Automatic Load Sharing of power Transformer Using microcontroller in Hawassa city

2014

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation
Electric energy demand in Hawassa city is over increasing every year .So the previously installed power
transformer in distribution network of the city was not capable of carrying this over increased load. While
we practice six month industrial internship in southern region distribution; we saw many malfunction or
burnt power transformers that stored in the store of the office. Most of these malfunction happened due to
overload and over current. To combact this problem many option are there .Of these we come up with the
most cost effective and efficient project entitled ―automatic load sharing of power transformer using
microcontroller based relay in Hawassa city‖. In this project, a sharing transformer in the case of shares
the load of main transformer over load and over temperature. A sensor circuit is designed to log the data
from the main transformer and if it is found to be in over load condition, immediately the sharing
transformer will be connected in parallel to the main transformer and the load is shared.

1.2 General Background

Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of energy. It plays an ever growing role in our modern
industrialized society. So the demand for electrical energy is ever increasing. The electrical power
systems are highly non-linear, extremely huge and complex networks. Such electric power systems are
unified for economical benefits, increased reliability and operational advantages. However, some of the
electrical energy generated is lost in transmission and distribution due to a widely dispersed power
sources and loads. The consumer service interruptions in Hawassa city are mostly due to failure in the
distribution network. Distribution systems have suffered mainly from the following: voltage and current
imbalance, poor voltage regulation, peak power or energy losses, conductor heating or equipment, etc.
The phase voltage and current unbalances are major factors leading to extra losses, equipment
overloading.
The transformer is a static device, which converts energy at one voltage level to another voltage level.
The thesis is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload on the
transformer, the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets over heated and may burnt. So, by
reducing the load on the transformer, the transformer is protected. To minimize these problems, the
structures of a distribution network of the city may have to be modified. This will be done by arranging
another transformer through a micro-controller. The microcontroller compares the load on the first
transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer

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will share the extra load. Therefore, the two transformers work efficiently under overload condition and
the damage is prevented.
In this thesis three major components are used to control the load current. The first is sensing unit, which
is used to sense the current of the load. The second is control unit; in this Electromagnetic relay is the
main role, and its function is to change the position with respect to the control signal. The last is
microcontroller, which will read the digital signal and perform some calculation and finally gives control
signal to the relay. When designing low-voltage power systems to supply large load currents, paralleled
lower-current modules are often preferred over a single, large power converter for several reasons. These
include the efficiencies of designing and manufacturing standard modular converters which can be
combined in whatever number necessary to meet a given load requirement; and the enhanced reliability
gained through redundancy.
1.3 Statement of Problem

To ensure increase market service value in terms of adequate quality and reliability, reduce cost of
operation and service interruptions, there is a need for an optimal solution or technique. This technique is
to ensure continuous dynamic load balancing along the low voltage secondary feeder thereby relieving
overload in the feeder with minimal service interruption; and reduced real power losses. The main duty of
this investigation is how unbalance due to uneven distribution of single-phase loads at the secondary side
of the distribution network can be minimized using automatic load sharing in Hawassa city.
The existing system presently is done manually by technician this result in damage of transformer. This is
a heavy loss to any grid or industries, here are even chances for the equipment to get damaged and power
interruption. There is a need for an optimal solution or technique for this problem.

Sub-Problem 1
The present method of reducing the degree of unbalance is the trial and error approach. In this method
take time and efforts are made to distribute single phase loads among the phases as uniformly as possible.
Most often this only ensures balance for a brief period since the loads supplied by each phase vary in a
random manner due to use at the point of utilization. The resultant effects of this approach are:
 Inadequate service quality and reliability;
 Power losses;
 Voltage drop and high cost of operation.
Sub-Problem 2

To balance the phase currents in every segment and reduce the neutral line current is a very difficult task
for the distribution engineers considering that they do not have control over power utilization by the

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consumers. These tasks involve having to change the connection phases (load distribution points) often to
achieve phase balance after many field measurements and judgments analysis. The phase balance task not
only takes time to achieve an acceptable result, but it is very expensive due to manpower needed loss
time, equipment, transport and also the terrain of areas involved. As a result of these effects there is a
need to evolve a technique for minimizing unbalance, which will ensure continuous dynamic load
rearrangement with minimal service interruption at the low voltage side of the distribution.
1.4 Objective

1.4.1 General Objective

This thesis describes about, how to use power supply when critical load happened. Using this module
someone can protect the transformer form the over load. This thesis describe how will connect and
disconnect the transformer automatically. Therefore, the following objectives are proposed to be achieved
during the course of this thesis:
 Design of automatic load sharing of power transformer using microcontroller-based relay scheme

 To test unwanted conditions (over current or overload) and when such conditions arise to share
overload condition in the shortest time possible

 Development suitable protection and control of Power transformer

1.4.2 Specific objective

 Investigate how rearrangement of consumers load can be carried out among the phases

 Evolve techniques or system for ensuring continuous dynamic on-line load rearrangement with
minimal service interruptions; reduced power losses, and voltage drop.
 Eliminate or reduce manual operations approach for improving load balancing on secondary
distribution network feeder.

 Reduce the frequent blackout of the power system that severe the reliability of the system.

 Create a simulation model and consequently carryout a study of the proposed technology and its
operation.
 Provide low cost and reliable system

1.5 Contribution of the thesis

This thesis will contribute a technique for distribution utilities at the low voltage distribution network that
will bring the following point:
 A case study of automatic load sharing of transformer in Hawassa city distribution network
 Structural survey on load sharing and benefit of automatic load sharing

