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Science – Grade 11
Learner Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 – Week 5 A:

First Edition, 2021

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Writer: Glenda O. Limon

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Author: Glenda O. Limon

School/Station: San Roque National High School
Division: DepED Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Earth and Life Science, Quarter 1, Week 5 A

LAYERS OF ROCK

Name:_______________________________________________________ Section:_______________

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed. (MELC S11/12ES-Ie-25).

Specific Objectives:
1. Identify the different Stratigraphic Laws.
2. Describe how the rock layers are formed.

Time Allotment: 1 Hour

Key Concepts

Rock layers

Layers of Rocks or strata any of the distinct layers into which sedimentary rocks are divided.
Every rock layer is for the most part one of various parallel rock layers that lie one upon another,
set around characteristics procedure. Slight refinements in material in an arrangement maybe as
“individuals” (or now and again “beds”). Rocks form layers due to sediments deposited on rocks or
some forces that act on it which causes deformation.

Stratigraphy is the branch of geology that deals with the description, correlation, and
interpretation of stratified sediments & stratified rocks on & within the Earth. It is also referred
as the study of rock layers.

Stratification or Bedding is the layering that happens in sedimentary and igneous rocks and the
products of sedimentary process that formed layers of rocks are called stratified rocks.

Stratigraphic Laws are used by geologist in conducting relationship or rock layers.

1. Law of Horizontality states that undeformed

sedimentary rock is deposited horizontally. The
deposition of sediment is controlled by gravity
and will pull it downward.

Figure 1 Law of Horizontality

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_L
aboratory_Manual_For_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/0
1%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Geology/1.02%3A_Geologic_Time

2.Law of Superposition states that in an

undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks the
oldest rocks will be at the bottom of the sequence
while the youngest will be on top.

Figure 2 Law of Superposition

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_L
aboratory_Manual_For_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/01
%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Geology/1.02%3A_Geologic_Time

Author: Glenda O. Limon

School/Station: San Roque National High School
Division: DepED Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]
3. Law of Cross-Cutting Relationship states
that when two geologic features intersect, the
one that cuts across the other is younger. In
essence, a feature has to be present before
something can affect it. For example, if a fault
fractures through a series of sedimentary rocks
those sedimentary rocks must be older than the
fault (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Law of Crosscutting

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_
Laboratory_Manual_For_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/
01%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Geology/1.02%3A_Geologic_Time

4. Principle of Inclusion states that any rock

fragments that are included in rock must be
older than the rock in which they are included.
For example, a xenolith in an igneous rock or a
clast in sedimentary rock must be older than the
rock that includes it (Figure 4)

A xenolith of diorite incorporated into a basalt lava flow, Mauna Kea

volcano, Hawaii. The lava flow took place sometime after the diorite
cooled, was uplifted, and then eroded. (Geological rock hammer head
for scale).

Figure 4 Principle of Inclusion

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_Laborator
y_Manual_For_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/01%3A_Introductio
n_to_Physical_Geology/1.02%3A_Geologic_Time

5. Principle of Faunal Succession states that

rock layers that contain fossils can be used to
identify and correlate rocks. Sedimentary rock
strata contain fossilized flora and fauna, and
that these fossils succeed each other vertically
in a specific, reliable order that can be identified
over wide horizontal distances.

Figure 5 Principle of Faunal Succession

Source: https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/1326949/pages/principle-of-
faunal-succession

6. Unconformity represents an interruption

in the process of deposition of sedimentary
rocks. Recognizing unconformities is
important for understanding time
relationships in sedimentary sequences. An
example of an unconformity is shown in Figure
6. The Proterozoic rocks of the Grand Canyon
Group have been tilted and then eroded to a
flat surface prior to deposition of the younger
Paleozoic rocks. The difference in time between
Figure 6 Unconformity
the youngest of the Proterozoic rocks and the Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_Physical_Geolo
gy_(Earle)/08%3A_Measuring_Geological_Time/8.02%3A_Relative_Dating_Methods
oldest of the Paleozoic rocks is close to 300

Author: Glenda O. Limon

School/Station: San Roque National High School
Division: DepED Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]
million years. Tilting and erosion of the older rocks took place during this time, and if there was
any deposition going on in this area, the evidence of it is now gone.

Four Types of Unconformities

The characteristics of the four types of unconformities

Figure 7 The four types of unconformities: (a) a nonconformity between older non-sedimentary rock and sedimentary rock, (b) an
angular unconformity, (c) a disconformity between layers of sedimentary rock, where the older rock has been eroded but not tilted, and
(d) a paraconformity where there is a long period (typically millions of years) of non-deposition between two parallel layers.

