MODELING THE ECORCHE HUMAN FIGURE IN CLAY

A Sculptor’s Guide to Anatomy

MODELING THE ECORCHE HUMAN FIGURE IN CLAY

A Sculptor’s Guide to Anatomy

Sculpture and Photographs By

Netra Bahadur Khattri

HIGHLAND PUBLICATION PVT. LTD

Bhotahity Kathmandu, Nepal
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MODELING THE ECORCHE HUMAN FIGURE IN CLAY

A Sculptor’s Guide to Anatomy

Publisher : Highland Publication PVT.

Ltd Bhotahity Kathmandu Nepal
Email : [email protected]
Ph. no : 01-4249813, 4253309
Copyright 2018 Netra Bahadur Khattri All Rights Reserved
Author : Netra Bahadur Khattri
ISBN no : 978-9937-9175-8-2
Edition : First Edition, 2018
Computer: Highland Desktop
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AUTHOR SAYS

The word Ecorche is a French word that means peel the skin off (a corpse or carcass). This sculpture base
anatomy book, it has encompassed modeling Ecorche human figure, which has one side of the figure is in the
bare skeleton and other side shows all major muscles including the main function of the muscles with insertion
and origin and information of Armature and basic tools and materials.

Art is an expression of thoughts, emotions, intuitions, and desires of an Artist, but it is even more personal than
that: it’s about sharing the way we experience and Expression, Perception, and Intentionality to the world,
which for many is an extension of the personality. The relationship between art and anatomy is understanding
and recognizing throw individual differences, inclosing and illustration of the body for anatomists and the study
of anatomy by artists. Artists pursue anatomy is to learn how to sculpt, draw, and paint a human form as it
appears in various positions or postures as well.

Lastly, enthusiastic disposition of I has written this book in conjunction with a primary source, supporting
research data, online citations, and the science and research center of Logan University, Saint Louis Missouri
USA. Hence, I would like to appreciate Sculptor and Professor David S. Newton for coordinating the
construction of this Ecorche book and regard Highland Publication PVT. LTD
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Forward,

I have the honor of being the head of the sculpture department at Fontbonne University in St. Louis
Missouri. In that capacity, I had the opportunity to be one of Netra Khattri’s instructor, which in time
turned into a friendship as I observed his dedication and determination in tackling the difficult task of
learning the human form, and its anatomy in-depth. I have found Netra to be a very talented sculptor,
musician, and author. I am enthusiastic to contribute to this important book that I know will enrich and
inspire many young artists as they form their aesthetic understanding of their art and how it will impact
their viewers.
Figurative art has many advantages for those artists that choose to make it part of their work. For
artists that pursue a more abstract or conceptual approach to art, figurative art can be equally helpful.
Learning the human figure requires the artist to minutely study one of the most complex forms in
nature. This training of the eye and hand allows the artist to see his or her environment in a more
accurate and informed way with more attention being paid to the variations of proportion and form
between people and the surrounding world.
Anatomy is the foundation of all figurative art whether it is drawing, painting, or sculpture. The
accurate knowledge of anatomy of both the bones and muscles allows the figure artist to analyze and
accurately name and interpret every form, shape, shadow, and ripple that is made on the surface of the
human body. By sculpting the figure in the form of an Ecorche, which is French for “flayed” body, the
artist will gain knowledge to make aesthetic decisions that will enhance their interpretation of the
human form. These interpretations can create a very powerful emotional, spiritual, or intellectual
reaction in the viewer when handled with skill and sensitivity.
This advanced knowledge of anatomy will also free the artist from slavishly rendering the living model
with its inherent limitations of poses and body types. This freedom to create life-like figures directly
from the imagination will open up new vistas of creativity and expression that could not exist without a
deeper exploration of anatomy. Netra Khattri’s book, with its excellent and detailed step by step
illustrations, will afford the readers a very good understanding of humane anatomy, and even more so
to those who take on the challenge of creating an Ecorche of their own.
The challenge and joy of learning the mysteries of the human body is a lifelong endeavor that will
always hold a fascination for those artists that search diligently to unlock its secrets.

David S. Newton
Professor of Fine Art, Fontbonne University
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1
BASIC TOOLS AND MATERIALS 2
ARMATURE 3
OSTEOLOGY (SKELETON) 4
SKULL AND PELVIS 6
PELVIS 8
SPINAL COLUMN AND SHOULDER GIRDLE 11
SHOULDER GIRDLE 12
CLAVICLE 13
SCAPULA 14
FEMUR, TIBIA AND FIBULA 15
TIBIA AND FIBULA 17
HUMERUS, RADIUS AND ULNA 18
MYOLOGY (MUSCLES) 26
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE 27
RECTUS ABDOMENS 28
ERECTOR SPINAE (The Spinal Muscles) 29
QUADRICEPS AND ADDUCTORS 30
HAMSTRING AND SARTORIUS 32
GLUTEAL MUSCLES, TENSOR FASCIA-LATAE AND ILIO-TIBIAL BAND 35
TENSOR FASCIA-LATAE AND ILIO-TIBIAL BAND 37
LOWER LEG MUSCLES 39
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER ARM 45
THE MUSClES OF THE FOREARM 50
TERES MINOR, TERES MAJOR, INFRASPINATUS, SUPRASPINATUS AND
RHOMBOID 57
SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE 62
PECTORALIS MINOR AND PECTORALIS MAJOR 64
LATISSIMUS DORSI 67
TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE 69
DELTOID MUSCLE 71
THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK AND HEAD 74
MUSCLE OF THE HEAD 78
MIMETIC (facial) MUSCLES 80
GALLERY 104
INDEX 118
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INTRODUCTION