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 Increase quality and reliability of supply service to the consumers.
 Unbalance will be considerably minimized thereby ensuring that voltage drop and power losses
are reduced. This will result in increase in the life span of the utility installations.
 Maximization of the capabilities of the existing distribution station in terms of the infrastructures
and equipment.
 Resourceful distribution of power flow.
1.6 Hypothesis
There is a growing consensus that significant advantages can be achieved through the automation of
distribution feeder switches. In order to ensure quality and reliability of supply to single phase consumers
by electrical utilities, a need arose to minimize unbalance.
It is then postulated that unbalance due to uneven distribution of single-phase loads at the secondary side
of the distribution network can be minimized using automatic sensing technology.
1.7 Methodology
Methodology is about how the Project is organized and the flow of the steps in order to complete the
project. The methodology is diverged in different parts, which are the analyzing and modeling of
automatic power transformer load sharing, case study and the other is simulation of automatic load using
proteus and keil compiler. Most of the methodology part is presented in chapter four.
1.8 Scope of the Thesis
The project is all about automatic load sharing of power transformer under peak load to protect the
transformer during overload condition. By introducing this method it have advantage to maintain a stable
level of short circuit current, reduces the voltage drop and imbalances the current and it is reverse power
protection etc. So the thesis deals from theoretical and mathematical method, code, until simulation.
1.9 Outline
The first chapter is the overview of the whole project. It introduces the topic, motivation, objectives,
statement of problem, contribution, hypothesis and methodology of the thesis. Chapter 2 the review of
articles in the open literature and field survey which are relevant to the current investigation such as phase
unbalance, overload and transformer damage. Chapter 3 is the design of automatic load sharing of power
transformer that contains major designing component, mathematical model of load sharing and analysis of
case study. Chapter 4 presents the interfacing of microcontroller AT89C51 with ADC 0804 and LCD
LM016. This proposed technology is used for investigation incorporating all the relevant aspect for
switching, monitoring, evaluation, analysis and communication for the purpose of achieving the
development. Chapter 5 discuses the simulation and results of the project .Chapter 6, Conclusion and
recommendation for future work.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND FIELD SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will discuss the study about significant effect of overload in Hawassa distribution system
network and some cite on this area.
At present load sharing of transformer is done in factory like Hawassa textile by paralleling the
transformers. This may causes increasing short-circuit currents that increase necessary breaker capacity,
the risk of circulating currents running from one transformer to another transformer, circulating currents
that diminish load capability and increased losses. This method is following on olden days also. The
challenge in paralleling modular supplies is to insure predictable, uniform current sharing-regardless of
load levels and the number of modules. It provide enhanced system reliability through complete
redundancy such that the failure of one or more modules could be tolerated as long as the total remaining
capacity is equal to or greater than the demands of the load.
2.2 Citation
Automatic transformer load sharing issues and remedies are relevant project topics and a lot of advanced
researches are being carried out in this area. These issues are mainly due to increased usage of power
system utility and unbalanced loads occur in power system. Dynamic loads cause power quality problems
usually by voltage or current variations such as voltage dips, fluctuations, momentary interruptions.
Various publications define transformer load sharing in different aspects.
The project entitled "power transformer protection using microcontroller designed with peripheral
interface controller (pic 16f877a)".This project is mainly used to protect transformer from getting worn
out due to electrical disturbances. The electrical parameters like current, voltage of the transformer are fed
as base values, using a keypad to the peripheral interface controller and the output signal is provided to
operate a relay comparing the base value with the operation electrical parameters.
"Transformer protection and monitoring" this project uses the distance protection function which is
used as back-up protection for faults within the transformer. This solution provides efficient protection
and control in facts installations. The distance protection function can also be used as back-up protection
for faults in the connected lines. The parameters related to line distance protection are mostly set as
primary ohms, which significantly reduce the need to re-calculate the current and voltage values. This
allows the IEDs to be quickly taken into operation.
Furthermore in 2007 S.M. Bashi et al, ―designed and built a microcontroller based system for power
transformer protection‖. The system includes facilities for discrimination between internal fault current

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and magnetizing inrush current, differential protection, over current protection has been included. The
performances of the proposed system have been examined and from the experimental readings and
observation, it was understood that the proposed system monitors and controls the transformer when there
is any fault (Bashi et al 2007).
2.3 Field survey on transformer overload in Hawassa City
What Is Over Current
Over current is any current in excess of the rated current of equipment or the capacity of a conductor. It
may result from overload, short circuit, or ground fault. Current flow in a conductor always generates
heat. The greater the current flow, the hotter the conductor. Excess heat is damaging to electrical
components.
Many transformers in Hawassa city are damaged (warn out) frequently in different part of the city due to
different reason. Some of the major reasons for these damages are:

Overload: The city is on fast growing and its population increase rapidly from time to time. This is due
to establishment of different industries, and hotels resorts and public services. All mentioned above need
reliable and sustainable power to run their function properly. However, most of the transformer mounted
in the city cannot capable of carrying the over increasing load of the city. In addition the transformer
phases are loaded unequally to satisfy the customer need as customer desired. So, this over load that
comes from different utilities customer damage many of the city transformer.

Line-line or ground: This happened due to short circuit of the line in distribution net work. Most of the
city‘s network exposed for this faults. Since there are less trimming, sagging and animal and wind
protection in the network. On other hand, lightening is also the cause to this damage in the case of surge
failure.

Insulation failure: The two reasons explained so far is the causes for the insulation failure. This occurred
when internal temperature of the transformer increased and transformer over heated result in the
breakdown of dielectric strength (insulation) of the transformer.

Oil level decrease: Most of the time oil level of transformer checked by distribution technicians and
filled. But sometimes due to a number of transformers some transformers may not checked. As a result,
the transformer oil level drop and the cooling system fail. So the transformer over heated easily and
insulation break down that result in transformer internal damage.

Based on the above causes, we perform field survey on transformer overload in Hawassa city distribution
network.

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We collect data from different part of the city‘s transformer to perform our tasks. In addition the southern
region distribution system office also gives us the collected data on transformer as following table.

