8

Science 8
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Newton’s First and
Second Lawof Motion
(Week 1/Day 1-5)
 8

Subject 8
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
NEWTON’S FIRST AND
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
(Week 1/Day 1-5)
5
 What I Need to Know

On February 29, 2020 Philstar reported about 31 students and a driver who
were hurt when a jeepney plunged into a 40 – foot ravine in Barangay Olympog in
General Santos City. According to the police investigator, the students were on their
way home from a trip at the Sanchez Peak. Three of the injured students were
confined in the hospital while the others were immediately discharged after receiving
first aid (John Unson, Philstar, Feb.29, 2020.) Why did this happen? Who is to be
blamed? What should passengers do inside the vehicle? How can we prevent
accidents on the road? This module will help you answer these questions.

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the Newton’s First and Second Law. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and
the mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion.
(S8FE-1a-15)

And, specifically you are to:

1. differentiate balanced and unbalanced forces;

2. investigate the effects of force and mass to the motion of the object;
3. relate first law of Newton to the second law; and
4. cite situations in life where Newton’s laws are applied.
 What I Know

Are you excited to learn a new topic today? Before that, you need to answer
the pre-test to measure how much you know about the lesson.

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which chair will require the most amount of force to get it moved or accelerated?
A. a plastic chair with a mass of 2 kgs
B. a rattan chair with a mass of 3 kgs.
C. a wooden chair with a mass of 5 kgs.
D. a steel chair with a mass of 6 kgs.

2. Look at the boys playing tug of war. Assuming that each of the boys can exert
a 50N force, who will win the game?

A. only one boy C. no movement

B. the two boys D. cannot be determined

3. Below are three shoppers. Which of the shoppers require more force to push
the cart?

A. C.

B. D.
4. If the force is constant, what will happen to the motion or acceleration of the
object if the mass is increased?
A. decreased
B. increased
C. the same
D. zero

5. A bus moves along national highway from Koronadal City to General Santos
City. A passenger has noticed that over time, he passes the kilometer markers
in shorter periods of time. Which statement best describes the motion of the
bus?
A. the bus is keeping the same direction
B. the bus is increasing its speed
C. the bus is changing its direction
D. the bus is maintaining the same speed

6. What is the net force on girl who is sitting on the chair?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3

7. If Josh exerts a force of 3N, and Jun is 6N, what is the net force?

A. 6N, left
B. 3N, left
C. 3N, right
D. 9N, left

8. Which of the following could be done to accelerate a moving object?

A. apply inertia
B. apply a balanced force
C. apply an unbalanced force
D. apply both balanced and unbalanced forces

9. Which of the following vehicles will come to a complete stop FIRST when
the drivers apply brake at the same time?
A. the fully loaded ten-wheeler truck
B. the van loaded with passengers
C. the empty dump trucks
D. the small car

10. If a van driver suddenly makes a sharp turn, which of the following will likely
to happen due to inertia?
A. Passengers will slide back and forth.
 B. Passengers will move backward.
C. Passengers will move forward.
D. Passengers will slide to the side of the van.

11. Two objects A and B were applied with the same net force. It is observed that
the acceleration of object A is two times greater than B. Which of the
following is correct?
A. Object A has a mass two times greater than B.
B. Object has a mass ½ of the mass of object B.
C. Object A has a less streamlined shape than object B.
D. Object A has more friction than object B.

12. Which of the following indicates that an object is accelerating?

A. speeding up
B. slowing down
C. changing direction
D. any of the above

13. Based on the figure below, if the boy number 1 will be

able to push the boy number 2 away from him, who
exerts greater force?
A. boy number 1
B. boy number 2
C. they have the same force
D. cannot be determined

