Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Engineering Profession

AAU/AAiT/SMiE
 Engineering Profession

What is Engineering?

The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

(ABET) defines engineering: “the profession in which a
knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained
by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to
develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces
of nature for the benefit of mankind.”
 Cont.
Engineering is a profession like medicine, law, etc. that aspires
to high standards of conduct and recognizes its responsibility
to the general public.

• The art and science by which the properties of matter are

made useful to man, whether in structures, machines,
chemical substances, or living organisms

• The discipline dealing with the art or science of applying

scientific knowledge to practical problems
 Technology Team
Scientist - Like an engineer, but a primary goal is the expansion
of knowledge and understanding physical processes.

Engineer - Applies knowledge of math and the physical sciences

to the efficient design and construction of usable devices,
structures and processes.

Technologist - Technologists focus on direct application of

established engineering principles and processes. Math, the
physical sciences, and underlying engineering theory receive
limited coverage. More interested in hardware and processes.
 Cont.
Technician - Completes a 2 year degree in a narrow technical
area such as electronics, drafting, or machining.

Artisans - Training may be a combination of schooling and work

experience. Examples include welders, machinists, electricians,
carpenters, painters, steel workers, and artists.
 Engineering Disciplines
• Aerospace • Environmental • Transportation

• Agricultural • Geological • Industrial

• Architectural • Marine • Biomedical

• Automotive • Mechanical • Nuclear and

• Biological • Materials Radiological Health

• Ceramic • Mining Safety

• Chemical • Ocean • Technology and

Industrial Distribution
• Civil • Petroleum
• Computer
• Computer Science • Systems
Engineering
• Electrical • Textile
 Why I Want To Be An Engineer?

• I love making stuff that will help people

• I enjoy solving problems

• I enjoy traveling

• I enjoy meeting and socializing with people

• A secure future
 Why People Want To Be A Mechanical
Engineer?
• Personal interest

• Interested in machine

• Easy to find job

• The country need engineers

• Want to invent

• Love cars

• My parents want me to be

• Not sure
 What is an Engineer?
Someone who uses Engineering Problem Solving techniques to
Develop and Improve…

• Consumer Products

• Drugs (the good kind)

• Factory Processes

• Buildings and Bridges

• Computer programs

• Electronics …
 Benefits of Engineering
• Challenging (You Don’t Get Bored)

• Flexible Job Opportunities

• Good Pay and Benefits

• Lasting and Tangible Products

• Help to mankind
 Engineering Problem Solving

How Engineers approach a problem?

Problem Type:
• What is the underlying mechanism/theory?

Use: Scientific Method

• Define the Problem
• Research what’s been done before
• Lots of thinking
 Cont.

• Form a hypothesis (testable prediction)

• Test Hypothesis (actual experiment)
• Analyze Data (could be more involved that you
would expect)
• Form Conclusions
• Take appropriate actions based on conclusions
 Should I become an Engineer?

• Do you enjoy science and math?

• Do you have perseverance?

• Are you creative?

• Are you curious?

• Do you wonder why things are the way they are?

• Do you like to think of ways to improve things?

How Do I Prepare to Be an Engineer?
Equip your self in
• Math: Geometry, Pre-Calculus, Calculus

• Science: Biology, Physics, Chemistry

• A Foreign Language, other humanities

• Look into internship programs

• Read about scientific discoveries

• Gain experience in a variety of activities

 Engineering Functions
The focus of an engineer’s work typically falls into one
or more of the following areas:

Research - explore, discover and apply new principles

Development - transform ideas or concepts into

production processes

Design - link the generation of ideas and the

production
 Cont.
Production and testing - manufacture and assemble
components or products

Sales - market engineering products

Operations - maintain equipment and facilities

Construction - prior to construction organizes bids,

during construction supervises certain components of
process
 Cont.
Management - optimize the use of resources
(equipment, labor, finances)

Education - teach engineering principles in university

and industrial settings

Consulting - provide specialized engineering services

the clients. May work alone or in partnership other
engineers.
 Career Paths for Engineers
There are at least seven career options for graduating
engineering students:

• Corporate leader

• Independent entrepreneur

• Military or government

• Engineering and social service aboard

• Professor/engineer

• Graduate work outside engineering

• A mix of first six options

 Engineering as a Profession

• Engineering possesses those attributes that typically

characterize a profession:

• Satisfies an indispensable and beneficial need.