Table 2.1 Collected data from the field

No TF code & location KVA Date Time box 01 Box 02

IR IS IT IN IR IS IT IN

Atote Back trfo 200 25/03/06 2:16 226 171 147 152 31 80 99 52

AWA o4-T033 26/03/06 12:31 233 246 183 210 38 155 135 110

24/04/06 2:16 221 194 174 182 26 103 126 82

Back of Samuel market 315 26/03/06 2:25 301 347 280 140 75 121 102 76

AWA 06T-013 22/04/06 1:30 295 275 258 0 57 103 102 0

24/04/06 2:26 328 136 102 125 71 136 102 125

Sileshi sefer 315 27/03/06 1:27 240 335 268 267 45 244 220 167

AWA 04T-o14 10/04/06 1:20 265 321 220 221 70 230 172 121

24/04/06 1:15 302 314 195 211 107 223 147 111

Konboni 200 5/04/o6 1:25 355 241 153 144 160 150 105 44

AWA 01T-056 20/06/06 2:30 350 264 235 224 155 173 187 124

Dato Giyorgis tapela 100 28/03/06 1:55 305 251 158 180 110 160 110 80

AWA 06T-055

19/06/06 2:04 345 181 158 100 150 90 110 0

The transformer to function properly, without any defect its phases, boxes and pillar must be equally
loaded (balanced) i.e. IR=IS=IT. The current in neutral line also have to be zero (no current flow in the
neutral line i.e. IN=0). As shown on the table from collected data all transformer phases are unbalanced.
Each phases of transformer carrying different value of current. And the two boxes of the transformer also

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unbalanced. So, the neutral line forced to carry the current due to unbalanced phase. Consequently, this is
resulted in over load of transformer that causes for the burning of the transformer.

Depending on the collected data above many transformers are burnt out and being out of service. Of these
transformers some are explained while they are checked by MEGGER.

MEGGER is an instrument used to measure the insulation of transformer to check up whether

transformers are normal or abnormal. We explain how to meager (criteria for) normal transformer as
follow

1. High tension with ground >100MΩ

2. High tension with High tension=0
3. High tension with low tension (voltage) >100MΩ
4. Low tension with neutral=0
5. Low tension with ground >100MΩ
6. Low tension with low tension=0

N.B 1. When meager transformer high tension with high tension, high tension with ground and high
tension with low tension. We set adjust (calibrate) the Meagher at 5KV.

2. When low tension with low tension, low tension with ground and low tension with neutral we set
adjust the Meagher at 0.5KV.

For instance, the transformer mounted around dato area by rehabilitation was burnt on the 02th

April 2006 EC. We went with the technique group and investigate the following events.

Transformer oil level decreased (oil over flow)

Malfunction of one phase
Transformer body made heat

We gather the following data from Meagher test of transformer

 M.V with M.V =0MΩ

 M.V with trafo body >100MΩ
 M.V with low voltage >100MΩ
 Low voltage R-phase with low voltage T-phase=0MΩ
 Low voltage R-phase with low voltage S-phase>100MΩ

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 Low voltage S-phase with low voltage T-phase>100MΩ
 Low voltage R&T-phase with neutral=0MΩ
 Low voltage S-phase with neutral >100MΩ
 Low voltage S-phase with ground =0MΩ

The Meagher result shows that the transformer S-phase low voltage side has no output and the
transformer low voltage side grounded with transformer body. Consequently, the transformer damaged
(burnt). It must be replaced by other transformer to give service for the customer.

We have gather data like what we have discussed so far on different area of transformer such as 2-07
kebele sefere selam, 1-01 kebele regional finance office, 2-07 kebele new market(Addis Gebeya)
traditionally begtera etc. All shows their major cause of damage is over load. So we came with this
critical (essential) project to combact this problem.

2.4 Importance of Protection System

Fault impose hazard to both user and the system itself and when it comes to user, life is the concern and
when it concern the system it is merely to provide stable Electrical power system on top of that prevent
damage to the expensive equipment used. In summary, the needs of power protection are explained in
table 2.2 below. Table 2.2 Protection system

User/Personal safety Prevent injury and accident

Equipment Safe guard the equipment from over current, over voltage and frequency drift th
can cause damage

General safety Prevent secondary accident that result from power system fault such as fire

Power supply stability Ensure that continuous and stable electrical power supplied by the system/grid

Operation cost Ensure that the system is operating at optimal efficiency and reduce equipme
maintenance

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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF POWER TRANSFOMER
3.1 Introduction
Automatic load sharing of transformers is an integral part of the power system control process, allowing
smooth and immediate transfer of electrical current between multiple sources and the load. Here we are
using two transformers TF1 Main transformer and TF2 sharing transformer. The transfers switch senses
when utility power increases more than rating of transformer1, then starts up the transformer TF2 which
acts as a sharing transformer. The transfer switch continues to monitor utility power, and when it is less
than the rating of TF1 then sharing transformer will cut off from load and switches the load from the
Transformer TF2 back to the Main transformer TF1. Once the Transformer TF2 is disconnected, it goes
through a cool-down routine and is automatically shut down.
Automatic load sharing of Transformers is to satisfy the above needs with an extent. The present system
is designed around two transformers. One transformer TF1 is used as the main supply and the other
transformer TF2 is used as sharing transformer. These two transformers are connected with the relay
which is controlled by the embedded controller. The loads are connected to the main line TF1 and as well
as to the TF2 through relay.
Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power. If the load on transformer 1 is
increase beyond its rating then controller will find out that and it will connect the sharing transformer
parallel to the main transformer. And controller will continuously monitor the current flowing in the load
and when the load current decreases below the TF1 rating then it will turn off the sharing transformer.
Here we are using current transformer CT for measuring and protecting the load current, and the output of
CT is given to ADC for converting analog output of CT into digital data. That ADC output is given to
microcontroller for monitoring purpose. When current are beyond certain limit then we are going to
sharing transformer.
While most modern-day power supplies can be paralleled for higher currents, the load current will not
share equally between modules without some extra effort in the design process. With unequal load
sharing, the stress placed on the individual modules will be unequal; resulting in some units operating
with higher temperatures contributor to reduced reliability .Therefore, the challenge in paralleling
modular supplies is to insure predictable, uniform current sharing of modules. Another major goal should
be to provide enhanced system reliability through complete redundancy such that the failure of one or
more modules could be tolerated as long as the total remaining capacity is equal to or greater than the
demands of the load.

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General block diagram of the project

Power supply
LCD
Microcontroller

Transformer1

Relay
ADC

sharingTransfor
mer2

Load Current transformer

Figure3.1 Block diagram the project

3.2 Power supply

Power supply circuit design is one of the important parts of this project, without a power supply the
electronic devices such as microcontroller, relay, ADC, LCD etc. display will not function. Similarly a
wrong power supply design will lead to the damaging of the electronic devices used in this project. The
main power supplies needed for this project is 5VDC in order to power on the relay and other electronic
devices such as microcontroller, LCD and ADC etc. The design is done using a transformer, bridge
rectifiers, filter capacitor and a voltage regulator.