This book is meant for especially those peoples or artists, Namely Sculptors and Painters or Students who are
studying human anatomy or Fine Art. As a Sculptor, Netra Khattri has made this book with the language of Art
(Sculpture), how muscles attach to the human skeleton, and from where the muscle originates and inserts with
muscle function.

This book is a dream come true, firstly Netra Khattri saw as human muscles in sculpture terms, then beginning
to end not only human bone and muscles but distinct stages: Skeleton, half muscled figure and mainly origin,
insertion, and function of muscles too. The reader may come into this process of evolution and metamorphosis
at any time, for any kind of specific reference: at the skeleton to see how the bones and muscles are constructed.
But there are more interesting facts in human anatomy than here. The difference between this book shows the
Ecorche sculpting process in finished anatomical references rather than, other anatomy book shows drawings of
muscles attach with bone and structures of human anatomy.
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BASIC TOOLS AND MATERIALS

To work on clay, we need basic tools like; modeling tools, wood, stand (metal socket), Wire in different size,
mallet or hammer, Pliers, measure tap and other needed tools. Clay: oil base clay/normal clay.

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ARMATURE

An armature is a rigid framework that provides support and stability to a sculpture or support of some kind, on
which to fasten the clay. It is mostly used in large sculptures but sometimes need to use small figure and
sculpture too. that are made of a soft material like clay to keep it from slumping over (if you take out your clay
and roll a long log then try to stand it on its end, you’ll notice how it has a hard time remaining upright).
Armatures can be made of a variety of materials like; wire, metal rod, but the most common is a basic metal
structure, but wood can also be used. Sometimes an armature is meant to stay inside the sculpture, as is the case
with large plaster or concrete sculptures. For this type of sculpture, an armature of chicken wire would be made
first, then fabric dipped in plaster is laid over the top to prevent plaster from dropping through the holes in the
chicken wire.

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OSTEOLOGY (SKELETON)

THE RIB CASE

The rib case is formed by the thoracic vertebrae and ribs, the sternum (breastbone), and the costal cartilages
(that attach the ribs to the sternum) The rib cage has three important functions: protection, support and
respiration. It encloses and protects the heart and lungs.

Specific characteristics of Twelve ribs,

True ribs :(1-5) connected to the sternum by means of costal cartilage.
False ribs:(6-10) connected to sternum by means of the costal cartilage of the true ribs.
Floating ribs:(11 and 12) which are not connected to sternum.

STERNUM (breast bone)

Consisting of two bones, the manubrium and the gladiolus and a bit of cartilage (which eventually ossifies)
called the uniform cart.

A PLANE BREAK
Where the rib meets cartilage in front, an angel in the ribs themselves in back.

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SKULL AND PELVIS

Skull

The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in most vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a
protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible.
The cranium is a blunt egg-shaped volume. The face is a framework of buttresses and bumpers; it’s main components are
the maxilla, mandible and zygomatic.

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PELVIS
Located in the lower torso, the pelvis is a sturdy ring of bones that protects the delicate organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
while anchoring the powerful muscles of the hip, thigh, and abdomen. Several bones unite to form the pelvis, including the
sacrum, coccyx (tail bone), and the left and right coxal (hip) bones. pelvis has composition of united in front at the
pubic symphysis and in back by means of the sacrum, the two-propeller shaped bones each have three main
components, the pubic, ischium and ilium which possess the followings salient features:

Pubis: at the front which is partner comprises the horizontal pubic crest, a disc of cartilage which unites the two
bones and constitutes the vertical pubic symphysis and an obliquely descending ramus which is partner
comprises the pubic arch.

Ischium: a large tuberosity whereupon we sit.

Ilium: The ilium is the largest and most superior of the three bones that join to form the hipbone (os coxa). It is a wide,
flat bone that provides many attachment points for muscles of the trunk and hip. You can find the crest of your ilium by
placing your hands on your hips.

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SPINAL COLUMN AND SHOULDER GIRDLE

Spinal column: The spine is made of 33 individual bones stacked one on top of the other. This spinal column provides the
main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist, while protecting the spinal cord from injury.
Strong muscles and bones, flexible tendons and ligaments, and sensitive nerves contribute to a healthy spine. Yet, any of
these structures affected by strain, injury, or disease can cause pain.

