DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR STREET LIGHT IN HU

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 5

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Back ground of the study ............................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Statement of the problem.............................................................................................................. 5

1.3 Objective of the study .................................................................................................................... 6

1.4 Scope of the study ......................................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Limitation of the study ................................................................................................................... 6

1.6 Significance of the study ................................................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................................... 8

LITRETURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 8

2.1 Theory ........................................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Solar energy in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................. 8

Photovoltaic systems have the following advantages; ...................................................................... 9

2.3 Control of Street Lights ................................................................................................................ 9

CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................................... 10

METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 10

3.2 PV components............................................................................................................................ 10

3.2.1 Solar panels........................................................................................................................... 10

Generally ....................................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.2 Charge controller .................................................................................................................. 14

3.2.3 PIC 16F876A Microcontroller................................................................................................. 18

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3.2.4 Battery .................................................................................................................................. 21

3.2.5 Metering ............................................................................................................................... 23

3.2.6 Load (LED) ............................................................................................................................. 23

3.3 Lighting streets with solar ............................................................................................................ 24

3.4 DESIGN STEPS .............................................................................................................................. 24

CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................... 25

DESIGN OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 25

4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 25

4.2 Solar PV system sizing .................................................................................................................. 26

4.2.1 Size of the PV modules .......................................................................................................... 26

4.2.2 Battery sizing ........................................................................................................................ 27

4.2.3 Solar charge controller sizing................................................................................................. 27

4.3 Block diagram of the system ........................................................................................................ 28

4.4 Structure of solar power LED system............................................................................................ 28

4.5 CASE STUDY ................................................................................................................................. 29

4.6 CALCULATION ON DESIGN ........................................................................................................... 30

4.7 SPECIFICATION OF 40W LED LAMP............................................................................................... 31

4.8 The calculation of total load and size of each device are as follows: ............................................. 32

4. 8.1 Size of PV module................................................................................................................. 32

CHAPTER FIVE........................................................................................................................................ 33

SIMULATION results .............................................................................................................................. 33

5.1 SIMULATION OF PROTEUS & ITS RESULT ...................................................................................... 33

5.1.1 Introduction of Proteus ......................................................................................................... 33

5.1.2 Programming the PIC ............................................................................................................ 34

5.1.3 Circuit Components............................................................................................................... 34

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5.1.4 Schematic Circuit................................................................................................................... 35

5.1.5 Simulation Result .................................................................................................................. 36

5.2 Hard ware implementation .......................................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER SIX.......................................................................................................................................... 40

Conclusion and recommendation .......................................................................................................... 40

6.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 40

6.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................ 40

ReferenceS ............................................................................................................................................ 42

Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 43

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of the study

Haramaya University is one of the top ranked and widely recognized Universities
throughout the country. Streets which connect the three campuses i.e. the main campus,
Gendejeh campus and the station campus are scarce of street lights. The campus is growing in
the student’s population as well as the geographical territory. It is obvious to have had a
proportional utility resources increment as campus expansion in terms of territory and student
numbers, such as water, electric power and etc. One of these very essential utility is the electrical
power for street lighting system. Not only the scarcity of the power but also the utilization is
flexible and the using method is not smart and satisfactory.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In HU, there is no sufficient street lighting system required. It also lacks reliability and
standard form of installation.

Taking closer observation on the campus situation of geographical landform some service
buildings such as lab, students cafeteria, and other places need the street light availableness
regardless of EPU power.

Since there is a problem in transmission and distribution system of electricity there is a

shortage of hydroelectric power available for street light in HU.

Most of the electrical poles installed back in 1997 E.C are not in consistent function any more.
The poles are not standardized in the height as well as the separation between two successive
poles.

The current installed street light functioning is from students main gate up to specific
places but does not cover whole internal roads; especially at Gendejeh campus. These lighting
system use ordinary tree bars and it seems not street light, but searching light.

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The lighting system operates manually. Sometimes it will not be ON and become difficult
for the students to use the street. Other times it remains ON even day times. These are huge
power loss and make the lighting components fail to function for intended service period.

1.3 Objective of the study

The general objective of this project is to supply electric power for street lighting system
using solar energy and making the system ON/OFF automatically.

The specific objectives of the project are:

✓ Making the power system for street lighting more reliable.

✓ To promote safety and convenience in the streets at night through adequate visibility.
✓ To increase the community value of a street.
✓ Increasing the attractiveness of the street.

1.4 Scope of the study

This project work is confined to PV Street lighting system design of HU. It deals with
solar module sizing, battery sizing, and charge controller sizing according to the load estimated.
And sketch the simple block diagram of the solar power generation, using PV for purpose of
street lighting. Generally designing and simulating the thesis.

1.5 Limitation of the study

As this project is very essential it needs huge effort in collecting the real and exact data of
demand of power. Also requires long period of time for designing and making cost-benefit
analysis. As the construction of the campus is still on-going we face problem to collect the
correct data. The time we have to finish the project is very short in comparison with this large
and essential project completion.

1.6 Significance of the study

Currently the power provided by EPU is not sufficient to cover the country’s demand. If
some part of previously allocated power from EPU is replaced by solar generated power, this
replaced power can be provided for some other villages that are in demand for it.