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Most of the power supply is designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can be broken down into a series
of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

AC Transformer Rectifier Smoothing IC regulated DC

Mains regulator

Figure 3.2 block diagram of power supply

3.2.1 Transformer
Power supply input voltage is obtained from the main supply 220VAC outlet and then connected to the
transformer. A step down transformer is used in stepping the 220VAC to a 12VAC.The 12VAC serves
as an input voltage to the bridge rectifier.
The transformer primitive requires properties for inductances of each coil plus the coupling coefficient
between the coils.
These can be calculated via equation:
M =k root (LP*Ls)
Where M is the coupling ratio between the primary and secondary coils (effectively the same as the turns
ratio), Lp and Ls are inductances of the primary and secondary coils respectively and k is the coupling
coefficient.

Figure 3.3 Output of transformer

3.2.2 Bridge rectifier
When four diodes are connected the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied
to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

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Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a
negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are
forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will
block current flow. The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3,
through the secondary of the transformer back to point B.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given transformer
the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave
circuit.

Figure 3.4 Output of rectifier

The varying DCoutput is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic
circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.
3.2.3 Filter
Filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted
frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. The most common types of
electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design.

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Figure 3.5 Output of filter

The smooth DCoutput has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic circuits

3.2.4 IC Regulator
An IC regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A
voltage regulator may be a simple ―feed-forward‖ design or may include negative feedback control loops.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Voltage regulator ICs are
available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the
maximum current they can pass.
Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and
overheating ('thermal protection').It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components.
Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Figure 3.6 Output of IC regulator

The regulated DCoutput is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits.

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3.3 The Electromagnetic Relay
The relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, automobiles, and
appliances. It allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage sources.
It used to opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch
is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph
Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it
can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Diagram that a relay uses an electromagnet. This is a device consisting of a coil of wire wrapped around
an iron core. When electricity is applied to the coil of wire it becomes magnetic, hence the term
electromagnet. The A, B and C terminals are an SPDT switch controlled by the electromagnet.

Figure 3.7 Electromagnetic relay

When electricity is applied to V1 and V2, the electromagnet acts upon the SPDT switch so that the B and
C terminals are connected. When the electricity is disconnected, then the A and C terminals are
connected. It is important to note that the electromagnet is magnetically linked to the switch but the two
are NOT linked electrically.

Basic operation
The EMRs have three components: the coil, spring and contacts. A digital +5V can control a 220Vac
transformer 2, without any physical contact between them. When current flows through the coil, a
magnetic field is created around the coil (the coil is energized), which causes the armature to be attracted
to the coil. The armature‘s contact acts like a switch and closes or opens the circuit. The relay serves as
the protective device of the entire system. The relay receives trip signal from the microcontroller and
thereby connect the transformer 2 secondary from the input ac to the load.

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3.4 Current Transformers
Current Transformers (CT) are instrument transformers that are used to supply a reduced value of current
to meters, protective relays, and other instruments. CT‘s provide isolation from the high voltage primary,
permit grounding of the secondary for safety, and step-down the magnitude of the measured current to a
value that can be safely handled by the instruments. The protection of the transformer against over
current is concerned with the detection and measurement of fault, where the measurement can be
dangerous and indeed impossible to measure if the actual load and fault currents are very large. A
professional way of avoiding these difficulties is to use the current sensor.
The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with line carrying the current
to be measured and therefore the primary current is dependent upon the load connected to the system and
is not determined by the load connected on the secondary winding of the current transformer . The
primary winding consists of very few turns and therefore there is no appreciable voltage drop across it.
The secondary winding of current transformer has large number of turns, the exact number being
determined by the turn‘s ratio.
3.4.1 Current Transformer operation
The instrument current transformer CT steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value and is used in
the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by constructing the secondary coil
consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil, which contains only a few turns of wire. In this
manner, measurements of high values of current can be obtained. A current transformer should always be
short-circuited when not connected to an external load. Because the magnetic circuit of a current
transformer is designed for low magnetizing current when under load, this large increase in magnetizing
current will build up a large flux in the magnetic circuit and cause the transformer to act as a step-up
transformer, inducing an excessively high voltage in the secondary when under no load.
The current sensor is capable of measuring up to 50A.The monitored current values are displayed on the
LCD display and as soon the voltage transformer is overloaded the current transformer sends the
information through the ADC and the microcontroller energizes the relay, thereby the load is shared by
transformer 2. Over current protection circuit An ammeter cannot be used in measuring the load current
in this project because an analogue signal most be fed into the ADC of the microcontroller for monitoring
the load current. A current sensor was found to be the suitable current sensing device for this purpose.
The current sensor used can measure up to 50A. The ACS750 comes with one set of dean-T connector
and a 3 ways right angle pin header. The ACS750 is power up with 5VDC and gives out voltage to
indicate the direction and current value. The output of the current sensor is fed to Micro-controller ADC
unit for taking the necessary action.

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3.5 Power Transformer
Power transformers are used for conversion of voltage and current from high to low and vice versa. A
transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage
in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the secondary,
an electric current primary circuit through the transformer to the load.
For transmission and distribution networks to transfer large amounts of alternating current
electricity over long distances with minimum losses and least cost, different voltage levels are
required in the various parts of the networks.

For example, the transfer of electricity efficiently over a long transmission line requires the use
of high voltages. At the receiving end where the electricity is used, the high voltage has to be
reduced to the levels required by the consumer. Transformers enable these changes in voltage to
be carried out easily, cheaply and efficiently. We normally use the step down transformer that
converts 15kv to 220v AC supply.

A transformer consists of two coils electrically separate but linked by a common magnetic circuit
of low reluctance formed by a laminated soft iron core. If one coil (the primary coil) is connected
to an AC supply, an alternating magnetic flux is set up in the iron core. This alternating magnetic
flux passes through the secondary coil and induces and alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
The magnitude of the secondary voltage is directly proportional to the ratio of the number of
turns in the secondary and primary windings and to the primary voltage.

