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Factors Influencing Hydraulic Phenomena: Inertia Force, Mass Acceleration

The document discusses various forces that influence hydraulic phenomena: inertia force, viscous force, gravity force, pressure force, surface tension force, and elastic force. It also defines several dimensionless numbers used in fluid mechanics, including Reynolds number, Froude's number, Euler's number, Weber's number, and Mach's number. Reynolds number represents the ratio of inertia to viscous forces. Froude's number is the ratio of inertia to gravity forces. Euler's number and Weber's number similarly represent ratios of inertia to pressure and surface tension forces. Mach number is the ratio of inertia to elastic forces.

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Bin Iqbal
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266 views

Factors Influencing Hydraulic Phenomena: Inertia Force, Mass Acceleration

The document discusses various forces that influence hydraulic phenomena: inertia force, viscous force, gravity force, pressure force, surface tension force, and elastic force. It also defines several dimensionless numbers used in fluid mechanics, including Reynolds number, Froude's number, Euler's number, Weber's number, and Mach's number. Reynolds number represents the ratio of inertia to viscous forces. Froude's number is the ratio of inertia to gravity forces. Euler's number and Weber's number similarly represent ratios of inertia to pressure and surface tension forces. Mach number is the ratio of inertia to elastic forces.

Uploaded by

Bin Iqbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Factors influencing Hydraulic Phenomena

1. Inertia force (𝐹𝑖 ):


• It always exists in the fluid flow problem.
• It is equal to the product of mass and acceleration of the flowing fluid
and acts in the direction opposite to the direction of acceleration.
Inertia force, 𝑭𝒊 = mass ∗ acceleration

2. Viscous force (𝐹𝑣 ):


• It is present in fluid flow problems where viscosity is to play an
important role.
• It is equal to the product of shear stress (τ) due to viscosity and
surface area of flow.
Viscous force, 𝑭𝒗 = shear stress ∗ surface area
Factors influencing Hydraulic Phenomena
3. Gravity force (𝐹𝑖 ):
• It is present in case of open surface flow.
• It is equal to the product of mass and acceleration due to
gravity.
Gravity force, 𝑭𝒈 = mass ∗ acceleration due to gravity
4. Pressure force (𝐹𝑝 ):
This type of force is present in case of pipe flow.
It is equal to the product of pressure intensity and cross-
sectional area of the flowing fluid.
Pressure force, 𝑭𝒑 = pressure intensity ∗ cross-sectional area
Factors influencing Hydraulic Phenomena

5. Surface tension force (𝑭𝒔 )


It is equal to the product of surface tension and length of
surface of the flowing fluid.
𝐹𝑠 = surface tension ∗ length of surface of flowing fluid

6. Elastic Force (𝑭𝒆 ):


It is equal to the product of elastic stress and area of the
flowing fluid.
𝐹𝑠 = elastic stress ∗ area of flowing fluid
Dimensionless numbers and their significance
1. Reynolds number
2. Froude’s number
3. Euler’s number
4. Weber’s number
5. Mach’s number
Reynolds Number, 𝑅𝑒
Reynolds from his experiment, found that the nature of flow in a
closed conduit depends upon the following factors:
1. Diameter of the pipe (D)
2. Density of the liquid (ρ)
3. Viscosity of the liquid (μ)
4. Velocity of flow (V)
By combining the above variables, Reynolds determined a non-
ρ𝑉𝐷
dimensional quantity equal to which is known as Reynolds
μ
number.
Reynolds Number, 𝑅𝑒
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force.
Inertia force 𝐹𝑖
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
= density ∗ volume ∗
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= density ∗ ∗ Velocity
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= density ∗ Area ∗ Velocity ∗ Velocity
= ρA𝑉 2
Reynolds Number, 𝑅𝑒
Viscous force 𝐹𝑣
= 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑑𝑢
=µ ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑑𝑦
𝑉
=µ ∗𝐴
𝐿

𝐹𝑖 ρ𝑉𝐿 ρ𝑉𝐷
Reynolds Number , 𝑅𝑒 = = =
𝐹𝑣 µ µ
Froude Number
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force and the gravity force.
𝐹𝑖
Mathematically, 𝐹𝑟 =
𝐹𝑔

Here, inertia force, 𝐹𝑖 = ρA𝑉 2


Gravity force, 𝐹𝑔
= Mass ∗ Acceleration due to gravity
= density ∗ volume ∗ g
= ρ ∗ AL ∗ g

𝑉
𝐹𝑟 =
𝐿𝑔
Euler’s Number
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force to the pressure
force.
𝐹𝑖
Mathematically, 𝐸𝑢 =
𝐹𝑝

Here, inertia force, 𝐹𝑖 = ρA𝑉 2


Pressure force, 𝐹𝑝
= intensity of pressure ∗ area
=p∗A
𝑉
𝐸𝑢 =
𝑃
ൗp
Weber Number
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force to the surface
tension force.
𝐹𝑖
Mathematically, 𝑊𝑒 =
𝐹𝑠

Here, inertia force, 𝐹𝑖 = ρA𝑉 2


Surface tension force, 𝐹𝑠
= surface tension ∗ length
=σ∗L
𝑉
𝑊𝑒 =
σൗ
ρ𝐿
Mach Number
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force to the elastic
force.
𝐹𝑖
Mathematically, M =
𝐹𝑒

Here, inertia force, 𝐹𝑖 = ρA𝑉 2


Elastic force, 𝐹𝑒
= elastic stress ∗ area
= K ∗ A = K ∗ 𝐿2
𝑉 𝑉
𝑊𝑒 = = ; C = Velocity of sound in the fluid
Kൗ 𝐶
ρ
Summary

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