Thus EPU can satisfy customers and become beneficiary. Also the campus power is sometimes
not reliable. So this solar generated power can be more reliable and secured. In addition to the

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above benefits the campus usage tariff will be reduced and the administration may not face the
penalty cost that might be imposed if there is inappropriate use of the supplied power.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITRETURE REVIEW

2.1 Theory
Photovoltaic energy is the most promising and popular form of solar energy. Now the
biggest usage of solar energy around the world is briefly explained below:

Sunlight is made of photons, small particles of energy. These photons are absorbed by
and pass through the material of a solar cell or solar photovoltaic panel. The photons 'agitate' the
electrons found in the material of the photovoltaic cell. As they begin to move (or are dislodged),
these are 'routed' into a current. This, technically, is electricity - the movement of electrons along
a path. Solar panels made of silicon are used to convert sunlight into electricity.

Now, many people use solar energy or photovoltaic energy as an alternative power source
because it’s free and renewable. As we can see now, the payment charge for electricity had been
raised rapidly. Many researchers have tried to find the alternative energy to replace the gas. One
of the alternative energy that we can use is photovoltaic energy.

2.2 Solar energy in Ethiopia

For a solar system to be a feasible and appropriate choice, the first requirement is the
availability of the fuel for the system, i.e. a good solar insulation. Since Ethiopia is
geographically located within the tropics between 30N to 150N latitude above the equator, it is
endowed with abundant solar energy resources. The yearly average daily radiation reaching the
ground is about 5.4Kw h/m². The daily and monthly variation of the insulation level is narrow
enough for an efficient utilization of photovoltaic systems anywhere in the country at any period
of the year. If such a considerable resource is there, the use of photovoltaic could be matchless.

As Haramaya has a plenty of solar intensity and long sunny hours it is so beneficial and
most likely to be efficient and effective. PV system is a type of technology that has been tested in
so many conditions and turned out to be a success in most cases.

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Photovoltaic systems have the following advantages;

✓ Operate with renewable energy resources and is environmentally friendly

✓ If the system is utilized properly, it can operate for at least 20 years
✓ Less initial investment cost as compared to hydroelectric power and grid
extension
✓ The technology is simple for installation and operation

2.3 Control of Street Lights

Two types of connection are used for street lighting:

I. Lamps in parallel connections (constant voltage control);

II. Lamps in series connection (constant current control).

The constant voltage control is not preferred due to the variation of voltage from lamp to lamp
and conductors of more cross sectional area required. But there is no such draw backs in constant
current control and is thus preferred more for street lighting system.

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview
This chapter explains detail about the methodology of the whole system and Flow of step
that used in “Design of solar power generation for street light”. This chapter also describes
further more about the planning of the whole project that is included about software and
hardware development. The process of designing solar power generation involves the conceptual
implementation of a number of electrical and mechanical subsystems to create a machine capable
of converting the energy contained in the sun to useful electrical energy.

To work this project the following methodology has been adopted:

✓ Data collection: This includes average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature,
average sunshine duration, Topography of location.
✓ Theoretical analysis based on the data collected from the neighboring metrology center.
✓ Design of power generation based on data collected and load demand.
✓ Analysis of the output by simulating with microprocessor (proteus.7) software.

3.2 PV components

Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your
system type, site location and application. The major components for solar PV system are; solar
panels, solar charge Controller, Light sensor (LDR), battery bank, metering and loads
(appliances).

3.2.1 Solar panels

Solar panels generate free power from the sun by converting sunlight to electricity with
no moving parts, zero emissions, and no maintenance. The solar panel, the first component of an
electric solar power system, is a collection of individual silicon cells that generate electricity
from sunlight. The photons (light particles) produce an electrical current as they strike the
surface of the thin silicon wafers. A single solar cell produces only about 1/2 (.5) of a volt.
However, a typical 12 volt panel about 25 inches by 54 inches will contain 36 cells wired in
series to produce about 17 volts peak output. If the solar panel can be configured for 24 volt

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output, there will be 72 cells so the two 12 volt groups of 36 each can be wired in series, usually
with a jumper, allowing the solar panel to output 24 volts. Multiple solar panels can be wired in
parallel to increase current capacity (more power) and wired in series to increase voltage for 24,
48, or even higher voltage systems. The advantage of using a higher voltage output at the solar
panels is that smaller wire sizes can be used to transfer the electric power from the solar panel
array to the charge controller & batteries. Since copper has gone up considerably in the last few
years, purchasing large copper wiring and cables is quite expensive.

The solar panel is comprised of one or more solar cells that produce electricity or power.
People put solar panels on their homes to turn solar energy into electricity. It serves as a power
supply to the circuit. It receives light from the sun and converts this to energy. The photovoltaic
cell is an unusual power source whereas most sources of electrical power are constant voltage
sources, such as a battery, a PV to a limiting voltage where the current collapses. For an ideal PV
module the voltage where the current collapses would be at the open circuit voltage, Voc.

The 3 basic types of Solar Panels

I Mono-crystalline solar panels: The most efficient (15 – 20%) and expensive solar panels are
made with Mono-crystalline cells. These solar cells use very pure silicon and involve a
complicated crystal growth process. Long silicon rods are produced which are cut into slices of 2
to 4 mm thick discs or wafers which are then processed into individual cells that are wired
together in the solar panel.

II Polycrystalline solar panels: Often called Multi-crystalline, solar panels made with
Polycrystalline cells are a little less expensive & slightly less efficient than Mono-crystalline
cells because the cells are not grown in single crystals but in a large block of many crystals. This
is what gives them that striking shattered glass appearance. Like Mono-crystalline cells, they are
also then sliced into wafers to produce the individual cells that make up the solar panel.