3.5.1 Operation of power transformer

The present system is designed by two transformers. TF1 is used as the main supply and TF2 is used as
sharing transformer. They are connected with the relay which is controlled by the embedded controller.
The loads are connected to the main line TF1 and as well as to the TF2 through relay. Initially TF1 is
connected to the load, the loads run with this power.
In order to connect these two transformers the ff condition is satisfied:
 The voltage ratio must be the same.
 The per unit impedance of each must be the same.

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 The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the
transformers.
 The phase sequence must be the same

3.6 Mathematical modeling for Load sharing of two transformers

Let us consider the following two cases:

 Equal voltage ratios.

 Unequal voltage ratios.

3.6.1. Equal Voltage Ratios

Assume no-load voltages EA and EB are identical and in phase. Under these conditions if the primary and
secondary are connected in parallel, there will be no circulating current between them on no load.

Figure 3.8 Equivalent circuit of parallel transformer

The Figure shows two impedances in parallel. Let RA, XA and ZA be the total equivalent resistance,
reactance and impedance of transformer A and RB, XB and ZB be the total equivalent resistance, reactance
and impedance of transformer B.

From the Figure we have

EA=V2 + IAZA …………………………………………………………………….. Eq 1

EB=V2+IBZB
IAZA=IBZB since they are in parallel

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IA/IB=ZB/ZA ZA = RA + XA
ZB = RB + XB
LA/IB = (RB +XB) / (RA + XA) ………………………………. Eq 2
Suppose that if two transformers with different KVA rating are connected in parallel, the total load will be
divided in proportional to their KVA rating and their equivalent impendence are inversely proportional to
their respective rating.
IA/IB = ZB/ZA
IA/IL = ZB/ZL by current division formula
IA / (IA +IB) = ZB / (ZA + ZB)
IA = IL (ZB / (ZA + ZB)) ……………………………………… Eq 3
IB = IL (ZA / (ZA + ZB)) ……………………………………….Eq 4
Substituting for ZA and ZB above by kVAA/ %ZA and KVAB/ %ZB into equations (3) and (4) produces the
following equations
IA = ( kVAA/ %ZA) x IL/( kVAA/ %ZA+ kVAB/ %ZB) ……..Eq 5
IB = ( KVAB/ %ZB) x IL/( kVAA/ %ZA+ kVAB/ %ZB) ……Eq 6

Similarly the load share the main transformer (TA)

SA = V2IA X 103 KVA
= V2I (ZA / (ZA +ZB)) X 103 KVA ……………………….. Eq 7
The capacity of load sharing transformer
SB = V2IB X 103 KVA
= V2I (ZAB/ (ZA + ZB)) X 103 KVA ……………………….. Eq 8
Therefore the total load will be
S = SA + SB
S = V2I X 103 KVA ………………………………………...... Eq 9

3.6.2 Unequal Voltage Ratios

For unequal voltage turns ratio, if the primary is connected to the supply, a circulating current will flow in
the primary even at no load. The circulating current will be superimposed on the currents drawn by the
load when the transformers share a load. Let V1 be the primary supply voltage, a1 be the turns ratio of
transformer A, a2 be the turns ratio of transformer B, ZA be the equivalent impedance of transformer A (=
RA + jXA) referred to as secondary, ZB be the equivalent impedance of transformer B (= RB + jXB) referred
to as secondary, IA be the output current of transformer A and IB be the output current of transformer B.
The induced emf in the secondary of transformer A is

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EA =V1/ a1 =V2 +IAZA ……………………………………………..10
The induced emf in the secondary of transformer B is
EB=V1/a2 =V2 +IBZB ……………………………………………….11
Again, V2 = IZL where ZL is the impedance of the load

V2= (IA+IB) ZL ………………………………………………………12

From Equations 7, 8 and 9 we have

EA=IAZA+ (IA+IB) ZL …………………………………………….…..13

And EA=IBZB+ (IA+IB) ZL ……………………………………….…14

EA - EB = IAZA - IBZB …………………………………………….…..15

IA = ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA ……………………………………….…….16

i.e. substituting IA from equation (16) in equation (14), we have

EB =IBZB + ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA *ZL +IBZL

IB = (EBZA – (EA -EB) ZL)/ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB) …………………………17

IA = (EAZB + (EA -EB) ZL)/ ZAZB +ZL (ZA + ZB) …………………………18

3.7 Case Study Analysis

This part provides a case study for two power transformers load sharing in distribution system with
Hawassa city. The following assumption parameters for each transformer are considered.

Case 1: Equal Impedances-Equal voltage Ratios- Different kVA

Although it‘s not common practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with different
kVAs and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this situation, the current

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division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no circulating currents because the
voltages (turn ratios) are the same.
Capacity of T1= 3000 kVA and capacity of T2= 1000 kVA,
Each transformer with 5.75% impedance and each with the same turn ratios,
The total load connected to a common is 4000 kVA.
Since current has a direct relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current into equation (5) and (6)
above
kVA1= 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000 kVA
kVA2= 174 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 1000 kVA
It can be seen in the calculations that even though there are different kVA ratings on transformers
connected to one common load, that current division causes each transformer to only be loaded to its kVA
rating. The key here is that the percent impedances are the same.
Case 2: Unequal Impedances-Equal Ratios-Different kVA
Seldom are transformers in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with
different kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one situation where two
single-ended substations may be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage support
when starting large motors. If the percent impedances and kVA ratings are different, care should be taken
when loading these transformers.
Capacity of transformer 1 3000 kVA (kVA1) with 5.75% impedance
Capacity of transformer 2 1000 kVA (kVA2) with 4% impedance,
Each transformer with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load.
Using equations (5) and (6):
kVA1= 522 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 2366 kVA
kVA2= 250 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 1134 kVA
The load current carried by the combined transformers will be less than their rated kVA.
As similar to ―case 1‖ because the percent impedance is less in the 1000 kVA transformer, it is
overloaded with a less than combined rated load.
Case 3: Unequal impedances-Unequal ratios- Different kVA
Although it appears highly unlikely that all of these parameters would be different in practice, we will
address this situation by looking at circulating currents. Unequal Impedances Equal Ratios Different kVA
addressed different kVA, but ignored the X/R ratios of the transformer.
If both the ratios and the impedances are different, the circulating current (because of the unequal ratio)
should be combined with each transformer's share of the load current to obtain the actual total current in
each unit. For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios) results in only half