There are 3 major regions of the spine:

1. Cervical: The 7 vertebrae in the neck form the cervical region of the spine. Cervical vertebrae are the thinnest and
most delicate vertebrae in the spine but offer great flexibility to the neck. The first cervical vertebra, C1, supports the skull
and is named “atlas” after the Greek titan who held the Earth on his shoulders. The skull pivots on the atlas when moving up
and down. The second cervical vertebra, C2, is also known as the “axis” because it allows the skull and atlas to rotate to the
left and right.
2. Thoracic: The 12 vertebrae in the chest region form the spine’s thoracic region. Thoracic vertebrae are larger and
stronger than cervical vertebrae but are much less flexible. The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae point inferiorly to
help lock the vertebrae together. A unique feature of the thoracic vertebrae is that each one forms joints with a pair of ribs to
form the sturdy rib cage that protects the organs of the chest.
3. Lumbar: The 5 vertebrae in the lower back form the lumbar region of the spine. Lumbar vertebrae are even larger
and stronger than thoracic vertebrae, but are more flexible due to the lack of ribs in the lumbar region. All of the upper
body’s weight bears down on the lumbar vertebrae, leading to many back problems in this region despite the size and
strength of the vertebrae.

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SHOULDER GIRDLE
The two bones of the shoulder, the clavicle and the scapula, comprise the pectoral girdle. These bones form a kind of a yoke
which rides on top of the ribs cage. Since the shoulder girdle articulates directly with the rib cage only at the point at which
the medial extremity of the clavicle meets the manubrium.

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CLAVICLE
Clavicle is prismatic at it is medial extremity, and flat at it’s at lateral extremity.

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SCAPULA
Scapula is a thin blade it’s shape is likely diamond (tringle). The spine launches itself from the surface of the blade at it is
medial border where there is a triangular surface over which the trapezius glides.

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FEMUR, TIBIA AND FIBULA

Femur
Femur is the only bone in the thigh. It is classed as a long bone, and is the longest bone in the body. The main function of
the femur is to transmit forces from the tibia to the hip joint.
It acts as the site of origin and attachment of many muscles and ligaments, and can be divided into three areas; proximal,
shaft and distal.
In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the femur – its attachments, bony landmarks and clinical correlations.

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TIBIA AND FIBULA

The tibia and fibula are connected bones that begin below the knee and end at the ankle, says Inner body. The tibia is the
larger and stronger bone, while the fibula, though as long as the tibia, is a slender bone attached to the side of the tibia.

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HUMERUS, RADIUS AND ULNA

The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the elbow joint and the shoulder. Many powerful
muscles that manipulate the upper arm at the shoulder and the forearm at the elbow are anchored to the humerus.
The radius is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow
to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna. It is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally.

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MYOLOGY (MUSCLES)

IL IO-PSOAS,
The iliopsoas muscle consists of Psoas major muscle - originates from the 1st to 4th lumbar vertebrae, the
costal processes of all lumbar vertebrae and the 12th thoracic vertebrae. The muscle inserts at the lesser
trochanter of the femur. Iliacus muscle - runs from the iliac fossa to the lesser trochanter.

Functions. The iliopsoas muscle is the strongest flexor of the hip joint (important walking muscle). In the
supine position, it decisively supports the straightening of the upper body.

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EXTERNAL OBLIQUE

The External Oblique connects the rib case and the pelvis on the sides of the body. It is insertion is along the
iliac crest from the high point to the front point; It is origin, which is by slips all along the outside of the ribs
cage. It is thin on upper part and thick on down part.

Functions: it obscures the lower margins of the last couples of ribs and holds the body falling down by sideways.

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RECTUS ABDOMENS
The Rectus Abdomens originates along the costal cartilage of the fifth rib and inserts along the pubic crest. Horizontal tendinous
intersections give this this muscle is a vertical, harpoon- shaped tendon which separates the crest to the pubic spine.
rectus abdominis muscle, also known as the "abdominals" or "abs".

Functions. the muscles of the spine while a lift something, and keeps the intestines and other abdominal organs
in place.

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ERECTOR SPINAE (THE SPINAL MUSCLES)

The spinal muscles are a collection of many smaller muscles which run a kind of relay race from the sacrum and a portion of
the iliac crest all the way to the base of the skull, filling in the space between the angles of the ribs and the spinous processes
as they go. Two columns are thin and flat above the lumbar region where they are fuller. Upon the sacrum, the multifidus
muscles separate themselves out from the other and are visible as two columns straddling the median line of the body.

Functions: the spinal muscles give strength for spine and helps to keep standing for body.

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QUADRICEPS AND ADDUCTORS

Quadriceps
The Quadriceps are a group of four Muscles (Vastus Medialis/Intermedius, Vastus Lateralis and Rectus Femoris,) which
sit on the anterior or front aspect of the thigh.
The Quadriceps originate at the top of the femur (great trochanter) and attach to the front of the tibia. The Rectus Femoris
which actually crosses the hip joint and originates on the pelvis.