III Amorphous solar panels: These are not really crystals, but a thin layer of silicon deposited
on a base material such as metal or glass to create the solar panel. These Amorphous solar panels
are much cheaper, but their energy efficiency is also much less so more square footage is
required to produce the same amount of power as the Mono-crystalline or Polycrystalline type of
solar panel. Amorphous solar panels can even be made into long sheets of roofing material to
cover large areas of a south facing roof Surface.

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The important specifications to consider for selecting solar panels are:

• Maximum power voltage (Vpm)

• Maximum power current (Ipm)
• Minimum power (Pm)
• Module Efficiency

Figure3.1 picture of BP SX 150S PV MODULE

Solar cells capture the sun’s energy and change it to electricity that produces a small electrical
current. Metal grids around the solar cells direct the current into wires that lead it to an output for
use on electrical applications.

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2.4.1.2 Solar cell Principles

The PV effect can be observed in nature in a variety of materials, but the materials that have
shown the best performance in sun light are the semiconductors. When photons from the sun are
absorbed in a semiconductor, they create free electron which makes the higher energies than
electrons which provide the bonding in the base crystal. Once these electrons are created, there
must be an electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow out of the SC to do
useful work. The electric field in most solar cells is provided by a junction of materials which
have different electrical properties. To obtain a useful power output from photons interaction in a
SC, three processes are required.

i. The photons have to be absorbed in the active part of the material and result in
electrons being excited to a higher energy potential.
ii. The electron-hole charge carrier created by the absorption must be physically
separated and moved to the edge of the cell.
iii. The charge carrier must be removed from the cell and delivered to a useful load
before losing their extra potential.

For completing the above processes, a solar cell consists of:

✓ Semiconductor in which electron-hole pairs are created by absorption of incident solar

radiation,
✓ Region containing a drift field for charge separation,
✓ Charge collecting front and bask electrodes.

Generally Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called Semiconductors such
as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. Basically, when light strikes the cell, a
certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This means that the energy of
the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose,
allowing them to flow freely. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force
electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a
current off to see externally.

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3.2.2 Charge controller

A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric
current is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may prevent
against overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety
risk. It may also prevent completely draining ("deep discharging") a battery, or perform
controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life. The terms
“charge controller” or “charge regulator” may refer to either a stand-alone device, or to control
circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery recharger.

In solar applications, charge controllers may also be called solar regulators. A series
charge controller or series regulator disables further current flow into batteries when they are
full. A shunt charge controller or shunt regulator diverts excess electricity to an auxiliary or
"shunt" load, such as an electric water heater, when batteries are full.

Simple charge controllers stop charging a battery when they exceed a set high voltage
level, and re-enable charging when battery voltage drops back below that level. Pulse width
modulation (PWM) and maximum power point tracker (MPPT) technologies are more
electronically sophisticated, adjusting charging rates depending on the battery's level, to allow
charging closer to its maximum capacity. Charge controllers may also monitor battery
temperature to prevent overheating. Some charge controller systems also display data, transmit
data to remote displays, and data logging to track electric flow over time.

Figure 3.2 out back MX60 charge controller [1]

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Ideally, charge controller directly controls the state of charge of the battery. Without
charge control, the current from the module will flow into a battery proportional to the
irradiance, whether the battery needs to be charging or not. If the battery is fully charged,
unregulated charging will cause the battery voltage to reach exceedingly high levels, causing
severe gassing, electrolyte loss, internal heating and accelerated grid corrosion. Actually
charge controller maintains the health and extends the lifetime of the battery.

I Battery charging management

An MPPT (maximum power point tracing) algorithm is applied to enable the PV module.
During the daytime, the battery is charged by PV electricity according to the typical pattern
output as much electricity power as it can. It differentiates the entire charging process into 3
stages. During stage 1 and stage 2, the battery is charged with the solar module maximum power.
In stage 3, the battery is charged in constant voltage algorithm. Figure 4 below shows Battery
charging pattern.

Charging current Ipeak

Imax=5A

Time

Battery voltage

13.4V

11.1V

Stage1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Time

1 1 1 curves of voltage and current during charging and discharging Battery.

Figure 3.3 characteristic

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Stage 1 (trickle charging): VBAT < 11.1 V. The battery is charged with the maximum

Power of the PV module. This stage is designed for a battery which is deeply discharged. In
order to prolong battery operating life, the charging current is constrained at Imax = 5
Ampere.

➢ Stage 2 (high-current bulk charging): 11.1 V ≤ VBAT < 13.4 V. In this stage, the battery
is charged with the maximum power of the PV module. The charging current (I peak)
may not be constant.
➢ Stage 3 (floating charging): VBAT ≥ 13.4 V. In this stage, battery is charged at constant
voltage (13.4 V). The voltage values 11.1V and 13.4V define the boundaries of the stages
(cut in and cut out point) that are based on the characteristics of a typical 12 V lead acid
battery. The voltage needed depends on the type of battery.

II LED lamp driving management

During night time, normally the ambient light is weak, the LED lamp lights for N hours.
The determined light-on duration (N hours) can be set by selecting a switch. The controller turns
on/off the LED lamp to automatically correspond to the ambient light.

Figure 5 illustrates how the controller turns on the LED lamp. The switch also provides a test
mode to test the LED lamp.

