 5 m / s
𝒎 𝟐
a. 25 m s-1 b. 15 m s-1 c, 5 m s-1 d,2.5 m s-1
Example What is the average power required to lift a mass of 100 kg to a height of 50m in 50 seconds? (g
= 9.8 m/s2)
m= 100 Kg h= 50 m g= 9.8 m/s2 t= 50 s
W= m×g×h = 100 × 9.8 × 50 = 49000 J
P = W / t = 49000 / 50 = 980 watt
a. 980 watt b.100 watt c.50 watt d. 5000 watt
Example A bus weighing 12 kN is traveling with speed of 72 km/h. Its kinetic energy is. (g = 9.8m/s2)
m= ? K=? w= 12KN V= 72 Km/h = (72× 1000) / (60×60)= 20 m/s
W=mg  m= w/g = 12000 / 9.8 = 1224 Kg
𝟏 𝟏
K=𝟐 𝒎𝑽𝟐  K = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟒 × 𝟐𝟎𝟐 = 245 KJ
a. 210 kJ b.230 kJ c. 245 kJ d.250 kJ
Example A student carries a bag weighing 50 N from the ground floor to his class on the first floor that is 4.5 m
high. The work done by the student when he returns to the ground floor is, (g = 9.8m/s2).
F= 50 N h1=4.5 m h2=4.5 m
W= m×g (h2-h1) = F × (h2-h1) = 50 × (4.5 - 4.5 ) = 50 × 0 = 0 J
a. 2.5 J b. 0.0 J c. 98 J d. 49 J
Example 7.1: Mr. Clean
Example Ch 6
A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude (F = 50 N) at an angle of (30°) with
the horizontal (see Figure). Calculate the work done by the force (F) on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum
cleaner is displaced 3 m to the right. Find also the work done by the normal force and gravitational force.

Solution:
Work done by the force F
WF  ( F cos )r  (50.0 N )(cos30.0 )(3.00m)  130 N  m  130 J
Work done by the normal force, n:
Wn  (n cos )r  (n)(cos90.0 )(3.00m)  0 J No work as force is
perpendicular to the
Work done by the gravitational force mg displacement
Wmg  (mg cos )r  (mg )(cos(90.0 ))(3.00m)  0 J
17
Example 7.7 A Block Pulled on a Frictionle6ss Surface
A 6.0 kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal, frictionless surface by
a constant horizontal force of 12 N. Find the speed of the block after it has moved 3.0 m.
Solution:
The work done by this force is: 𝑊 = 𝐹∆𝑥 = 12𝑁 3.0𝑚 = 36 𝐽
Using the work–kinetic energy theorem and noting that the initial
Kinetic energy is zero, we obtain:
1
𝑊 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 0
2
2𝑊 2(36)
𝑣𝑓 = = = 3.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 6

Problem 7.25 A 0.300-kg ball has a speed of 15.0 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) If
its speed were doubled, what would be its kinetic energy
Solution:

18
Example: A 2.0 kg object moving with a speed of 4.0 m/s has a kinetic energy (K) of: K = ½ m v2 = ½ (2) (4)2 = 16
Joule

Problem 7. 36. The electric motor of a model train accelerates the train from rest to 0.620 m/s in 21.0 ms. The
total mass of the train is 875 g. Find the average power delivered to the train during the acceleration.
Solution:
𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡
1 1 1
𝑊 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 2 = 0.875 𝑘𝑔 0.620 2 − 0 = 0.168 𝐽
2 2 2
0.168 𝐽
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 8.0 W
21.0 × 10−3 𝑠

Problem 7.37. A 700-N Marine in basic training climbs a 10.0-m vertical rope at a constant speed in 8.00 s. What
is his power output?
Solution:
𝑊
𝑃=
∆𝑡
𝑊 = 𝐹 ∆𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 700𝑁 10𝑚 = 7000 𝐽

7000 𝐽
𝑃= = 875 W
8𝑠
19
Example: A 5.0-kg object is pulled along a horizontal surface at a constant speed by a 15 N force acting 20°
above the horizontal. How much work is done by this force as the object moves 6.0 m?
W= F × Cos ɵ × r = 15 × Cos 200 × 6 = 85 J
A . 78 J B. 82 J C. 85 J D. 74 J

Example: A boy holds a 40-N weight at arm’s length for 10 s. His arm is 1.5m above the ground. The work
done by the force of the boy on the weight while he is holding it is:
A. 0 B. 6.1J C. 40 J D. 60 J

Example: The work done by gravity during the descent of a projectile:

A. is positive B. is negative C. is zero D. depends for its sign on the direction of the y axis

Example: Carts (A) and (B) have equal masses and travel equal distances on straight frictionless tracks while a
constant force (F) is applied to (A), and a constant force (2F) is applied to (B). The relative amounts of work
done (W) by the two
forces are related by:
A. WA = 4 WB. B. WA = 2 WB. C. WA = WB. D. WB = 2 WA.
Example: A constant force of 12 N in the positive x direction acts on a 4.0-kg object as it moves from the origin to
the point (6i – 8j) m. How much work is done by the given force during this displacement?
A . +60 J B. +84 J C. +72 J D. +48 J
F=12 N m= 4 Kg X = (6i + 8 j)
W= F . X = 12i ×( 6i - 8j ) = ( 12i × 6i - 12i ×8 j) = 72 i2 + 0
W = 𝟕𝟐𝟐 + 𝟎= 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟒 = 72 J

Note in Vector i × i = i2 j × j= j2 i×j=0