Functions: the function of the Quadriceps as a whole is to extend the knee, Rectus Femoris function to extend the knee but
also acts as a hip flexor because of it crosses the hip joint.

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Adductors

The Adductors muscles occupy the groin region and inside of the thigh. Together these muscles from an inverted cone on
the inside of the leg. There are five muscles in this group; Gracilis, Obturator Externus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor
longus and Adductor Magnus.

Function: to adduct the thigh and it is innervated by the obturator nerve. It forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle.

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HAMSTRING AND SARTORIUS

Hamstring
The hamstring muscle group is made up of three different muscles, the Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus and
Semimembranosus. Two of these muscles (Biceps Femoris and semitendinosus) insert on the ischial tuberosity, the
bottom part of the pelvic bones, commonly referred to as the sits bones. The hamstrings run all the way down the posterior
thigh, crossing the knee joint and inserting onto the bones of the lower leg
Function: The main role of the hamstring muscles is knee flexion, or simply bending the knee.

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Sartorius
The Sartorius muscle is a long, slim, superficially running extensor of the thigh musculature. It originates from the anterior
superior iliac spine of the Pelvic bone and runs spirally towards the knee region.
Function: The sartorius muscle helps to flex the hip joint and the knee joint.

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GLUTEAL MUSCLES, TENSOR FASCIA-LATAE AND ILIO-TIBIAL BAND

Gluteal Muscles (GLUTEAL MAXIMUS AND GLUTEAL MEDIUS)

The Gluteal Muscles or more commonly referred to as the Gluteus Muscles are located on the Buttocks and are made up of
three individual muscles, the Gluteus Maximus, the Gluteus Medius and the Gluteus Minimus.
The gluteus maximus occupies the lower back plane of the pelvis. The Gluteus Maximus muscles originate from the
Posterior portion of the Ilium, the posterior part of the Iliac Crest, the Sacrum and from the side of the coccyx. The insertion
attachment points of the Gluteus Maximus are as follows, the Gluteal Tuberosity of femur and the anterior of the Tibial
Condyle via the Iliotibal tract.
The gluteus medius occupies the side of the pelvis, it’s kind of triangular shape. The origin attachment points of the Gluteus
Medius muscle is from the outer surface of the Ilium between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines. The insertion point is
via a short tendon (which the Gluteus Medius muscle has narrowed to form) attaching to the lateral and superior surfaces of
the Greater Trochanter.
Function: Gluteus maximus, medius and minimus assisting to walk, run, climb stairs, lift to leg in a sideways motion, rotating the
thigh at the hips as well as stabilizing the body when one foot is raised off the ground during walking and running.

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TENSOR FASCIA-LATAE AND ILIO-TIBIAL BAND

Tensor Fascia-Latae
The Tensor Fasciae Latae is a small muscle which attaches inferiorly to the long thick strip of fascia, known as the iliotibial
band it’s opposes the action of the gluteus maximus. It’s originates below the front point of the pelvis and inserts into ilio-
tibial band.
Function: The basic functional movement of tensor fasciae latae is walking

Ilio-Tibial Band
The iliotibial band is a thick band of fibers that begins at the iliac crest in the pelvis and runs on the lateral or outside part
of the thigh and attaches into the tibia.
Function: ilio-tibial band allows the tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus muscles support and stabilize of the knee
while standing, walking, running and cycling etc.

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LOWER LEG MUSCLES

The lower leg muscles are occupying front, side and the back of Tibia and Fibula these muscles can be sorted
by plane:

Front: EXTENSOR HALLUCES LONGUS, EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS and TIBIALIS

ANTERIOR.

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Side: PERONEUS TERTIUS, PERONEUS BREVIS and PERONEUS LONGUS.

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(CALF MUSCLES) Back: SOLEUS and GASTROCNEMIUS.

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Function: muscles in the lower leg do everything from helping to raise the lower leg to wiggling the toes. Many muscles
that power foot movements begin as high up as the back of the knee and extend down to the foot.

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MUSCLES OF THE UPPER ARM

The upper arm muscles located between the shoulder joint and elbow joint. It contains five muscles;
CORACO-BRACHIALIS, TRIPE’S MEDIAL HEAD (deep head), TRICEPS BRACHII LONG HEAD,
LATERAL HEAD, BRACHIALIS and BICEPS.

Coraco-Brachialis

The coracobrachialis muscle is a small and thin muscle located in the shoulder joint, Originates from the coracoid process
of the scapula. The muscle passes through the axilla, and attaches the medial side of the humeral shaft, at the level of the
deltoid tubercle.

Function: Moving the arm up in front of the body and Pulling the arm towards the mid-line of the body.