Figure 3.4 LED lamp driving scheme

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III System monitoring circuit

The main function of a controller or regulator is to fully charge a battery without
permitting overcharge. If a solar array is connected to lead acid batteries with no overcharge
protection, battery life will be compromised. Simple controllers contain a relay that opens the
charging circuit, terminating the charge at a pre-set high voltage and, once a pre-set low voltage
is reached, closes the circuit, allowing charging to continue. More sophisticated controllers have
several stages and charging sequences to assure the battery is being fully charged. The first
70% to 80% of battery capacity is easily replaced. It is the last 20% to 30% that requires more
attention and therefore more complexity.
IV How a Charge Controllers Work and Available Options
The circuitry in a controller reads the voltage of the batteries to determine the state of
charge. Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers read voltage to reduce the amount of
power flowing into the battery as the battery nears full charge.
Features that can be included with controllers include:
✓ Reverse current leakage protection- by disconnecting the array or using a blocking diode
to prevent current loss into the solar modules at night.
✓ Low-voltage load disconnect (LVD) - to reduce damage to batteries by avoiding deep
discharge.
✓ System monitoring- analog or digital meters, indicator lights and/or warning alarms.
✓ Over current protection- with fuses and/or circuit breakers
✓ System control- control of other components in the system; standby generator or auxiliary
charging system, diverting array power once batteries are charged, transfer to secondary
batteries.
✓ Load control- automatic control of secondary loads, or control of lights, water pumps or
other loads with timers or switches
V Sizing a Charge Controller
Charge controllers are rated and sized to the systems they protect by the array current and
voltage. Most common are 12, 24 and 48 volt controllers. Amperage ratings run from 1 amp to
over 100. For example, if one module in your 12 volt system produces 3.5 amps and four
modules are utilized, we produce 14 amps of current at 12 volts. Because of light reflection and
the edge of cloud effect, sporadically increased current levels are not uncommon. For this reason

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we increase the controller amperage by a minimum of 25% bringing our minimum controller
amperage to 18.7. Looking through the products we find a 20 amp controller, as close a match as
possible. There is no problem with going to a 30A or larger controller, besides possible
additional cost. If you think the system may increase in size, additional amperage capacity at this
time should be considered. On small systems where a 10 watt or smaller module charges 100
amp hour battery or larger, no regulator is required. Typically this module to battery ratio cannot
overcharge the battery.
In fact, if you are building a system that utilizes an inverter, we recommend looking
strongly at utilizing a power center. Why simply because they are typically more reliable, save
time and money.

3.2.3 PIC 16F876A Microcontroller

The semiconductor division of General Instruments Inc originally developed the PIC
(Programmable Interface Controller) line of microcontrollers. The first PICs were a major
improvement over existing microcontroller because they were a programmable, high output
current, input/output controller built around RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) architecture.
The first PICs ran efficiently at one instruction per internal clock cycle, and the clock cycle was
derived from the oscillator divided by 4. Early PICs could run with a high oscillator frequency of
20 MHz this made them relatively fast for an 8-bit microcontroller, but their main feature was 20
mA of source and sink current capability on each I/O (Input/output) pin. Typical micros of the
time were advertising high I/O currents of only 1-milliampere (mA) source and 1.6 mA sink.

The microcontroller (MCU) provides a real-time system monitoring for the controller, including:

● Error detection/protection for solar module output voltage (USC), battery voltage(VBAT),
LED lamp voltage(VLED), battery charging current (IBAT) and LED lamp current(ILED)

● Temperature detection for the operating temperature of the battery, MOSFET and LED lamp

● System self-recovery

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Figure 3.5 Types of PIC Microcontroller

MOSFET

MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) are by far the most
popular transistors used for switching in circuits today, along with BJTs (Bipolar Junction
Transistors). The main difference between MOSFETS and BJTs is that the former are voltage
controlled (little or no current is used) and the later are current controlled (voltages are there to
control currents). Therefore, MOSFETs require less power to drive them, so they are preferred
choice.

MOSFETs are either N‐channel, made mostly of N‐type semiconductor material, or P-

channel where they are made mostly of P‐type semiconductor material. They operate in two
modes – enhancement mode and depletion mode. MOSFET has high switching speeds, high
input impedance and is ideal for switching converters. The voltage in is applied at the gate (1),
the battery ground is at the drain (2) and the panel ground is at the source (3). The circuit
symbols for these are in figure below.

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Figure 3.6 IRFZ44N MOSFET

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controls adjusts the duty ratio of the switches as the
input changes to produce a constant output voltage. The DC voltage is converted to a square-
wave signal, alternating between fully on and zero. By controlling analog circuits digitally,
system costs and power consumption can be drastically reduced. In nowadays implementation,
many microcontrollers already include on-chip PWM controllers, making implementation easy.
Concisely, PWM is a way of digitally encoding analog signal levels. PWM control can be used
in two ways: voltage-mode and current-mode. In voltage mode, control the output voltage
increases and decreases as the duty ratio increases and decreases. In nowadays implementation,
many microcontrollers already include on-chip PWM controllers, making implementation easy.
Concisely, PWM is a way of digitally encoding analog signal levels. PWM control can be used
in two ways: voltage-mode and current-mode.

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In nowadays implementation, many microcontrollers already include on-chip PWM

controllers, making implementation easy. Concisely, PWM is a way of digitally encoding analog
signal levels. PWM control can be used in two ways: voltage-mode and current-mode. In voltage
mode, control the output voltage increases and decreases as the duty ratio increases and
decreases. The output voltage is sensed and used for feedback. If it has two-stage regulation, it
will first hold the voltage to a safe maximum for the battery to reach full charge. Then it will
drop the voltage lower to sustain a "finish" or "trickle" charge. Two-stage regulating is important
for a system that may experience many days or weeks of excess energy (or little use of energy).
The voltages at which the controller changes the charge rate are called set points. When
determining the ideal set points, there is some compromise between charging quickly before the
sun goes down, and mildly overcharging the battery. The determination of set points depends on
the anticipated pattern of use, the type of battery, and to some extent, the experience and
philosophy of the system designer or operator.