Figure 7 Types of Unconformity

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_Physical_Geolo
gy_(Earle)/08%3A_Measuring_Geological_Time/8.02%3A_Relative_Dating_Methods

Correlation of Rock is the process of showing that rocks or geologic events occurring at different
locations are of the same age. It compares rock layers from one place to another.

Types of Correlation
1. Physical Correlation refers to comparing rock layers according to the color, texture, and types
of minerals contained within a stratum (layer).
2. Fossil Correlation refers to comparing rock layers and estimating the age of the rocks using
fossils with unique characteristics, such as life span & features.

Methods of Correlation
1. Rock types & its characteristics is related to physical correlation.
2. Index fossil is used to determine the description of layers of rocks.
3. Bed Rock includes the deeper layers of rocks.

Activities

Activity #1: Pic Me Up!

Objective: Identify the different Stratigraphic Laws
Describe how rock layers are formed.

Author: Glenda O. Limon

School/Station: San Roque National High School
Division: DepED Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]
What you need: Paper, Pen and Picture
What to do: Examine the pictures of different rock formation. In two sentences, describe
how the rock layers were formed using the stratigraphic laws.

Layers of Rocks Stratigraphic Description

Laws

Scoring Rubric (Column 3)

2 The description is relevant to the concept of stratigraphic laws, well-organized and
has no spelling and grammatical errors.
1 The description is relevant to the concept of stratigraphic laws, organized but has
minimal spelling and grammatical errors.

Author: Glenda O. Limon

School/Station: San Roque National High School
Division: DepED Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]
 Reflection

1. Which of the concepts listed in the table below interests you the most? the
least?
Please put a check mark (/) that corresponds to your answer.

Concepts Most Interested Least Interested

Stratigraphic Laws
Unconformity
Types of Unconformities
Correlation of Rock
Directions: Write your answer in two sentences only in a separate sheet of paper.
2. Did the activities help you understand the topic? Yes, or no? Why?
3. What is the significance of the topic in your life? Why?

References:
Web Sources:

Harris, Deline, and Tefend. 2019. “Introduction to Physical Geology.” University of West Georgia.
September 1, 2019. https://geo.libretexts.org/@go/page/5433.

“Relative Dating Methods.” 2020. Vancover Island University. August 11, 2020.
https://geo.libretexts.org/@go/page/7820.

“Sedimentary Structures and Fossils.” 2020. Vancover Island University. August 11, 2020.
https://geo.libretexts.org/@go/page/7809

Image Sources
Figure 1 Law of Horizontality
Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_Laboratory_Manual_F
or_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Geology/
1.02%3A_Geologic_Time

Figure 2 Law of Superposition

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_Laboratory_Manual_F
or_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Geology/
1.02%3A_Geologic_Time

Figure 3 Law of Crosscutting

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_Laboratory_Manual_F
or_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Geology/
1.02%3A_Geologic_Time

Figure 4 Principle of Inclusion

Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory/Book%3A_Laboratory_Manual_F
or_Introductory_Geology_(Deline_Harris_and_Tefend)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Physical_Geology/
1.02%3A_Geologic_Time
Figure 5 Principle of Faunal Succession
Source: https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/1326949/pages/principle-of-faunal-
succession
Figure 6 Unconformity
Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_Physical_Geology_(Earle)/08
%3A_Measuring_Geological_Time/8.02%3A_Relative_Dating_Methods
Figure 7 Types of Unconformity

Author: Glenda O. Limon

School/Station: San Roque National High School
Division: DepED Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]
Source:https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_Physical_Geology_(Earle)/08
%3A_Measuring_Geological_Time/8.02%3A_Relative_Dating_Methods

https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_Physical_Geology_(Earle)/08%3A_Me
asuring_Geological_Time/8.02%3A_Relative_Dating_Methods

https://timescavengers.blog/introductory-material/geologic-time/principles-of-geology/

https://www.sandatlas.org/principle-of-inclusions/

Answer Key
Exercise #1
1. Law of Cross cutting / two geologic features intersect
2. Unconformity / interruption in the process of deposition
3. Law of Faunal Succession / rock layers that contain fossils
4. Law of Inclusion/ any rock fragments that are included in rock must be older than the
rock in which they are included
5. Law of Horizontality/ undeformed sedimentary rock is deposited horizontally

Author: Glenda O. Limon

School/Station: San Roque National High School
Division: DepED Agusan del Sur
email address: [email protected]