14. What Newton’s law is illustrated in the picture below?

A. First law only

B. Second law only
C. First and Second laws
D. Law of gravity

15. Why should we wear seatbelts in riding a vehicle?

A. We should wear seatbelts to maintain our inertia.
B. We should wear seatbelts so that our body will not move if we meet an
accident or a force is applied to the brake.
C. We should wear seatbelts so that we can sleep while travelling.
D. We should wear seatbelts so if we are in an accident our body doesn’t
keep moving at the same speed and in the same direction that the car
was going.
 Lesson
Newton’s First Law and
1 Second Law of Motion
You are now introduced to your new lesson. This has something to do with
your daily activities like household choirs, exercises, playing and marketing. The
amount of force applied in doing these is a factor to make our motion fast or slow.
Example, in arranging your furniture you usually push or pull it. Techniques are
important to overcome friction and inertia for a fast movement. In helping drivers
pushing their vehicle out of sticky mud or engines stop working, playing tug of war,
baseball and soccer games are only few of the many applications of Newton’s first
and second law.
Before going further, you need to recall first your previous lessons to
connect to your new lesson.

What’s In

You have learned in your previous lessons that the layman’s understanding
of a force is that it is a push or a pull which refers to a very specific action. Force
acts on an object. This implies that, when we pull or push, there is an object that
receives it. The force exerted on the objects has a magnitude and direction. This is
called vector quantity. Newton is the unit for force. You also learned about net
force which refers to the sum of the forces acting on an object, capable of changing
the object’s state of motion.
Examples:
1. This ball is acted by forces with different directions. Its net force is equal
to 2N, right. The direction of the net force follows the direction of the force of
the greater magnitude.

3N 5N

Net Force = 2N, right. Can you explain why?

Answer: The direction of forces is opposite. A 5N force is pointing to the right and the
other force is pointing to the left so you need to make one positive and the other
negative.
2. The second ball is acted by forces of the same directions. The net force is;
equal to 8N, left.
3N

5N

Net Force =8N, left

In this example, both the directions and the magnitudes are combined when
adding vectors.

Another important concepts you need to be refreshed are the following:

When a string, rope or wire

pulls on an object, it exerts a
contact force which we call
Tension Force.

Friction force is the opposing

or resisting force between two
solid surfaces.

The force exerted by a

surface (the agent) against an
object that is pressing against
the surface is called as the
Normal Force.
 These are common forces which you will encounter as you study this module.
Now please proceed to your engagement activity. There are four pictures to analyze.
The first two pictures are about the competition of strong men showing their amazing
strength in pulling the truck. The second set is a scenario at the mall. Please use
your observation skills to do what is asked.

Activity 1
Force is the key
Study the pictures. Give your observations regarding the force exerted by the
contestants in pulling the truck and grocery goers in pushing the cart

How did you find the activity? This activity shows that magnitude of force
matters in pushing or pulling to move the object. Object with greater mass needs
greater force to move it.
 What’s New

The next activity is a game for survival. Technique, cooperation, and unity
are needed to win the game. Still force, matters. Find out!

Activity 2
Making the balanced, unbalanced
I. Objectives:
1. Differentiate balanced force from unbalanced force
2. Find out the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces when applied to
objects at rest or in motion

II. Materials:
 Colored pencil
 Bond paper
 Pentel pen

III. Procedure:

1. The Team A and the Team B are to pull the cart full of groceries to be used
during the Enhanced Community Quarantine due to COVID-19. After the
final round, the winner will take the groceries home. Study the series of
illustrations and be able to determine what makes the winner, win the game.

2. Summarize your observations in table form.

Summary of observations
Total Amount of force Is the
Will the cart
exerted by the team force
move? (Yes/No)
Round equal?
Team A Team B To what
(Yes/No)
(wearing BLUE (wearing RED direction?
T-shirt) T-shirt)

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

THE TEAMS!
 Team B (Red Team) – wearing RED T-shirt
Team A (Blue
Team) – wearing
BLUE T-shirtTeam A/Blue Team versus Team A/Red Team

Note: The final round is the basis in determining the winner.

FIRST ROUND!

50 N 50 N

Remember, you need to record the data in the table

SECOND ROUND!

200 N 200 N

THIRD ROUND!

150 N 100 N
FOURTH ROUND! - FINAL ROUND, WINNER TAKES ALL!

200 N 250 N

Questions:

1. Who wins the game?

2. What strategy did they use to win the game?

3. What force did the team exert to win the game?

Did you enjoy the activity? Did your chosen team win? In the activity, it
shows that balanced forces do not move the object at rest but it is the unbalanced
forces cause the motion.