• Requires the exercise of discretion and judgment and

is not subject to standardization.
 Cont.

• Involves activities that require knowledge and skill

not commonly possessed by the general public.

• Has group consciousness for the promotion of

knowledge and professional ideas and for rendering
social services.

• Has a legal status and requires well-formulated

standards of admission.
 Engineers are Inventors!
• Engineers use science and math to solve real
world problems!
• Possibly:
• Chemical, electrical, mechanical, software, civil, biomedical,
and environmental. AND MANY MORE!

• Look around you, virtually every manmade

contraption you see was conceived of and
created by an engineer!
ETHICS
 ETHICS
The study of the moral values, issues, and decisions
involved in engineering practice. The moral values take
on forms including responsibilities, ideals, character
traits, social policies, and relationships desirable from
individuals and corporations engaged in engineering.
“An engineer has to be well qualified, well informed & committed to
his obligations to the society”
 Code of Ethics for Engineers
Fundamental Principles
Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor, and
dignity of the Engineering profession by:
• using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of
human welfare;
• being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the
public, their employers and clients, and
• Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the
engineering profession.
 Cont.
Fundamental Canons
• Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and
welfare of the public in the performance of their
professional duties.
• Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their
competence.
• Engineers shall continue their professional development
throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities
for the professional development of those engineers
under their supervision.
 Cont.
• Engineers shall act in professional matters for each
employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall
avoid conflicts of interest.
• Engineers shall build their professional reputations on
the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly
with others.
• Engineers shall associate only with reputable persons or
organizations.
• Engineers shall issue public statements only in an
objective and truthful manner.
 Why Engineering Ethics ?
Students of engineering receive inputs in

basic engineering sciences

Design

Manufacture

Technical Problems Solving Abilities

Software skills.

A technically gifted engineer but ethically weak engineer may

cause harm & damage to the society
 Mechanical Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering is:
 Finding creative solutions to difficult problems!
 Perhaps the broadest of all the engineering disciplines.
 Working with motion, energy, forces, and materials.
 Concerned with analysis, design, manufacture and operation of
areas such as:

• Energy
• Defense
• Environment
• Health & Bio
• Manufacturing
• Transportation

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Mechanical Engineering

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 29

 Mechanical Engineering
 Mechanical engineering:
 Largest
 Broadest
 Oldest engineering disciplines.

 Deals with:
 Design
 Manufacturing
 Selection
 Installation
 Commissioning
 Operation, and
 Maintenance of all forms of machinery, equipment, and industrial
systems.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 30

 Role of the Profession

 The profession plays a vital role in the establishment

and sustainable operation of nations’:

 Manufacturing industries
 Transport systems
 Power generation
 Construction, and
 Mining industries.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE

31
 Mechanical Engineers
 Mechanical Engineers:
 Use the principles of energy, materials, and mechanics to design and manufacture
machines and devices of all types.
 Create the processes and systems that drive technology and industry.
 Mechanical Engineers play role in: Product design, development and manufacturing,
design of turbines; printing press; engines for aircraft and automobiles; earth-
moving machineries; air conditioning and refrigeration, and works closely with
Industrial Engineering in areas like; Industrial plant design, equipment selection,
plant erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance, and moreover in
Industrial gas- and water-supply system/component design

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Professional Profile
 Professional titles and/or job specifications like:
 Design Engineer
 Manufacturing Engineer
 Materials Engineer
 Industrial Engineer
 Maintenance Engineer
 Installation Engineer
 Utilities Engineer
 etc…

 Management titles:
 General Manager
 Technical Manager
 Operation/Production Manager
 Maintenance Manager
 etc… 33
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Professional Profile

 Products and processes developed by Mechanical

Engineers:
 Engines and control systems for automobiles and aircraft
 Electric power generation plants
 Lifesaving medical devices and consumer products ranging from air
conditioners to personal computers and athletic equipment.
 Design of machines that are used for mass production
 Railway transportation systems

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Professional Profile

If something moves or uses energy,

materials, a mechanical engineer is involved
in its design or production.