Determine the duty cycle, D to obtain required output voltage.

D = Vo/Vd
Where:
D = Duty cycle
VO = Voltage output
Vd= Voltage input

3.2.4 Battery

The battery store the solar power that has been generated by panels and discharge the
power as needed. A typical battery bank consists of one or more deep cycle type batteries.
Typically, battery efficiency is 85 Percent requiring a battery bank capacity better than what is
actually needed. Batteries periodically need servicing and have the highest potential of faults in a
solar PV system. Battery condition and corresponding state of charge that we gathered from
reading of formerly used batteries for solar system is used to measure the PWM states. It is
crucial to follow the ratings in our design so that it may work well with batteries from any
organization.

The following chart represents a clear idea about automotive battery condition that are
generally used including charging and discharging both.

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STATE OF CHARGE 12V BATTERY

20% 11.1

30% 11.5

40% 11.9

50% 12.06

60% 12.3

70% 12.6

80% 12.9

90% 13.2

100% 13.4

Table 3.1: Battery State of charge

What kind of batteries are used PV systems? Although several different kinds are commonly
used, the one characteristic that they should all have in common is that they are deep-cycle
batteries. Unlike car battery, which is shallow-cycle battery, deep-cycle batteries can discharge
more of their stored energy while still maintaining long life. Car batteries discharge a large
current for a very short time to start your car and are then immediately recharged as you drive

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PV batteries generally have to discharge a smaller current for a longer period (such as all night),
while being charged during the day .

The most commonly used deep –cycle batteries are lead-acid batteries (both sealed and vented)
and nickel-cadmium batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries are more expensive, but last longer
and can be discharged more completely without harm. Even deep-cycle lead-acid batteries can’t
be discharged 100% without seriously shortening battery life, and generally PV systems are
designed to discharge lead-acid batteries no more than 40%or 50%.

Figure 3.7 Battery with 12v [1]

3.2.5 Metering

A solar PV system meter is similar to an automobile gauge and is necessary for assessing
operation of solar PV systems. They confirm the battery charging process, show power
consumption, battery reserved capacity, and provide historical battery data. A meter is typically
located at a convenient spot in the home. A good battery meter is a very useful diagnostic and
customer service tool.

3.2.6 Load (LED)

Energy-efficient lighting is an important factor for sustainable development and energy

strategies. Indeed, Lighting consumes about 20 percent of the electricity for a nation. Also,
renewable energy utilization development permits the reduction of CO2 emission and contributes
to the decrease of fossil energy dependency. The association of a solar energy to High
efficiency lighting technology as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) is the focus of this article
and contributes to the development of a clean energy (Solar) and green lighting technology
(LEDs). In comparing LEDs to other lamps technologies, we can say that LEDs are the Greenest
lighting choice. Indeed, high power LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) devices permit the

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 DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR STREET LIGHT IN HU

design and fabrication of street lighting units in order to replace existing luminaries which
are using sodium or metal halide or CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) lamps. A simple
LED light bulb that can fits standard E40 bulb holders can be applied for solar powered street
light system which is totally independent of power mains. The high power LEDs of last
generation and technology offer a considerable alternative to a conventional street lighting with
energy savings of up to 75 % and an important reduction in carbon emissions. The photometric
properties of high power LED street lights adding to their bright, natural light color, give a
uniform rectangular beam pattern that is 50% brighter and 50% larger than the oval beam pattern
produced by a conventional lamp. This highly focused beam pattern allows LED lights to be
spaced at much wider intervals than sodium and CFL lights.

3.3 Lighting streets with solar

Besides solar PV system there exist solar street lighting systems. They work identically to
solar PV systems using grid &battery power. However, they contain a device or microprocessor
that automatically turns the light on at dusk, regulates the hours of light operation, and prevents
battery overcharge and discharging. Some of these solar lighting systems are able to operate for
at least five consecutive days without sunlight. The batteries have a typical life expectancy of 5
years with system life expectancy of 20 to 25 years. They are available with optional features
that include a bulletproof shield to protect panel and lock secured battery enclosures to deter
vandalism.

3.4 DESIGN STEPS

First, we looked for the suitable project title for our work in a time about two week.

Next, the project that we work was discussed with supervisor to get a suitable Hardware and
software developments. Next, the electronic components needed to develop the hardware of this
project were searched out. Then by using proteus 7 we assembled the hardware components and
also write the code on micro c and loading it on the controller. Lastly we looked for suitable
software, get the simulation result.

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 DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR STREET LIGHT IN HU

CHAPTER FOUR

DESIGN OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM

4.1 INTRODUCTION
In order to design the required elements of street lighting in quantity as well as quality it
is necessary to estimate the demand reasonably. In this crucial solar and pioneer PV power
generation project case it is necessary to estimate the power demand by the street lighting
components to design the PV module. Thus it is required to make sure that the power generated
by the PV module and the total wattage needed for the street lighting mainly lamps must be
balanced.

The estimation of the electrical load of the HU street lighting is also necessary to make
size estimation of the batteries needed. As the solar power generation by the PV in this project is
supposed to be standing alone (off_ grid) type, there must be batteries for storage purpose of
energy. This is due to PV electrical power generation is genuinely dependent on the solar
radiation from the sun.