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percent to the total current. At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically. The
effect of having parallel transformers with different percent impedances, along with different turn and
X/R ratios connected to one common load.
Consider two transformers connected in parallel:
Transformer A has 5500 V, equivalent impedance (0.4 + j4) ohm
Transformer B has 5400 V, equivalent impedance (0.1 + j 1.5) and supply a common load.
The load impedance is (10 + j 6) ohm. The current supplied by each transformer.
By using equation 17 and 18 we can get the current of each transformer
IA = (5500(0.1 + j1.5) + (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6))
((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))
= 1550 + j8850
-33.96 + j59
= (101.31 – j84.58) A
IB = 5400(0.4 + j4) - (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6)
((0.4 + j4) x (0.1 + j1.5) + (10 + j6) x (0.4 + j4 +0.1 + j1.5))
= 1160 + j2100
-33.96 + j59
= (258.85 –j168.66) A
To calculate the circulating currents, the difference in ratios must be expressed in the percentage of the
normal ratio. The circulating current is obtained by dividing this value by the sum of the impedances of
the two transformers.
This would be the total impedance through which the circulating current is flowing.
%IC = %e x 100
((%R' + k%R'') 2+ (%Z' + k%Z'') 2 )
Where
%IC= circulating current in the transformers in percentage of the rated current.
%R', %Z', %R", and %Z" are the percentage resistances and reactance based on the X/R ratio
on units kVA' and kVA".
k = kVA' / kVA"
%e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal.
So we consider another two transformers connected in parallel:
Capacity of transformer 1 2000 kVA1 with 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio of 8,

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Capacity of transformer 2 1000 kVA2with 4% impedance, X/R ratio of 5 and
2000 kVA1with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 1000 kVA2 tapped at nominal.
The percent circulating current (%IC)
By using the above equation we can solve % of circulating current:
Z' = 5.75, therefore %R' = %Z' / [(X/R) 2+ 1)]1/2
%R' = 5.75 / ((8)2+ 1)1/2
%R' = .713
Solving for %X':
%X'= %R x (X/R)
%X' = .713 x 8 = 5.7
%Z" = 4, therefore %R" = %Z" / [(X/R) 2+ 1)]1/2
%R" = 4 / ((5)2+ 1)1/2
%R" = .784
Solving for %X":
%X" = %R x (X/R)
%X" = .784 x 5 = 3.92
% IC = 2.5 x 100
((.713 + (2000/1000) x .784)2+ (5.7+ (2000/1000) x 3.92)2)
%IC= 250 / 13.73 = 18.21
This shows that the combined load of the transformers will be limited to [3000 - (.1821 x 3000 = 546
kVA)] 2454 kVA before a load is connected.
We summarize our case study as follows
Loading considerations for paralleling transformers are simple unless kVA, percent impedances, or ratios
are different. When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are the same, equal load
division will exist on each transformer. When paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the
percent impedances are different, then unequal load division will occur. The same is true for unequal
percent impedances and unequal kVA. Circulating currents only exist if the turn ratios do not match on
each transformer. The magnitude of the circulating currents will also depend on the X/R ratios of the
transformers.

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CHAPTER 4
INTERFACING OF MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51 WITH ADC0804
AND LCD LM016
4.1 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash
programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel‘s
high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with industry-standard MCS-51
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system
or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89C51 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory RAM, ROM or EPROM,
various I/O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports, Timer/Counters, Interrupt Controller, Data
Acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital Converter ADC, Digital to Analog Converter (ADC), everything
integrated onto a single Silicon Chip. It does not mean that any micro controller should have all the above
said features on chip, Depending on the need and area of application for which it is designed, The ON-
CHIP features present in it may or may not include all the individual section said above. Any
microcomputer system requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making up a program, parallel
port or serial port for communicating with an external system, timer / counter for control purposes like
generating time delays, apart from the controlling unit called the Central Processing Unit.
Functions of micro controller
 Sends appropriate commands to ADC to start conversion,
 Collects the output of ADC for every 10 sec and stores in buffer,
 After data gets transmitted sends command for disconnection
 Sends appropriate information to the display unit as per status of the communication medium

4.1.1 Major Features of AT89C51

 Compatible with MCS-51 products

 4k Bytes of in-system Reprogrammable flash memory-indurance:1000 write/erase cycles
 Fully static operation: 0HZ to 24MHZ
 Three level programmable clock

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 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
 128 * 8 –bit timer/counters
 Six interrupt sources
 Programmable serial channel
 Low power idle power-down mod
4.1.2 AT89C51 Microcontroller Architecture
The 89C51 architecture consists of these specific features:
 Eight –bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B
 Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer (DPTR)
 Eight- bit stack pointer (PSW)
 Eight-bit stack pointer (Sp)
 Internal ROM or EPROM
 Internal RAM of 128 bytes:
 Four register banks, each containing eight registers
 Sixteen bytes, which may be addressed at the bit level
 Eighty bytes of general- purpose data memory
 Thirty –two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports:p0-p3
 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF
 Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and IE
 Two external and three internal interrupts sources.
 Oscillator and clock circuits.