Are you excited to do the next activity?. This will give you idea about inertia.
In this activity, you will observe the coin falling into the glass without touching it.
 Activity 3
Investigating
Inertia

1. Objectives:
1. Demonstrate Newton’s first law of motion.
2. State Newton’s First law.

2. Materials:
 empty glass
 cardboard
 1-peso coins (5 pcs or more)
 plastic ruler

3. Procedure

Coin Drop

1. Lay the cardboard on top of the glass.

Have one edge of the cardboard a
little beyond the rim so you can give
that edge a good flick without
smacking your fingertip on the glass.

2. Place a penny on top of the

cardboard
so it’s centered over the glass.

3. Use a finger to flick an edge of the

cardboard. You will not flick the
cardboard directly from the side. (Do
not flick it downwards or upwards by
hitting from above or below the Figure 1
cardboard.)

4. Watch the penny drop straight into

the glass! (Refer to the figure 1.)

Questions:

1. What happens when you flipped the cardboard?

2. What is Newton’s first law?

 How many trials did you make until you succeed in the activity? This was
about Newton’s first law introduced by Sir Isaac Newton who is an English
mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author. The activity proves
that inertia is the factor to make the object at rest unless acted by an unbalanced
force. You found out in the activity that the motion of the object is related to the
amount of force applied.

In the next activity you will discover what kind of relationship is existing
on these variables. This is about Newton’s second law. So, please do it.

Activity 4
Simulation of Newton’s Second Law

I. Objectives:
1. Determine the relationship of acceleration to the following:
a. Mass and acceleration at constant force
b. Mass and acceleration at increasing force
c. Force and acceleration at constant mass
d. Force and acceleration at increasing mass
2. State Newton’s Second Law base on the activity

II. Materials:
 Activity Sheets
 Calculator

III. Procedure:
1. The series of drawings/figures are of 2 sets, Set A and Set B.
2. Fill in the table below for easy analysis of each figure.

Table 1. Summary table of the objects’ mass, acceleration, speed, and force
Picture
Mass Force applied Speed Acceleration
number
1

The following illustrations are for your references in doing the activity.

Picture 1
Illustrati ns for analysis
o Set A
The man is pushing the box. The arrows indicate the direction and
magnitude of the force applied and the friction. Record the mass, speed, and
acceleration in the table.

Speed = 35.1m/s Acceleration

8.12 m/s2

Picture 2
Compare this picture with picture 1. Observe what is added and the force
applied. Take a look at the speed and acceleration. Are there any changes? Record
the data in the table.
Force exerted by the man in
pushing = 500N

Mass of the man on top of the

Speed = 33 m/s box= 80kgs
Acceleration Mass of the box = 50kgs
1.97 m/s2
Picture 3
What is the difference of this picture with the previous two pictures? What is
increased and what made constant. What happened to the speed and acceleration?

Force exerted by the man in

pushing = 500N

Mass of the man on top of the

box= 80kgs
Speed = 13.9 m/s
Acceleration Mass of the box = 50kgs
0.90 m/s2

Illustrations for analysis

Set B

Picture 4.

Set B illustrations have different scenarios compared to set A. Try to spot the
difference. Record the mass, acceleration speed and the force applied in pushing
the box.

Speed = 6.0 m/s Acceleration

1.74 m/s2

Force exerted by the man

in pushing the box = 181N

Mass of the box

= 50kgs
Picture 5
What is the difference of this picture to that of # 4? What is increased in this
picture? Is the mass the same?
Speed = 15.0 m/s
Acceleration
2.14 m/s2 Force exerted by
the man in
pushing the box
= 201N

Mass of the box

= 50kgs

Picture 6
Is the man pushing the same object? Is the force increased? As a result,
what happened to its speed and acceleration?