As the solar radiation not available during night times the PV will not be in operation.
And the street light system is needed to be on operational (service) during night times. Thus the
energy for use by the PV model during day times must be stored in storage battery for the
application of the street light during night times. In addition to the above reason: there may be
some more reason those would effluence us to use storage batteries. This may include: rainy
days, cloudy days, and probability of failure of system connection between PV model and the
storage batteries. Battery sizing depending on the total wattage produced by the PV model and
the number of autonomy (number of days that we need the system to operate when there is no
power produced by PV panels) days the batteries extended to serve from the stored energy only.
The autonomy days are fixed for reasonable period of time and economic consideration are also
involved. According the total kilowatt hour expected from the PV models watt and the total
hours the street to be lighted will determine selection of the rating capacity of the storage
batteries.

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 DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR STREET LIGHT IN HU

4.2 Solar PV system sizing

Determining power consumption demands

The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy
consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:

I. calculate total watt-hours per day for each lamps used.

Add the watt-hours needed for all lamps together to get the total watt-hours per day which must
be delivered to the lamps.

II. Calculate total watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules.

Multiply the total lamps watt-hours per day times 1.3(the energy lost in the system) to get the
total watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels. This is calculated below:

4.2.1 Size of the PV modules

Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing
of PV modules, the total peak watt produced is needed. The peak watt (W P) produced depends on
the size of the PV modules and climate of site location. We have to consider the” panel
generation factor “which is different in each site location for the panel generation factor is 3.43.
To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:

a) Calculate the total watt-peak rating needed for PV modules

Divide the total watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules by 3.43 to the total watt-
peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.

b) Calculate the number of PV panels for the system

Divide the answer obtained in item (a) by the rated output watt-peak of the PV modules available
to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that will be
number of PV modules required.

Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels .If more PV modules are installed
,the system will perform better and battery life will be improved .If fewer PV modules are used,
the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.

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4.2.2 Battery sizing

The batter type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep
cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid
recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be charged
enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out
the size of battery, calculate as follows:

i) Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.

ii) Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.

iii) Divide the answers obtained in item (ii) is 0.6 for depth of discharge.

iv) Divide the answers obtained in item (iii) by the nominal battery voltage.

v) Multiply the answers obtained in item (IV) with days of autonomy (the number of days that
we need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get we required
ampere-hours capacity of deep-cycle battery.

Battery Capacity (Ah) =Total Watt-hours per day used by lamps*Days of autonomy

(0.85*0.6*nominal battery voltage)

4.2.3 Solar charge controller sizing

The solar charge controller is typically rated against amperage and voltage capacities.
Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify
which type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge
controller has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array. For the series charge
controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered
to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration).

According to the standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take short
circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3 solar charge controller rating =total
short circuit current of PV array *1.3

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4.3 Block diagram of the system

Charge
PV array
controller (MPC)

Load

Light sensor

Or LDR
Battery

Fig 4.1 block diagram of PV Street light

4.4 Structure of solar power LED system

Solar Street Light system includes: solar panel, battery, solar controller, LED lighting
unit and pole. The solar LED street light system converts the sun energy into electricity and
stores it to provide green illumination. Luminaries utilize High Power white LED with superior
thermal management design. These extremely durable fixtures are waterproof and designed
for multiple applications including indoor and outdoor. LEDs lamps have a lifetime of more
than 50, 000 hours. Fig.1 gives a schematic representation for the structural composition of a PV
LEDs lighting system.

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Figure 4.2 Structural schematic of Solar LEDs lighting system

4.5 CASE STUDY

In HU Gendejeh campus the road from main gate to a junction on a way to Station
campus is 500m long.

From the above distance (500m) we want to design only for one pole in our project and we
choose LED lamp. We prefer this lamp (LED) because of the following benefits:

- Easy installation and no wiring is required

- Proven technology

- All parts are corrosion resistant

- Easily and quickly deployed in almost any location

- NO wiring runs from and to the grid

-Lower maintenance cost

-Lower utility bills

- Maintenance-free Batteries

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- Nighttime visibility

- Solar panel has a lifetime of 25 years

- Two-year full system warranty

4.6 CALCULATION ON DESIGN

We decide the distance between two poles is about 40m and the height of the poles is 8m
long. The luminance on the surface between the middle of the two poles is calculated as follow.

A B

8m h h 8m

20m Q 20m

Given;

Luminous intensity (brightness) =350cd

Height of the pole =8m

Radius =20m

Luminous efficacy (η) =80lm/w

UF=0.5

MF=0.6

Then the luminance of one lamp at Q is,

= ( 350/h^2)*cosϴ, where h^2=8^2+20^2=464m^2 Then h=21.54m, cosϴ=8/21.54=0.37.

=(350/464)*0.37

=0.28lx

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The luminance from two lamps is double of that of one lamp. Since the conditions for
lamps are identical thus total luminance at the middle of two poles is 2*0.28lx=0.56lx.

Luminous flux (F) = (E (lx)*Area)/(MF*CU) where Area=πr^2=π*20^2=1256.64m^2

=(0.56lx*1256.64m^2)/ (0.6*0.5) =2345.72lm

Power required=F (lm)/𝜂(lm/w)

=2345.72/8035𝑊.

Here our power required is 35W. But 40W LED lamp is preferred for street light, so we
choose 40W of LED lamp. Since the distance between two poles is 40m, and total distance from
the main gate to the junction along the way to station campus is 500m so 12 number of pole
(LED Lamps) is required for our project.