Figure 4.1 Microcontroller AT89C51

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4.1.3 Pin Description
VCC: Supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
Port 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. When 1‘s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be
used as high i mp eda nce i n put s . Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low
order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal
pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during
program verification.
Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source
four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because
of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source
four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and
can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data memories that use 16-bit addresses. In this
application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memories
that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives
the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source
four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can
be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because
of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed
below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification

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Table 4.1 port description of microcontroller

Port pin Alternate function

P3.0 RXD(serial input port)
P3.1 TXD(serial output port)
P3.2 INT0(external interrupt0)
P3.3 INT1(external interrupt1)
P3.4 T0(timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1(timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR(external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD(external data memory read strobe)

RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device.
ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external
memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing
code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN
activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable (EA) must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from
external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is
programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions. This pin also receives the12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

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4.1.4 The AT89C51 oscillator and clock
The clock circuit is an important element that is required in the system board. This is because the
microcontroller works digitally based on generated clock. The rate of the clock is determined by a crystal
oscillator that is connected to the clock logic pins. A high speed crystal of 16 MHz is used in this project
in order to avoid any delay in terms of relay tripping ON and OFF, and monitoring of the transformer
parameters through the ADC of the microcontroller. Because the monitoring of transformer parameters
and tripping off the relay has to be very fast to avoid failure of the entire protection system. The crystal
inscribed into the microcontroller, with two 33 pF capacitors used to filter out external noise from
interfering with the crystal frequency.
The heart of the 89C51 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all internal operations are
synchronized. Pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 is provided for connecting a resonant network to form an
oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the basic
internal clock frequency of the microcontroller. The manufacturers make 89C51 designs that run at
specific minimum and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16 MHz.

4.1.4.1 Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be
configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in figs. To drive the device from an external
clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in figure. There are no
requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking
circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time
specifications must be observed.

Figure 4.2 Crystal oscillator

4.1.5 TIMERS
On-chip timing/counting facility has proved the capabilities of the microcontroller for implementing
the real time application. These include pulse counting, frequency measurement, pulse width
measurement, baud rate generation, etc . Having sufficient number of timer/counters may be a need

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in a certain design application. The 8051 has two timers/counters. They can be used either as timers to
generate a time delay or as counters to count events happening outside the microcontroller. Let discuss
how these timers are used to generate time delays and we will also discuss how they are been used as
event counters.

4.1.5.1 Programming 8051 timers

The 8051 has timers: Timer 0 and Timer1.they can be used either as timers or as event counters. Let us
first discuss about the timers‘ registers and how to program the timers to generate time delays.
Basic registers of the timer
Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits wide. Since the 8051 has an 8-bit architecture, each 16-bit timer is
accessed as two separate registers of low byte and high byte.
4.1.6 Interrupts
Interrupts are hardware signals that are used to determine conditions that exist in external and internal
circuits. Any interrupt can cause the 8051 to perform a hardware call to an interrupt –handling subroutine
that is located at a predetermined absolute address in the program memory. Five interrupts are provided
in the 8051.
Three of these are generated automatically by the internal operations: Timer flag 0, Timer Flag 1, and the
serial port interrupt (RI or TI). The Timer0 and Timer 1 Interrupts are generated by TF0 and TF1, which
are set by a rollover in their respective Timer/Counter registers. When a timer interrupt is generated, the
flag that generated it is cleared by the on-chip hardware when the service routine is vectored to. The
Serial Port Interrupt is generated by the logical OR of RI and TI. Neither of these flags is cleared by
hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine will normally have to
determine whether it was RI or TI that generated the interrupt, and the bit will have to be cleared in
software.
Two interrupts are triggered by external signals provided by the circuitry that is connected to
the pins INTO 0 and INTO1. The flags that actually generate these interrupts are bits IE0 and IE1 in
TCON. When an external interrupt is generated, the flag that generated it is cleared by the hardware when
the service routine is vectored to only if the interrupt was transition-activated. If the interrupt was level-
activated, then the external requesting source is what controls the request flag, rather than the on-chip
hardware. The interrupts maybe enable or disabled, given priority or otherwise controlled by altering the
bits in the Interrupt Enabled (IE) register, Interrupt Priority (IP) register, and the Timer Control (TCON)
register. These interrupts are mask able i.e. they can be disabled. Reset is a non mask able interrupt which
has the highest priority. It is generated when a high is applied to the reset pin. Upon reset, the

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registers are loaded with the default values. Each interrupt source causes the program to do store the
address in PC onto the stack and causes a hardware call to one of the dedicated addresses in the program
memory.

4.2 Analog to Digital Converter Interfacing

Analog to Digital Converters are most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital Computers use
Binary values, but in the physical world everything is analog in nature; or we can say that they are
continuous in nature. A physical quantity which is analog in nature is converted to electrical signals using
a device called transducers. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors produce an output that is
voltage or current. Therefore we need an ADC to translate the analog signals to digital numbers so that
micro-controller can read and process them.
Microcontroller can only perform complex processing on digitized signals. When signals are in digital
form they are less susceptible to the deleterious effects of additive noise. ADC Provides a link between
the analog world of transducers and the digital world of signal processing and data handling.
So let‘s start the discussion of interfacing of ADC with AT89C51 and its application to measure the
voltage and current and display and pass it on to the LCD and Serial Port.
Application of ADC
ADC is used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be processed, stored, or transported in
digital form. Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone, thermocouples, digital
oscilloscope, sound processing, temperature processing etc... Microcontrollers commonly use 8, 10, 12,
or 16 bit ADCs, our micro controller uses an 8 bit ADC. Analog-to-digital ADC converters are used to
transform analog information into a form suitable for digital handling, which might involve any of these
operations:
 processing by a computer or by logic circuits, including arithmetical operations,
Comparison, sorting, ordering and code conversion,
 Storage until ready for further handling,
 Display in numerical or graphical form and
 Transmission

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Functional block diagram

V ref VDD

Sampling clock
ADC DTA
OUTPUT
Analog input

Vss Ground DATA READY

Figure 4.3 Block diagram ADC

The reference input terminal of an ADC may be buffered as shown in Figure above in which case it has
input impedance (usually high) and bias current (usually low) specifications, or it may connect directly to
the ADC. In either case, the transient currents developed on the reference input due to the internal
conversion process need good decoupling with external low inductance capacitors.
The sampling clock input is a critical function in an ADC and a source of some confusion. It could truly
be the sampling clock. This frequency would typically be several times higher than the sampling rate of
the converter. It could also be a convert start (or encode) command which would happen once per
conversion. Regardless of the ADC, it is extremely important to read the data sheet and determine
exactly what the external clock requirements are, because they can vary widely from one ADC to another.
In ADCs, this line is variously called busy, end-of-conversion (EOC), data ready, etc. Regardless of the
ADC, there must be some method of knowing when the output data is valid—and again, the data sheet is
where this information can always be found.
Another detail which can cause trouble is the difference between EOC and DRDY (data ready). EOC
indicates that conversion has finished, DRDY that data is available at the output. In some ADCs, EOC
functions as DRDY—in others, data is not valid until several tens of nanoseconds after the EOC has
become valid, and if EOC is used as a data strobe, the results will be unreliable.
Our ADC0804 is a single channel analog to digital convertor i.e., it can take only one analog signal. An
ADC has n bit resolution (binary form) where n can be 8,10,12,16 or even 24 bits. ADC 0804 has 8 bit
resolution. The higher resolution ADC gives smaller step size. Step size is smallest change that can be
measured by an ADC. For an ADC with resolution of 8 bits, the step sizeis19.53mV(5V/255).
The time taken by the ADC to convert analog data into digital form is dependent on the frequency of