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 History
 The department of mechanical engineering at AAU started in 1959 E.C.

 The first mechanical engineers graduated in 1963EC.

 Since then, the School has graduated more than 2300 students.

 M.Sc. programs (started in 1998/1999EC) with the specializations of

Mechanical Design, Thermal Engineering , Industrial Engineering and also
in Energy technology , Railway Engineering.

 Doctoral program had been launched in 2000EC. in all the specializations

given in the M.Sc. program.

 The extension advanced diploma program was given till 1997EC, and
then after it was terminated and replaced by B.Sc. program.

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Vision and Mission

 Vision:

 Excellence in teaching, research, innovation and industry

linkage/consultancy to be the leading center in East Africa.

 Mission:

 The mission of the mechanical engineering department is to

offer an outstanding, professionally oriented undergraduate
and graduate engineering education and conduct applied
research and consultancy service that will bring qualitative
change in manufacturing industry and technical services in
Ethiopia.

37
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Programs
 The School runs three degree programs in various specializations:
 Undergraduate Program (BSc) – (Regular + Extension)
 Industrial Engineering (focus area)
 Manufacturing Engineering (focus area)
 Mechanical Design (focus area)
 Thermal Engineering (focus area)
 Motor Vehicle Engineering (focus area)
 Railway Engineering (focus area)

 Postgraduate Program (MSc) – (Regular + Extension)

 Industrial Engineering
 Mechanical Design
 Thermal Engineering
 Railway Engineering (With the Center for Railway Engineering)

 Postgraduate Program (PhD) – (Regular)

 Industrial Engineering
 Mechanical Design
 Thermal Engineering
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 UG Program - Breakdown
• Major: 240 ECTS
• Elective: 20 ECTS 1st Year: Common Courses
• General Education: 25 ECTS 59
• General Engineering: 34 ECTS
• TOTAL: 329 ECTS
courses
2nd Year: Basic Engineering Courses

3rd Year: Basic Mechanical Engineering Courses

Mechanical Thermal Manufacturing Industrial Motor Vehicle Railway

Design Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering

4th Year: Core Mechanical Engineering courses and Industry Internship

5th Year: Focus Area courses and B.Sc. Thesis

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Mechanical Design

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 40

 Mechanical Design
 Focuses on the design of
products:
 Analysis through 2D and 3D modeling
 Strength and dynamic analysis.
 Tribology
 Prototype manufacturing and testing
 Solid mechanics
 Design and maintenance of mechanical components

 Main courses:
 Mechanisms of machinery
 Machine Elements
 Mechanical Vibration
 Mechatronics
 Regulation and control
 Advanced Machine design
 Tribology
 Pneumatics and Hydraulics

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Industrial and Manufacturing

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE 42

 Industrial and Manufacturing
 The Industrial and
Manufacturing stream is:
 Concerned with the design, improvement and
installation of integrated system of people,
materials and equipment in the production of
either goods or services.
 IE students gain strong analytical knowledge
with application areas in manufacturing and
service industries.
IE activities fall into
 Those related to plant layout.
 Those designed to increase worker productivity.
 Those designed to control the quality of products.
 Those designed to reduce and control costs.

 The program deeply integrates decision

support systems and the soft skills
(presentation, teaming, business skills)
acquired through projects.
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Industrial and Manufacturing
 Main Courses
Industrial Manufacturing
 Materials Handling Equipment  Workshop Technology I & II
 Industrial Management & Eng'g  Production Engineering I& II
Economy  Casting Lab
 Entrepreneurship  Computer Integrated Manufacturing
 Quality Management  Tools and Die Design
 Operation Planning & Control  Process Planning and Product Costing
 Operation Research
 Plant Layout Design

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Thermal Engineering
 The thermal engineering stream deals
with:

 Design, selection, installation, commissioning,

maintenance and operation of energy
conversion, heating, cooling systems and
equipment that utilize thermal energy sources.