Speed =36.6 m/s

Acceleration
3.32 m/s2 Force exerted by the
man in pushing the
box
= 260N

Mass of the box

= 50kgs

Questions:

1. What is constant in set A and B illustrations?

2. If the force is constant and the mass is increased, what happened to its
acceleration?

3. If mass is constant, and the force is increased, what is its effect to

acceleration?

4. What is Newton’s second law?

 What is It

Newton’s first and second laws can be understood by mastering the concept
of balanced and unbalanced forces. The table below can help you to differentiate
these forces from each other.

Bases for
Balanced Forces Unbalanced forces
comparison

Magnitude and equal size but in Unequal and opposite or

direction of forces opposite direction, may the same in direction

Effect to object in The object continues The moving object changes

Motion to move in the speed its speed and direction

Effect to object at Object moves in the

Object stays at rest
rest direction of greater force

Net force Zero Non-zero

Newton’s first law is also known as the law of inertia. It states that: An
object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An
object in motion will continue to move at constant speed and direction unless
acted on by an unbalanced force.
Let us use a ball as an example. A ball if it is at rest, will continue in the
same state of rest. If an unbalanced force is applied, say, by kicking the ball, it
will be in motion. If the ball is in motion, say with an eastward velocity of 3m/s,
the ball will continue in motion unless acted by an unbalanced force. This is
shown in the illustration below.

How about Newton’s Second law?

Newton’s second law states that: Acceleration is directly related to force and
inversely related to mass. Consider the situations given.
Situation 1. The man is pushing the cart with a box inside. Observe on the change
in acceleration of the cart by comparing the two pictures.

As you can see in the illustrations, at constant mass if force is increased,

acceleration increases. This means that acceleration is directly related to force.

Situation 2. Here is another situation. The same man is pushing the cart.
Observe the load, force and acceleration. Can you spot the difference between the
two situations?

In the second, it shows that at constant force acceleration decreases when

mass is increased. This implies that the mass is inversely related to acceleration.
 What’s More

You have learned Newton’s first and second laws through different
activities. The proceeding activity needs your reflection on the things that you
can see in the environment and maybe you have done before. Again, study the
picture and be able to answer the questions.

Activity 5
Too risky

In most of our actions/activities and decisions in doing something Newton’s

first and second laws are not considered therefore, risks assessment is overlooked.

I. Objectives:
1. Relate the situations to Newton’s first and second law.
2. Reflect about the situation and give comments in terms of:
a. Mass
b. Acceleration
c. Force
3. Determine the risks in every situation.
II. Material:
 Pictures

III. Procedure:
Study the pictures reflecting how Newton’s first and second law are applied.
Answer the questions in every situation.

1. In this picture, can the little boy

Situation 1
move the cart? Yes/No. Why?

2. What law is applicable to this situation?

3. What are the risks?

 Situation 2 4. What can you say about the acceleration
of the bicycle?

5. What Newton’s law is applicable?

6. What are the risks?

Did you appreciate the activity? This activity implies that force play an
important role to make our tasks easy and fast. However, risks in every action we
take need to be considered. Example, in pushing or lifting heavy objects, proper
positioning of the body is important to prevent injury. While in riding in any type of
transportation, safety of every passenger must be the concern of everyone.
Let us see if you are the most experienced passenger by doing this another
activity. Try to recall your experiences in riding vehicles so that you can relate to the
activity. Are you ready?

What I Have Learned

Activity 6
It’s in the law
Determine if the scenarios stated are related to Newton’s first or second laws.
Mark a check that corresponds to the law.

First Second
Scenarios
law law
1. The bus driver suddenly starts his engine when he
realized that it is already his time to go. The passengers
sitting or standing in the bus tend to fall backward.
2. The player hits a baseball ball harder so it goes faster
and longer.
3. The driver suddenly stops the car and his passengers
strain against the seatbelt.
4. The bus decelerates when it approaches the
checkpoint for inspection.
5. The visitors are amazed when the waiter pulls the
tablecloth out from under the table full of dishes.
Do you know now which of your actions or experiences are related to
Newton’s laws? This implies that most of our experiences are applications of
Newton’s laws.
 Do you have the most unforgettable experience being a passenger? What was
your reaction? How did you protect yourself? Strange questions? Find out in the next
activity.