4.7 SPECIFICATION OF 40W LED LAMP

Cell; poly-crystalline silicon

Number of cells and connections; 36 (4*9)

Weight; 6.2kg

Electrical Characteristics:

✓ Open-Circuit Voltage (V0c): 20.6V

✓ Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp): 17.0V
✓ Short-Circuit Current (Isc): 3.63A
✓ Optimum Operating Current (Imp): 2.94A
✓ Maximum Power at STC (I’max): 50Wp
✓ Operating Temperature: -40oC to +85Oc
✓ We select autonomy day =3 days
✓ Average sun hours per day in HU compound area are 8 hours.
✓ We use circuit breaker for protection and ON-OFF for manual operation.
✓ We use auto controller for ON-OFF Street light automatically

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4.8 The calculation of total load and size of each device are as follows:

4. 8.1 Size of PV module

1) Total load=No of lamps*watts rating of lamps

1*40W =40W

2) Total watt-hours per day =total load*hour per day

=40W*12 hours/day=480Whr/day

3) Total watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules= total watt-hours per day*1.3

=480Whr/day *1.3
=624Whr/day
Note-We multiply by 1.3 because energy lost in system.

NO ITEM QTY SPECIFICATIOM

1 Solar Module 50w 1 50WP/12VDC

2 Solar Panel Support Frame (for mounting) 1 Zinc Metal

3 Deep-Cycle Maintenance-Free Battery 1 55AH/12VDC

4 Battery Box 1 IP55

5 JB920 40w/12V LED Street Light 1 10A/24VCD

6 Cable and other installation material 1set

7 Charge Controller 1

Table 4.1 specification of LED lamp

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CHAPTER FIVE

SIMULATION RESULTS

5.1 SIMULATION OF PROTEUS & ITS RESULT

5.1.1 Introduction of Proteus

ISIS provides the development environment for PROTEUS VSM, our revolutionary
interactive system level simulator. This product combines mixed mode circuit simulation,
microprocessor models and interactive component models to allow the simulation of complete
micro-controller based designs. ISIS provides the means to enter the design in the first place, the
architecture for real time interactive simulation and a system for managing the source and object
code associated with each project. In addition, a number of graph objects can be placed on the
schematic to enable conventional time, frequency and swept variable simulation to be performed.
Major features of PROTEUS VSM include:
• Support for both interactive and graph based simulation.
• CPU Models available for popular microcontrollers such as the PIC and 8051 series.
• Interactive peripheral models include LED and LCD displays, a universal matrix keypad,
an RS232 terminal and a whole library of switches, pots, lamps, LEDs etc.
• Virtual Instruments include voltmeters, ammeters, a dual beam oscilloscope and a 24
channel logic analyzer.
• On-screen graphing - the graphs are placed directly on the schematic just like any other
object. Graphs can be maximized to a full screen mode for cursor based measurement and
so forth.
• Graph Based Analysis types include transient, frequency, noise, distortion, AC and DC
sweeps and flourier transform. An Audio graph allows playback of simulated waveforms.
• Open architecture for “plug in‟ component models coded in C++ or other languages.
These can be electrical, graphical or a combination of the two.
• Digital simulator includes a BASIC-like programming language for modeling and test
vector generation.

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5.1.2 Programming the PIC

These PIC microcontrollers can be programmed in high-level languages or in their native

machine language (Assembly). In this thesis the C language was chosen, using the software
MICRO C. The advantages of C language consist of better control and greater efficiency.
Another reason for using C language is that the interface with the programmer is quite simple
and easy to understand.

5.1.3 Circuit Components

There is no panel or similar instrument available in PROTEUS. Therefore, a DC current

source represented the panel. The source had constant current of 5A.
The voltage regulator 7805 was omitted from the simulation, as there is no pin 19 or VDD pin in
PIC16F876A in PROTEUS. The purpose of the voltage regulator is to feed 5V to the
microcontroller. Above this voltage microcontroller will burn.

A digital oscilloscope was connected to get the view of PWM. The digital oscilloscope is
a virtual instrument that is available in PROTEUS VSM. It has four channels. Channel A is the
channel that shows square waves.

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5.1.4 Schematic Circuit

After the all components of the circuit have been added, the simulation was done. It was
done using different values of the battery. With each battery value the value in digital
oscilloscope was recorded. It corresponds to the exact value of the PWM.

Figure 5.1 the schematic circuit

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5.1.5 Simulation Result

PROTEUS VSM comes with the facility of using Virtual Instrument. Oscilloscope was
used to get the PWM output from CCP1 pin. The CCP1 pin generates square waves. Therefore,
the 13th pin of the microcontroller was connected to the Channel A of the oscilloscope. In our
simulation cut in voltage is 10.3v and cut out voltage or over charging is 13.5v for 12v nominal
voltage Battery. The output of four different voltage of the battery cell is given below.

Figure 5.2 No charging (Battery Dead) at V=10.3v

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Figure 5.3 Battery is charging (50% charging) at V=11.5v

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 DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR STREET LIGHT IN HU

Figure 5.4 Battery fully charged (100% charged)

Figure 5.5 Battery overcharge (cut out voltage, i.e. V.13.5v)

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5.2 Hard ware implementation

Fig 5.6 Automatic light sensing circuit diagram

The circuit uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) to sense the light. When there is light
the resistance of LDR will be low. So the voltage drop across POT R2 will be high. This keeps
the transistor Q3 ON. The collector of Q3 (BC107) is coupled to base of Q2 (SL100).SO Q2 will
be OFF and so do the relay. The lamp will remain OFF.

When night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage across the POT R2
to decrease below 0.6V.This makes transistor Q3 OFF which in turn makes Q2 ON. The relay
will be energized and lamp will glow.