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TRICEPS MEDIAL HEAD (deep head), TRICEPS BRACHII LONG HEAD AND LATERAL HEAD,

LATERAL HEAD
Triceps brachii has three heads (connective immovable muscle) Triceps brachii Medial head, Triceps brachii long head
and lateral head. It connects the humerus (upper arm bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade) to the ulna (longest of the
forearm bones) and is the primary extensor of the elbow. The long head of the triceps brachii muscle originating from the
scapula and shoulder to insert at the elbow.

Triceps brachii Medial head

The medial head is one of the three heads which comprise the triceps brachii, the muscle which is located to the rear of the
upper arm. This muscle located to the inner region of the arm.

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Triceps brachii long head and lateral head

The long head of the triceps brachii muscle is a muscle of the back of the arm, originating from the scapula and shoulder,
and the lateral head originates from the back of the humeral shaft and both heads inserts at the elbow.

Function: long head adducts arm, draws it backward; three heads together extend forearm.

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BRACHIALIS and BICEPS

Brachialis

The brachialis muscle is located on the front part of the upper arm and It lies underneath the biceps muscle. Brachialis
originates from Distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus and Inserts into coronoid process of the ulna and tuberosity
of the ulna.

Function: Strong flexion of the elbow

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Biceps

The biceps brachii is the well-known two headed major flexors muscle in the upper arm. long head of biceps originates from
Saprogenic tuberosity and short head originates from coracoid process of scapula, both long head and short heads inserts
into the Tuberosity of radius, bicipital aponeurosis to fascia of forearm.

Function: The primary function of the Bicep muscle is to move the forearm towards the shoulder and secondary function of
the Bicep is supination of the forearm.

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THE MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM

The forearm contains many muscles which can be divided into three groups

FLEXORS;
Flexors muscles that decrease the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, as in bending the elbow or knee. Flexors of
forearm run from the medial epicondyle to the front of the hand.
FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS, FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS, PRONATOR TERRES,
FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, PALMARIS LONGUS AND FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS,
Flexor Pollicis longus
The flexor pollicis longus is a muscle in the forearm and hand that flexes the thumb. Flexor Pollicis originates from Middle
anterior surface of the radius and the interosseous membrane and inserts to Palmar aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of
thumb.
Flexor digitorum superficialis
The flexor digitorum superficialis is the biggest muscle of the superficial group of muscles on the front of the forearm.
Flexor digitorum superficialis originates from medial epicondyle humerus, medial ligament of elbow, ulnar head, medial
border of coronoid process and fibrous arch, and Tendons split to insert to sides of middle phalanges of medial four fingers.

Function: Flexes proximal interphalangeal joints and secondarily metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist.

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PRONATOR TERRES, FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, PALMARIS LONGUS AND FLEXOR CARP ULNARIS

Pronator Terres
The pronator terres muscle is located on the palmar side of the forearm, below the elbow. This is also known as pronation
muscle. Pronator Terres originates from superior portion of the medial epicondyle travel through the common flexor tendon
and coronoid process of the ulna, and inserts to Lateral aspect of the mid shaft of the radius.
Flexor Carpi Radialis
The flexor carpi radialis muscle is a relatively thin muscle located on the anterior part of the forearm. Flexor carpi radialis
travels on the outside of the flexor digitorum superficialis. It inserts at base of second and third metacarpal.
Palmaris Longus
The palmaris longus muscle (visible as a small tendon between the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris.) lies on
the medial side of the flexor carpi radialis muscle. Palmaris longus originates from medial epicondyle of humerus and
inserts to palmar aponeurosis, fanning into palm of hand.
Flexor carpi ulnaris
The flexor carpi ulnaris is a thin and long muscle in the forearm. This muscle is considered as a superficial muscle of the
forearm because it is occupying directly underneath the skin and fat tissues of the forearm and on top of other muscles.

Function: The basic function of Pronator Terres, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus and Flexor carpi ulnaris is flex the
forearm and abducts the hand.

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EXTENSORS;
Extensors run from the lateral epicondyle to the back of the hand (from out-side to the back).

ANCONEUS, EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS, EXTENSOR DIGITORUM AND EXTENSOR CARPI

RADIALIS BREVIS

Anconeus

Anconeus muscle is a small triangular in shape muscle which occupies on medial side of the ulna to the lateral side of the
humerus. It originates at the dorsal side of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts at the olecranon of the ulna.
anconeus assists the triceps in extending arm. More specifically, it assists in extending the arm at the elbow.

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Extensor carpi ulnaris

The Extensor Carpi Ulnaris muscle is located on the ulnar side of the forearm. The function of this muscle is to facilitate
extension and bending of the wrist. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris muscle originates from the outer side of elbow, lateral
epicondyle of humerus and traverses down the forearm and enters the base of the small finger.

Extensor digitorum
The extensor digitorum is a long muscle that connects the outside of the elbow, extends down the back of the forearm joining four
tendons that connect to the middle of the four fingers. The extensor digitorum extends the medial four digits of the
hand.