 Graduates with this focus area:

 Design of pumps, turbines, compressors and
piping and other systems
 Design of air craft engines and body
 Determine lay-out of energy conversion system
and supervise installation
 Design of air conditioning, boiler sand heat
exchangers
 Optimize energy utilization in plants
 Manage operation of thermal power plants,
renewable energy conversion systems and HVAC
systems.
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Thermal Engineering
 Main courses:
 Turbo machinery
 Fluid Mechanics II
 Heat Transfer
 Appropriate Energy Technology
 Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion
 Power Plant Engineering
 Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
 Machines Lab Exercise

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Motor Vehicle Engineering

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Motor Vehicle Engineering
 Motor Vehicle Engineering:
 It deals with the design and
maintenance of a motor vehicle and
its accessories.

 Main courses:
 IC Engine & Reciprocating Machine
 Motor Vehicle Engineering
 Automotive Maintenance
 Construction Equipment

48
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Railway Engineering

49
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Railway Engineering
 Railway Engineering:
 It deals with design, manufacture,
operation, management, control
and maintenance of all forms of
railway and related equipment
and industrial systems.

 The profession plays a vital role in

the establishment and sustainable
operation of transport systems to
boost the economy of the country
in all aspects.

 Main courses:
 Fundamentals of Railway systems
Engineering
 Rail Motive Power
 Rail Vehicle Design

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Computing
 Centralized fully furnished computer labs
- One for postgraduate program and
the other for undergraduate.

 These computer labs have 30 computers.

The following software are available:

 Algor FEM Analysis

 Ansys (FEA), Fluent CFD
 PROE Engineer
 Solid works
 CATIA
 Visual Studio
 Matlab
 Flex, Flint and LPA prolog expert system
development tools.

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Laboratory facilities
 Laboratory facilities
 Materials Laboratory (28 equipment)
 Thermal Laboratory (40 equipment)
 Mechatronics Laboratory (8 equipment)
 Applied Mechanics and Control Laboratory (38 equipment)
 Metrology Laboratory (8 equipment)
 Motor Vehicle Laboratory (28 equipment)
 Wood Working Laboratory (7 equipment)
 Metallurgical Laboratory (9 equipment)
 Welding Laboratory (4 equipment)
 Machine Laboratory
 Basic Workshop Machine tools (11 equipment)
 Grinding and Polishing machines (5 equipment)
 Press and Hammers (5 equipment)
 Metal and sheet metal working machines (6 equipment)

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

Fluid Machine and Thermal Laboratory

 Boiler simulator with checks and fault generation
 Velocity distribution and pressure drop in circular duct
 Combustion chamber
 Air conditioning test set-up
 Small wind tunnel
 Ultrasonic flow meters
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Machine Laboratory

 Flow measurement with nozzles and orifice
 Cooling tower
 Pipe friction test set-up
 Banki Turbine Test Bench
 Pelton Turbine Test bench
 Francis Turbine Test bench
 Centrifugal pump Test bench
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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

Applied Mechanics Laboratory

 Gyroscope
 Static and dynamic balancing apparatus
 Experimental module for journal bearing pressure distributor.
 Balance of reciprocating masses
 Whirling of shaft apparatus
 Cam-follower mechanism
 Cut- way models for worm, spur and bevel gears.
 Lathe gearing layout demonstrator.
 Cut way model for electromagnetic single disk break. 56
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

Mechatronics Laboratory
 Temperature control unit
 Pneumatic Trainers
 Hydraulic Trainers
 Electro-Pneumatic Trainers
 Electro-Pneumatic Trainers
 PLC module 57
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

Materials Testing Laboratory

 Compact spark emission spectrometer for paid analysis of metals
 Computer-Electro hydraulic universal testing machine (maximum load 600kN)
 Metallographic analysis microscope with camera
 Metallographic microscope
 Tensile testing machine
 Hardness Tester
 Impact test machine 59
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