Notes

➢ POT R2 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.

We can use lamp of any wattage, provided that relay should have the sufficient rating.

➢ The circuit can be poured from DC power supply

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 DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR STREET LIGHT IN HU

CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion
In the current situation of the weather’s unexpected behavior and shortage of rain, it is
becoming challenge to gate the required amount of water in the reservoirs of the hydroelectric
plants.

Including the societies ever growing demand of electrical energy it is difficult to satisfy
this by the hydroelectric plants only. The oil use option to get electric energy also getting worse
than ever as the cost has been climbing higher and higher. But there is still other better choice
especially for medium level generation of electrical energy.

Especially, pv has a powerful attraction because it produce electrical energy from free in
exhaustible source, the sun, using no moving parts, consuming no fossil fuels, and creating no
pollution or greenhouse gases during the power generation. Together with decreasing PV module
costs and increasing efficiency, PV is getting preferable than ever.

Finally we wish this project serves the interest of other students who are interested in power
electronics for PV application and provide encouragement towards more advanced senior
projects or master’s thesis research.

The currently cost of PV panel is around 90 birr per watt peak & for battery around
55AH/12VDC is 50 birr Ampere hour. So considerable PV required small investment cost than
another power generation.

6.2 Recommendation

This project identified the attractiveness of the pv solar electric power generation,
provide enough and details on how a solar technology solution would work, identified the
present status of HU street lighting system and operation, the design of pv solar electric energy
system and the cost of using a solar technology. We know have better understanding of solar PV
system, being better alternative to other means of producing of electric power, cost of
implementation, and the design of the system.

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We recommend that solar energy systems utilize the PV technology be used in HU for
street lighting purpose. As the effect of weather abnormality the hydro based electric power may
not be reliable as the service will be sometimes in shift. HU (Gendejeh campus) is a big institute;
power outage is not being accepted at any time by any reason. Hence using PV system is better
alternative. Also the local is hugely rich of solar energy throughout the year it is recommended to
use it.

There are multiple issues that can arise on the basis of this pioneer project. Potential areas of
additional research include the following:

1. How to ensure reliable power supply for the campus library, clinic, laboratories, student’s
cafeteria, and lounges using PV system?

If the project would be done on these areas the HU may satisfy the whole society of the campus
by providing the best power supply to users.

2. How to PV system ON-GRID scheme for reliable power supply?

This issue would also give better continual power supply users. The challenge expected at
particular topic will be synchronization of the generated power.

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 DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR STREET LIGHT IN HU

REFERENCES
[1]. Cesen, 1986 data sheet of Ethiopian solar energy

[2] .Electrical Installation Work Fourth Edition by BRIAN SCADDAN

[3]. BP solar BP SX 150-150W Multi-crystalline photovoltaic module data sheet, 2001

[4]. Master’s, Gilbert M. Renewable and efficient electric power system’s john Wiley and sons’
ltd, 2004

[5]. M.S. Wu, H.H. Huang, B.J. Huang, C.W. Tang and C.W. Cheng, Renewable Energy, 2007
World Renewable Energy Conference - Pacific Rim Region, Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2009,
Pages 1934-1938

[6]. Jinbo Jiang, Sandy To, W.B. Lee, Benny Cheung, Optic - International Journal for Light
and Electron Optics, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 10 September 2009

[7]. Hyun-Ho Kim, Sang-Hyun Choi, Sang-Hyun Shin, Young-Ki Lee, Seok-Moon Choi
and Sung Yi, Microelectronics Reliability, Volume 48, Issue 3, March 2008, Pages 445-454

[8]. A. Chikouche, M. Fathi, A.Bouadjab, International Conference and Exhibition on Green

Energy & Sustainability for Arid Regions & Mediterranean Countries (ICEGES 2009), Le
Royal Hotel Amman (Jordan), November 2009

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APPENDIX
unsignedint v1;
// LCD module connections
sbit LCD_RS at RB2_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB7_bit;

sbitLCD_RS_Direction at TRISB2_bit;
sbitLCD_EN_Direction at TRISB3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB7_bit;

void main() {
TRISA=0xFF;
trisb=0;
TRISC=0X00;
PORTC=0X00;
ADCON0=0x00;//0b00010101;
ADCON1=0b00000000;
pwm1_init(40000);
ADC_Init();
Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
//Lcd_Out(1,1,"");

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while(1)
{
pwm1_start();
v1=ADC_read(0);
delay_us(50);
if(v1<=370){ // DISCONNECTED(if battery is DEAD)
pwm1_set_duty(0);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
Lcd_Out(1,1,"BATTERY IS DEAD ");
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>370 && v1<=406){ // v>=370: if the battery already has charge, but less
than 50%(for normal bettery) or 30%(for solar battery) of its capacity.
pwm1_set_duty(230);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
Lcd_Out(1,1,"20% CHARGING");
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>406 && v1<=423){ // BULK CHARGE
pwm1_set_duty(230);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
Lcd_Out(1,1,"50% CHARGING");
delay_ms(500);
}
if(v1>423 && v1<=463){ // ABSORPTION CHARGE
pwm1_set_duty(30);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off

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Lcd_Out(1,1,"80% CHARGING");
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>463 && v1<484){ // FLOAT CHARGE
pwm1_set_duty(30);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
Lcd_Out(1,1,"BATTERY IS FULL");
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>=484){ // DISCONNECTED(if battery is fully charged or DEAD)
pwm1_set_duty(0);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
Lcd_Out(1,1,"OVERCHARING ");
delay_ms(500);
}
}
}

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