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

The extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle located in the superficial compartment of the posterior forearm. Extensor carpi
radialis brevis originates from Lateral epicondyle of humerus and troughs common extensor tendon and the radial collateral
ligament of the elbow.

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BRACHIORADIALIS AND EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS

Brachioradialis
Brachioradialis muscle is a stronger elbow flexor and assists the extensors of the hand to bend wrist backwards.
Brachioradialis originates from
Lateral epicondyle ridge of humerus, between triceps and brachialis and inserts into the styloid process of radius

Function: flexes forearm; supinates forearm in extension, pronates it in flexion and abducts hands

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Extensor carpi radialis longs

The extensor carpi radialis longus muscle is located on the dorsal side of each forearm. Extensor carpi radialis logs
originates from lateral epicondyle and epicondylar ridge of humerus and inserts to base of the second metacarpal.

Function: flexes forearm; supinates forearm in extension, pronates it in flexion and abducts hands

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TERES MINOR, TERES MAJOR, INFRASPINATUS, SUPRASPINATUS AND

RHOMBOID
Teres Minor

The teres minor is a small slim muscle within the rotator cuff, located in the shoulder. The teres minor originates from
middle third lateral border of Scapula and inserts into the inferior facet of greater tuberosity of humerus and capsule of the
shoulder joint.

Function: Teres minor assist to laterally rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder joint.

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Teres Major

Teres major is a small muscle that runs along the lateral border of the scapula. teres major muscle is an important muscle as
it is responsible for a number of shoulder movements in multiple directions. Teres major also helps the latissimus dorsi in
moving the humerus back and down when extended, and also stabilizes the upper portion, or head, of the humerus.
Teres major originates from Posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula and inserts into Medial lip of
intertubercular sulcus of humerus.

Function: Adducts and internally rotates the arm.

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Infraspinatus

The infraspinatus triangular muscle and part of the rotator cuff, which occupies most of the concave, dorsal surface of the
scapula, this muscle covers almost the entire scapula (shoulder blade) below the scapular spine.
The infraspinatus, in most cases, has three pennate origins on the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula and
inserts to the Posterior of greater tubercle of humerus.

Function: externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder joint.

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Supraspinatus
Supraspinatus is a small muscle of the upper arm which runs along the top of the shoulder blade and inserts via the tendon at
the top of the arm or humerus bone.

Function: Helps stabilize the shoulder by drawing the humerus toward the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

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Rhomboid

The rhomboid muscle is a muscle located in the upper back between the shoulder blades. The rhomboid muscles called the
rhomboids, cause of rhombus-shaped.
rhomboids lie deep to trapezius to form parallel bands that pass inferolateral from the vertebrae to the medial border of the
scapula.

Function: Keep the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall and rib cage.

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SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE

The serratus anterior muscle is a fan-shaped muscle at the lateral wall of the thorax which fan out from their origin on the underside
of scapula at the inferior angle to their insertions on the ribs. Serratus anterior muscle also called by boxer’s muscle because it’s
helps to pulling of the scapula forward and around the rib cage that occurs when someone throws a punch.
The serratus anterior muscle originates from the top eight or nine ribs and then extends backwards and inserts or attaches to
the inside border of the scapula.

Function: The main function of this muscle is move the scapula bone forward and around the rib case as the arm is
extending forward, such as raise the arm and punch something.

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PECTORALIS MINOR AND PECTORALIS MAJOR

Pectoralis Minor
The pectoralis minor is a thin, flat muscle of the chest that is located underneath the pectoralis major. The pectoralis minor
muscle originates from anterior surface of third, four and fifth ribs, and inserts into the coracoid process of scapula.

Function: move the scapula forward and downward, Additionally, this muscle helps to expand the rib cage by elevating the
third fourth and fifth ribs, which can aid in inhalation.

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Pectoralis Major

The pectoralis major is the most important large, thick and fan-shaped muscle that located on the anterior part of the chest.
In females, pectoralis major muscle occupies underneath of the breast. Pectoralis major originates from anterior surface of
medial half of clavicle, anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages, and aponeurosis of external oblique
muscle, and inserts to Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus and anterior lip of the deltoid tuberosity.

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Function: Draws arm forward and medially, rotates it inward, lowers it when raised vertically.

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LATISSIMUS DORSI
Latissimus dorsi is the widest and most powerful muscle of the back it covers a large surface area. Latissimus dorsi originates from
Spinous processes of thoracic T7-T12, 9th to 12th ribs, the lumbar and sacral vertebrae (via the thoracolumbar fascia), and the
posterior third of the external lip of the iliac crest and extends to its insertion point on the humerus.

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Function: Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm at the shoulder.

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TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE
The trapezius is a the big, flat, wide and superficial muscle that covers most of the upper back and the neck posterior. Trapezius
muscle originates from External occipital protuberance, medial third of the superior nuchal line, the nuchal ligament, and the
spinous process of C7 and inserts to Lateral third of the clavicle and the medial aspect of the acromion process of the scapula.