Automotive Laboratory
 Diesel car chassis with front engine and rear drive
 16 valve multipoint electronic injection four cylinder engine electrically operated
 Diesel engine (for car and lorry)
 Automotive electric system with fault finding facilities
 Injection system
 Injection distributor
 Light system demonstration board
 Oil pump with filter
 Diesel electro-injector
 Downdraft carburetor manual choke 60
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

Manufacturing Laboratory
 Huge soil tonnage hydraulic press for metal forming
 20 kg casting furnace
 Lathe machines
 Milling machines
 Arc welding machines
 Flame welding machines
 CNC Lathe machines
 CNC milling machines 61
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 …Laboratories…

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AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMIE
 Workshops/ Seminars / Trainings attended

 Workshops/ Seminars / Trainings attended (by staffs):

 4 students spent a 20 day training in China on Design and Manufacturing of a

Product.
 1 student stayed in USA for his internship.
 2 students given MSc scholarship to Canada.
 Students attended a workshop on steel structures for the building industry: A
sustainable approach towards the future.

 Seminars:
 Trends in the Internet of Things (IoTs), Speaker from Germany.
 A Biochemomechanics Model of Stress-Mediated Vascular Adaptation in Normal
Physiological Conditions, Speaker from USA.
 Greening Industrialization in Africa: Lessons for and from Ethiopia, speaker from UN
ECA.
 The School explained (2 days open day) about Mechanical Engineering for two days for
high school students who will join universities by next academic year.

 MSc thesis and PhD dissertations:

 All students invited to share experiences.

AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMiE 63

 Scholarships, trainings, etc.

 Scholarships facilitated for students:

 2 MSc scholarships in Canada is secured for two graduates.

 POSCO Africa Fellowship award – 2 top students (1000 USD/year/student).
 XCMG Scholarship (1*500 + 2*300 + 3*200 = 1700 USD for 6 students).
 KWVD Scholarship (500 USD/Year – 1 SMIE student).
 Chinese Ambassador scholarship (1 new and 2 existing).
 Mitisbuishi Scholarship (2 students).

 Trainings for capacity building of students (Volunteer):

 Training on Solid works for 5th year students.

 Training on industrial safety for 4th year students.
 4 students given training opportunities for 20 days in China.
 Free weekly training for students in different topics. (Not acted)

 Certificates given for training participants and good wills.

 Training participants from different industries.

 Student volunteers.
 Student representatives.
 Students who attended and completed trainings offered by the School.
AAiT School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering - SMiE 50
Standards And Codes
 What is a standard?
• A Standard is a published specification that
establishes a common language, and contains a
technical specification or other precise criteria and is
designed to be used consistently, as a rule, a
guideline, or a definition.
 Cont.
• Standards are applied to many materials, products,
methods and services. They help to make life
simpler, and increase the reliability and the
effectiveness of many goods and services we use.
• Standards are designed for voluntary use and do not
impose any regulations. However, laws and
regulations may refer to certain Standards making
compliance with them compulsory.
 Cont.
• For example, the format of credit cards, Standard
number BS EN ISO/IEC 7810:1996 defines their
dimensions. Adhering to this Standard means that
the cards can be used worldwide.
 Why do we have standards?
• There are currently over 20,000 British Standards.
Standards affect our daily lives in many ways, making
life easier, safer and healthier.

Imagine if bulbs from different companies didn't fit

the lamps that you bought, or CDs didn't fit all CD
players.
 Why do we have standards?
Without Standards for people to follow, then all our
products would behave slightly differently, making
them hard to operate, to fix or to programme.

Standards are created for many different products

and services, including pet food, furniture, bikes,
televisions, toys and even fabric colours.
 How can we show we have Standards?