What I Can Do

Common experiences in
Did you experience
riding a multicab/ What did you do?
these? Mark a check
vehicle

1. Body moved to
the right when the
driver stepped on the
brake.
2. Felt on the floor due to
a sudden application on
the brake by the driver.

3. The vehicle bumped

to another vehicle.

4. No seatbelt available in
the vehicle.

5. Thrown forward
when the vehicle
abruptly decelerates and
eventually stopped.

Tell which of the following you experienced in riding our local transportation.

The activity allows us to recall our instant reactions in time that our lives
are in danger. This tells us that precautions and alertness in riding vehicles must
be practice. Do not sleep if you are travelling.
Did you enjoy all the activities? Did you learn? Let us find out by answering
the assessment portion of the module.
 Assessment

Answer the following questions by underlining the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which chair will require the most amount of force to get it moved or accelerated?
A. a plastic chair with a mass of 2 kgs
B. a rattan chair with a mass of 3 kgs.
C. a wooden chair with a mass of 5 kgs.
D. a steel chair with a mass of 6 kgs.

2. Look at the boys playing tug of war. Assuming that each of the boys can exert
a 50N force, who will win the game?

A. only one boy C. no movement

B. the two boys D. cannot be determined

3. Below are three shoppers. Which of the shoppers require more force to push
the cart?

A. C.

B. D.

4. If the force is constant, what will happen to the motion or acceleration of the
object if the mass is increased?
A. decreased C. the same
B. increased D. zero
5. A bus moves along national highway from Koronadal City to General Santos
City. A passenger has noticed that over time, he passes the kilometer markers
in shorter periods of time. Which statement best describes the motion of the
bus?
A. the bus is keeping the same direction
B. the bus is increasing its speed
C. the bus is changing its direction
D. the bus is maintaining the same speed

6. What is the net force on girl who is sitting on the chair?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3

7. If Josh exerts a force of 3N, and Jun is 6N, what is the net force?

A. 6N, left
B. 3N, left
C. 3N, right
D. 9N, left

8. Which of the following could be done to accelerate a moving object?

A. apply inertia
B. apply a balanced force
C. apply an unbalanced force
D. apply both balanced and unbalanced forces

9. Which of the following vehicles will come to a complete stop FIRST when
the drivers apply brake at the same time?
A. the fully loaded ten-wheeler truck
B. the van loaded with passengers
C. the empty dump trucks
D. the small car

10. If a van driver suddenly makes a sharp turn, which of the following will likely
to happen due to inertia?
A. Passengers will slide back and forth.
B. Passengers will move backward.
C. Passengers will move forward.
D. Passengers will slide to the side of the van.

11. Two objects A and B were applied with the same net force. It is observed that
the acceleration of object A is two times greater than B. Which of the
following is correct?
 A. Object A has a mass two times greater than B.
B. Object has a mass ½ of the mass of object B.
C. Object A has a less streamlined shape than object B.
D. Object A has more friction than object B.

12. Which of the following indicates that an object is accelerating?

A. speeding up
B. slowing down
C. changing direction
D. any of the above

13. Based on the figure below, if the boy number 1 will be

able to push the boy number 2 away from him, who
exerts greater force?
A. boy number 1
B. boy number 2
C. they have the same force
D. cannot be determined

14. What Newton’s law is illustrated in the picture below?

A. First law only

B. Second law only
C. First and Second laws
D. Law of gravity

15. Why should we wear seatbelts in riding a vehicle?

A. We should wear seatbelts to maintain our inertia.
B. We should wear seatbelts so that our body will not move if we meet an
accident or a force is applied to the brake.
C. We should wear seatbelts so that we can sleep while travelling.
D. We should wear seatbelts so if we are in an accident our body doesn’t
keep moving at the same speed and in the same direction that the car
was going.
 Additional Activities

Answer this critically.

A big truck ban stuck on a muddy road. The driver challenged the by standers
to push the truck ban out of the mud because he is going to give a prize. Would you
join?
Explain your decision in relation to Newton’s first and second laws.
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