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Function: There are three divisions of the trapezius muscle – upper, middle, and lower.

The upper trapezius extends (allows to tilt the head back to look up) and laterally flexes (ear to the shoulder) to the same side.

The middle trapezius fibers work primarily on the scapula to adduct (move closer to the midline) and upwardly rotate to
allow for arm movement.

The lower trapezius fibers work to assist in adducting and upwardly rotating the scapula, as well as to stabilize the scapula
during certain movement.

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DELTOID MUSCLE

The deltoid muscle is a thick and triangular muscle occupying the upper arm and the shoulder. The deltoid consists three
sets of fibers: anterior, middle, and posterior. The anterior part of deltoid muscle flexes the arm and rotates it internally. The
middle part of the deltoid muscle abducts or pulls the arm away from the side of the body, and the posterior of the deltoid
muscle extends and laterally rotates the arm. The deltoid muscle originates from lateral end of the clavicle, the acromion of
the scapula at the top of the shoulder, and the spine of the scapula and inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.

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Function: Raises the arm, draw forward, inward, backward and rotate it outward.

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THE MUSCLES OF THE NECK AND HEAD

Muscle of the Neck

scalenus muscle
The scalenus muscles are (scalenus anterior, scalenus middle and scalenus posterior muscles), occupying on the lateral part
of the neck. The scalenus anterior, medius and posterior originates from second cervical vertebrae to seventh cervical
vertebrae and inserts to upper two ribs.

Function: Flexes and rotates neck.

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Sternocleidomastoid muscle

The sternocleidomastoid is a muscle of the neck so-named because Medial head of SCM originates from the sternum
(sterno) and Lateral head of SCM originates from the clavicle (cleido) and inserts on the mastoid process (mastoid) which is
an easily located bony prominence behind the ear.

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Function: Turns head to opposite side and face upward.

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MUSCLE OF THE HEAD

Masseter
The masseter muscle is the most powerful quadrangular shape mastication muscle located in the cheek area. The masseter
originates on the backward – facing edge of the zygomatic bone and inserts on the mandible from about half way down the
ramus to the angle of the jaw.

Function: Masseter muscle helps to pull the lower jaw upward, which causes the jaws to close while chewing.

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Temporalis muscles

The temporalis muscle is a large, thin fan-shaped muscle of mastication, which located in the side of the skull above and in
front of the ear. Temporalis muscles originates from Temporal fossa between inferior temporal line and infratemporal crest
and inserts to Medial and anterior aspect of coronoid process of mandible.

Function: elevate the lower jaw, retract the lower jaw, and move the lower jaw from side-to-side.

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MIMETIC (FACIAL) MUSCLES

The mimetic muscles control facial expression, these muscles are controlled by the facial nerve.

ORBICULARIS OCULI, ELEVATOR LABII SUPERIORS, FRONTALIS, NASAL, ZYGOMATICUS,

QUADRATUS LABII INFERIORS AND ORBICULARIS ORIS

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GALLERY

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INDEX

A E
abducts, 56, 61, 62, 79 Ecorche, V, VI, VIII
acromion process, 77 elbow, 20, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57,
adductor brevis, 34 58, 59, 61
adductor magnus, 34 epicondyle, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62
Adducts, 65, 76 extend, 34, 46, 52
anatomy, V, VI, VIII, 17 extensor, 37, 50, 58, 59, 62
anconeus, 57 extensor digitorum, 59
ankle, 19 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS, 43
anterior, 33, 37, 39, 52, 55, 56, 69, 71, 72, EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS, 43
79, 83, 89
armature, 3 F
Armatures, 3
Artist, V, VIII fascia, 41, 53, 75
attach, VIII, 4, 33 fat, 56
attachments, 17 fibrous arch, 55
flexor, 29, 34, 55, 56, 61
B FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS, 55, 56
FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS,
backward, 52, 82, 88 55 FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS, 55
bending, 36, 55, 58 Flexors, 55
biceps, 52, 53 forearm, 20, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58,
Biceps Femoris, 36 59, 61, 62
blade, 16, 50, 65, 66 fossa, 29, 65, 67, 89
bone, VIII, 4, 9, 17, 19, 20, 37, 50, 66, 69, framework, 3, 7
88 FRONTALIS, 90
bony, 7, 17, 84
border, 16, 55, 63, 64, 68, G
69 Brachioradialis, 61
Buttocks, 39 GALLERRY, 114
girdle., 13
C gladiolus, 4
Gluteus, 39
CALF MUSCLES, 45 gracilis, 34
cartilage, 4, 9, 31 greater, 63
Cervical, 12, 83 greater tubercle, 65
chewing, 88
chicken wire, 3 H
Clay, 2
columns, 32 half muscled figure, VIII
constructed, VIII hamstrings, 36
CORACO-BRACHILIS, 49 hip, 9, 17, 29, 33, 34, 37
coracoid, 49, 53, 71 human, V, VI, VIII
coronoid process, 52, 55, 56, 89 humerus, 20, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61,
costal cartilages, 4, 72 costal 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72, 75, 79
processes, 29
curved, 20
I
D iliac crest, 30, 32, 41, 75
ILIO-PSOAS, 29
dedication, VI Ilium, 9, 39
deep head, 49, 50 inferior, 63, 64, 69, 89
deltoid tubercle, 49 inferiorly, 12, 41
dorsal side, 57, 62 infraspinatus, 65