• If a product passes all of the specified independent

tests that make up a particular Standard,
manufacturers can indicate this by displaying a
certification mark on its surface. Products that have
not undergone the standardization process are not
allowed to do so.
Logos used with standards
 Standards And Codes
Standards and codes represent a prescriptive approach
to design that may be incorporated into a design
process.
STANDARDS
A Set of technical definitions and guidelines for
designers and manufacturers. Standards are written by
“experts” and are considered voluntary. ASME groups
develop and maintain standards using committees.
 Cont.
CODE
A set of standard that has been adopted by one or more
governmental bodies or incorporated into a contract.
Essentially, a code is a set of standards with the force of law
behind it.
According to its web site, ASME “maintains and distributes
600 codes and standards used around the world for the
design, manufacturing and installation of mechanical
devices.”
 Cont.
The engine of national and global commerce is driven
by standards
Good standards – those with credibility, integrity, and
marketplace acceptance –
reduce procurement costs,
improve products,
expand markets, and/or
lower risk
 Cont.
Standards do this by…
Reducing duplication of effort or overlap and combining
resources
Bridging of technology gaps and transferring technology
Reducing conflict in regulations
Facilitating commerce
Stabilizing existing markets and allowing development of
new markets
Protecting from litigation
…And more
 How is a standard produced
• As with all good designing and manufacturing
solutions, group work is involved.

• A Standard is produced when a team of experienced

experts discuss, and then decide on, what would
make a particular product safe, reliable and of a
high quality.
 Cont.
• Different experts will be used depending on the
particular product or service that needs to be
standardized.

• These experts then create a list of rules, ideas and

tests that need to be applied to that product. This is
known as a draft Standard. The draft Standard is
then released to all those who may design, make, sell
or use that particular product.
 Cont.
• After addressing any important comments on the
draft Standards, further discussions are held. Once
these are complete, the final Standard is published.

• These final processes are similar to the evaluation

exercises or product analysis that you undertake in
project work, where everyone is involved and puts in
ideas and suggestions for improvements.
 Cont.
• The final Standard is identified with letters and
numbers, almost like a code, which is much easier
than including all of the lengthy descriptions. If a
Standard is used in Britain it will contain BS, if used in
Europe it will contain EN and if it is used across the
world, it will contain ISO.
 Cont.

• Standards are updated regularly to make sure they

meet the needs of manufacturers, sellers and users,
as these needs may change.
A112 Plumbing Materials and Equipment Cont.
B1 Screw Threads
B5 Machine Tools - Components, Elements, Performance, and Equipment
B18 Standardization of Fasteners
B29 Chains, Attachments and Sprockets for Power Transmission and Conveying
B32 Metal and Metal Alloy Wrought Mill Product Nominal Sizes
B40 Standards for Pressure and Temperature Instruments and Accessories
B46 Classification and Designation of Surface Qualities
B47 Gage Blanks
B73 Chemical Standard Pumps
B89 Dimensional Metrology
B94 Cutting Tools, Drivers, and Bushings
B107 Hand Tools and Accessories
B133 Gas Turbine Procurement
HST Overhead Hoists
MFC Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits
MH1 Pallets, Slip Sheets, and Other Bases For Unit Loads
SRB Slew Ring Bearing
STS Steel Stacks
Y14 Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices
 Cont.
B1.1-1989 Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
B1.2-1983 (R1991) Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
B1.3-1992 Screw Thread Gaging Systems for Dimensional Acceptability – Inch and
Metric Screw Threads (UN, UNR, UNJ, M, and MJ)
B1.5-1997 Acme Screw Threads
B1.7M-1984 (R1992) Nomenclature, Definitions and Letter Symbols for Screw
Threads
B1.8-1988 (R1994) Stub Acme Screw Threads
B1.11-1958 (R1994) Microscope Objective Thread
B1.12-1987 (R1998) Class 5 Interference-Fit Thread
B1.13M-1995 Metric Screw Threads – M Profile
B1.15-1995 Unified Inch Screw Threads
B1.16M-1984 (R1992) Gages and Gaging for Metric M Screw Threads
B1.20.1-1983 (R1992) Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
B1.20.7-1991 (R1998) Hose Coupling Screw Threads (Inch)
B1.21M-1997 Metric Screw Threads – MJ Profile
B1.22M-1985 (1992) Gages And Gaging Practice For "MJ" Series Metric Screw
Threads
B1.30M-1992 Screw Threads – Standard Practice for Calculating and Rounding
Dimensions
 Case Study – I Design Process
Design a product that you assume can solve your customer’s problem?(Assume any or
find existing product, follow the design procedures)
How do Engineers approach a problem?
Problem Type: I want to build something amazing!
Use: Design Process
Define the Problem
Research what’s been done before
Lots of thinking
Create Criteria
May be known
May use scientific method to determine
Design Product
Computer simulations
Optimization
Improve it!
Build a prototype
Lets customers know what they are getting
 Case Study – II Engineering Ethics
A mechanical engineer did not make all the necessary calculations when
making the final check on a test of car brakes

• He might cause the occurrence of hazard while testing the car due to
his carelessness when checking the brakes

• He will cause a bad reputation for his company and probably the loss
of his job.

• He will cost his company a lot of money to pay for any damage

If the test passes without any troubles, the car might be put into the market
and this will cause major problems to the society and great risk to their lives.

Find the real accident or problem that is occurred due to the ethical issues
in design, manufacturing or maintenance, test? Report with proper format

you think.
 Case Study – III Codes and Standards
Visit Ethiopian Standard Agency – report on

- Number and Types of adapted codes and standards as well as

implementation mechanism.

- How they develop standards?

- How often update the standards?

- How standard marking is given to the customer?

Do they adapt ASME and European standards? What methods did they
use for adapting these codes?
 Case Study – IV ABET Outcomes
Define outcomes of ABET standards required for accreditation

What are the implementation procedures for ABET?

 Case Study – V Design for Standard
Basic standards used in current market place

• What is design for standards?

• List 10 machine components and respective standards used in

market place. And specification required to buy these components

(sensors, valves (gate valve, pressure reducing valve, flow control

valves, pressure relief valve), actuators, hoses, seals, gaskets, hydraulic
fluids, bolts, flanges, pipes, friction discs, brake pads, ropes, chains,
milling cutters (cutter holders, sleeves and collets,…), etc
Engineering Requirements

Design Procedures
 Objectives
 Understand the properties of an engineering requirement
and know how to develop well-formed requirements that
meet the properties.

 Understand the properties of the complete requirements

specification, as well as knowing the steps to develop one.

 Be able to conduct advanced requirements analysis to identify

tradeoffs.
The Problem
Bad Design Can Kill You!
 So What Can We DO?

• So we need a process to better understand

what is needed ….

• We need to make sure our design will meet

the goal of the customer.
Overview of Requirements Specifications
Process
• Stakeholders
• Collection of
– Customers
– Marketing Requirements
– Environment
– Engineering Requirements
– Technical community
 Engineering Requirements

• Short statements stating the technical needs

– System should be able to supply 30 W power.

• Initiated by the marketing requirements to

satisfy customer needs
Engineering Requirements - Properties
• Abstract
– Description of capabilities and conditions; Should be numerical.
– Explain what it does, not how it does it
• Verifiable
– Ways to measure and demonstrate that it meets the needs
• Unambiguous
– Short and clear
– A one-sentence description of the requirement.
• Tractable
– It can be traced to the original customer need
• Realistic
– Must have benchmark and releasable
– Realistic targets – tolerance (e.g.,+/- to ppm)
 Engineering Requirements - Constraints

• Design decision imposed by the environment

• Limits of the design

• Typically violates the abstract

 Engineering Requirements - Standards
• Ways of doing things to ensure interoperability
• Different levels of usage
– User
– Implementation
– Developer
• Different standard types
– Interfacing
– Reliability and Performance
– Safety
– Documentation (ISO)
– Programming language
– Mechanical
– Communications
– Testing
Engineering Requirements - Categories
• Performance • Legal
• Functionality • Maintenance
• Economic • Operational
• Energy • Manufacturability
• Environmental • Political
• Safety • Reliability and
• Usability availability
• Social and cultural
 Engineering Requirement Examples

Performance

• The system should detect 90% of all measurement inputs.

• The instrument will have a total harmonic distortion less than

1%.

Reliability & Availability

• The system will have a reliability of 95% in five years.