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infratemporal crest, 89 O
inhalation, 72
inner region, 50 Oblique, 30
innervated, 35 obturator externus, 34
insertion, V, VIII, 30, 39, 75 occupies, 39, 57, 65, 72
inside, 3, 34, 69 ORBICULARIS OCULI, 90
intertubercular sulcus, 64 ORBICULARIS ORIS, 90
inverted, 34 originates, VIII, 29, 31, 33, 37, 41, 51, 52,
ischial, 36 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 69,
Ischium, 9 71, 72, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84, 88, 89
outside part, 41
J
P
joint, 17, 20, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37, 49, 55,
63, 64, 66 palm, 56
parallel, 20, 68
K Pelvic bone, 37
pelvis, 9, 30, 33, 39, 41
knee, 19, 34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 55 PERONEUS BREVIS, 44
PERONEUS TERTIUS, 44
phalanges, 55
L PLAMARIS LONGUS AND FLEXOR CARPI
lateral, 14, 20, 39, 41, 50, 51, 57, 58, 62, ULNARIS, 55
63, 64, 69, 79, 83 Posterior, 39, 64, 65
LATERAL HEAD, 49, 50 processes, 12, 32, 75
LEVATOR LABII SUERRIORIS, 90 pronates, 61, 62
lift, 32, 39 PRONATOR TERRES, 55, 56
ligament, 55, 59, 77 proportion, VI
longitudinally, 20 protuberance, 77
lower, 9, 12, 30, 36, 39, 43, 46, 78, 79, 88, proximal, 17, 55
89 pubic symphysis, 9
Lumbar, 12
Q
M QUADRATUS LABII INFERIORIS, 90
mallet, 2
mandible, 7, 88, 89 R
manubrium, 4, 13
Masseter, 88 radial, 59
maxilla, 7 radius, 20, 53, 55, 56, 61
maximus, 39, 41 raised off, 39
medial, 13, 14, 16, 35, 49, 50, 55, 56, Raises, 82
57, 59, 64, 68, 72, 77, 84, 89 rectus abdominis, 31
medius, 39, 83 rib cage, 4, 12, 13, 68, 69, 72
metacarpal, 56, 62 ribs cage, 13, 30 rod, 3
mimetic muscles, 90
minimus, 39 rotates, 64, 65, 74, 76, 79, 83
muscle, VIII, 29, 31, 36, 37, 39, 41, 49, 50,
51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, S
64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 79,
83, 84, 88, 89 sacrum, 9, 32
Saprogenic, 53
N scapula, 13, 16, 49, 50, 51, 53, 63, 64,
65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79
NASAL, 90 SCM, 84
Sculptors, VIII
sculpture, V, VI, VIII, 3
Semimembranosus, 36

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Semitendinosus, 36 tissues, 56
separates, 31 toes, 46
shape, VI, 16, 39, 57, 88 top, 3, 12, 13, 33, 56, 66, 69, 79
shaped, 7, 9, 20, 31, 68, 69, 72, 89 shoulder, trapezius, 16, 68, 77, 78, 79
13, 20, 49, 50, 51, 54, 63, 64, 65, triangular, 16, 39, 57, 65, 79
66, 67, 68, 76, 78, 79 triceps brachii, 50, 51
skin, V, 56 TRICEPS BRACHII LONG HEAD, 49, 50
SOLEUS, 45 trochanter, 29, 33
spinal column, 12 tuberosity, 9, 36, 52, 53, 63, 72, 79
stabilizes, 64
sternocleidomastoid, 84
U
sternum, 4, 72, 84
strength, 12, 32 ulnar head, 55
structures, VIII, 7, 12 upper, 12, 20, 29, 30, 49, 50, 52, 53,
styloid process, 61 64, 66, 68, 77, 78, 79, 83
superior, 9, 37, 39, 56, 72, 77 upwardly, 78, 79
supinates forearm, 61, 62
surface, VI, 16, 39, 52, 55, 64, 65, 71, 72,
75
V
vertebrae, 12, 29, 68, 75,
T 83 via, 39, 66, 75 volume, 7

temporalis, 89 Temporalis
muscles, 89 tendon, 31,
39, 56, 59, 66 Tendons,
W
55 wire, 3
thin, 16, 30, 32, 49, 56, 71, 89 wrist, 20, 55, 58, 61
Thoracic, 12
thoracic vertebrae, 4, 12, 29
thoracic wall, 68
Z
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR, 43 ZYGOMATICUS, 90

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