• The system will be operational from 4AM to 10PM, 365 days a

year.
 Engineering Requirement Examples
Energy
• The system will operate for a minimum of three hours without
needing
Environmental
• The system should be able to operate in the temperature
range of 0°C to 75°C.
• The system must be waterproof and operate while submersed
in water.
• to be recharged.
 Requirements Specification Process
Characteristics of Properties
• Normalized (orthogonal) set
– No overlapping or redundancy between requirements

– Projection of one requirement to another is zero (dot product)

• Complete set
– Contains all requirements

• Consistent
– No conflicting requirement

• Bounded
– Contain minimum acceptable bounds for targets

• Modifiable
– Requirements must be evolutionary

– Bench marked against the baseline requirements

How do you VALIDATE Requirements?
• Ask the customer if the requirements meet their needs.

• Usually done in teams.

• For each engineering requirement

– Traceable?

– Verifiable?

– Realistic & technical feasible?

• For the complete Requirements Specification

– Orthogonal?

– Complete?

– Consistent?
Mechanical Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering is Part of
Evolution

• Second oldest engineering major of mankind.

• Civilization began with Fire and Wheels.

“Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth.”

 Top Ten ME Achievements In The 20th Century
1. The Automobile

2. The Apollo Program

3. Power Generation

4. Agricultural Mechanization

5. The Airplane

6. Integrated Circuit Mass Production

7. Air-conditioning and refrigeration

8. Computer-aided engineering technology

9. Bioengineering

10. Codes and standards

 Mechanical Engineers

• Know Maths and Science well.

• Understand and predict related phenomena.

• Apply the knowledge to practical situation.

• A profession regulated by Council of

Engineers.
 Mechanical Engineers Do What?

• Transmit, transform or make use of energy.

• Energy
• Heat
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy
• Gravitational

• Elastic
 Major Areas of Mechanical Engineering

• Heat and Energy

• Fluid Mechanics

• Dynamics, Vibrations

• Controls

• Solids Mechanics and Machine Design

 Careers
• Professional Engineers
• Operation and Development of Production
Processes.
• Supervision of Construction Projects.
• Maintenance of Machines
• Design
• Provide Consultation
 Cont.

• Others
• Research

• Innovation

• Teach

• Management

• Salesperson

• Etc.
 Operation and Development of
Production Processes

• Problem solving

• Process improvement

• Quality control

• Safety Engineer
 Design

Design is about creating – form and function.

It’s achieving objectives within given constraints

• Structures

• Systems

• Machines

• Processes
 Supervision

Education provides some knowledge and leads

to systematic thinking. The rest is learnt from
experiences (or mistakes).
 Cont.
Consultation

Consultants must have Knowledge + Experience.

Teaching

Education helps developing the country.

Research, Development, Invention

When you have nothing to do, lets conduct a

research to find out what to do.
 Qualifications
• Hard working.

• Systematic.

• Attention to detail.

• Eager to learn new technology.

 Basic Skills
• Mathematics and Geometry

• Physics

• Chemistry

• English

• Computer
 Systems Engineering Heritage

• Water distribution systems in Mesopotamia 4000 BC

• Irrigation systems in Egypt 3300 BC

• Urban systems such as Athens, Greece 400 BC

• Roman highway systems 300 BC

• Water transportation systems like Erie Canal 1800s

• Telephone systems 1877

• Electrical power distribution systems 1880

 ABET Engineering Curricula
Four year engineering programs approved by The
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
(ABET) includes a broad range of courses.
Intro Engr
Math Comm
6%
15% 8%
General
3%
Socio/Hum
13%

Specialty
26% Science
13%
Engr. Science
16%
 Why do I care about ABET
Accreditation?
• ABET audits engineering programs on a regular basis to assure
that the program maintains high standards.

• Having an engineering degree from a four-year accredited

engineering program is required to become a registered
professional engineer.

• All degree programs in Engineering College are required

accreditation by respective agencies according to ABET
standards
 AAU/AAiT/SMiE
• Design (Applied Engineering)

• Thermal Engineering

• Industrial Engineering

• Manufacturing Engineering

• Railway Engineering

• Motor Vehicle Engineering

Computing
…JOB…
Thank You