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clock source. ADC0804 can be given clock from external source. It also has an internal clock. However
the conversion time cannot be more than110us. To use the internal clock a capacitor and resistor is
connected to pin 19 and 4 as shown in the circuit diagram. The frequency is given by the relation f= 1/
(1.1RC). The circuit uses a resistance of 10k and a capacitor of 150pF to generate clock for
ADC0804.Vin, which is the input pin, is connected to a preset to provide analog input is an active low pin
and used to activate the ADC0804.
4.2.1 Pin description
1. CS, Chip Select: By using this selection Bit you can select the Chip. After selecting this bit the chip is
ready to do operation. By using HIGH (1) you can select this pin as an active high.
2. RD, Read: This is an input pin and active low. After converting the analog data, the ADC stores the
result in an internal register. This pin is used to get the data out of the ADC 0804 chip. When CS=0 &
high to low pulse is given to this pin, the digital output is shown on the pins D0-D7.
3. WR, Write: This is an input pin and active low. This is used to instruct the ADC to start the conversion
process. If CS=0 and WR makes a low to high transition, the ADC starts the conversion process.
4. CLK IN, Clock IN: This is an input pin connected to an external clock source.
5. INTR, Interrupt: This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the conversion is over.
6. Vin+: Analog Input.
7. Vin- : Analog Input. Connected to ground.
8. AGND: Analog Ground.
9. Vref/2: This pin is used to set the reference voltage. If this is not connected the default reference
voltage is 5V. In some application it is required to reduce the step size. This can be done by using this
pin.
10. DGND: Digital Ground.
11-18. Output Data Bits (D7-D0).
19. CLKR: Clock Reset.
20. Vcc: Positive Supply
4.3 Liquid Crystal Display Interface
The alphanumeric 16character X 2line LCD requires 8data lines and also 3 control signals. By using 2
ports, port 0&3 data pins are connected to LCD as data bus. Port0 can be basically used as I/O port i.e. it
can be programmed as an input or as an output port. That means if it is programmed as output port,
suppose if it is required to read data from LCD immediately it is not possible. Before reading the data it is
required to make the port as an input port.

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Data reading from LCD gives an erroneous reading & should not be implemented. Because of this port5
is made as input / output port depending on the situation. The control signals are connected to port 3 pins.
They are EN bar & RS bar, RW bar. At different instance such as data write / command write / data read
etc. Various signals are to be provided as indicated by the by the LCD manufacturers. To interface the
LCD, to the Micro controller it require an 8 bit and also three control signals differentiate the data from
the control words send to the LCD.
The Microcontroller has to send the necessary control words followed by the data to be
displayed. Depending on the operation to be performed the control words are selected and passes to the
LCD. The data to be displayed on the LCD is to be sent in the ASCII format. Thus all the character to be
displayed are converted into ASCII form and then sent to the LCD along with different control words.
The control word differentiated the various operations and is executed. It is also possible to read the LCD
data if required. The control signals to the LCD are also provided by the Micro controller. This is also
done through pins 2.5,2.6&2.7.Through program necessary control signals are passed to the LCD by
using the bits of the port. The remaining can be used for some other purpose if there is a need. The
software controls the necessary ports and performs the task it is designed for. The soft ware and
associated hardware perform the LCD interface.
4.3.1 Pin Description
Vcc, Vss and Vee While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground respectively, Vee is used for controlling
LCD contrast. RS, register select. There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is
used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing
the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc., If RS=1 the data register is
selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.
R/W, read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.
R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing. EN, Enable the LCD to latch information presented to its
data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to
this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are
used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCD‘s internal registers. To display
letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while
making RS=1.There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display
or force the cursor to the home position or blink the instruction command codes. We also use RS=0 to
check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information.
The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as follows:

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If R/W=1, RS=0. When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will
not accept any information.

Figure 4.4 Shows the LCD display from proteus software

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CHAPTER FIVE
SIMULATION AND RESULT
We use two most known software for simulation of our project; that compatible to design component of
automatic load sharing of power transformer. For construction of the schematic diagram of the project we
applied proteus and compile our code by keil.
5.1 Proteus
Proteus is a single application with many service modules offering different functionality (schematic
capture, PCB layout, etc.). The wrapper that enables all of the various tools to communicate with each
other consists of three main parts.

Application Framework: This is the framework or container which hosts all of the functionality of
Proteus. ISIS, ARES, 3DV all open as tabbed windows within this framework and therefore all have
access to the common database.

Common Database: The common database contains information about parts used in the project. A part
can contain both a schematic component and a PCB footprint as well both user and system properties.

Live Net list: Together with the common database the maintenance of a live net list allows all open
modules to automatically reflect changes. The most obvious example of this is wiring in ISIS producing
rats nest connections in ARES but it goes much further than that. The new Bill of Materials module
contains a live viewer and the 3D Viewer and Design Explorer are also linked into the live net list.
5.2 Keil cross C Compiler
KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an
easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C
variables and memory.
Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear. KEIL Greatly simplifies the
process of creating and testing an embedded application. The Keil Software 8051 development tools
listed below are the programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your assembler source files, link
your program together, create HEX files, and debug your target program. µVision2 for Windows™
Integrated Development Environment: combines Project Management, Source Code Editing, and Program
Debugging in one powerful environment.
 C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler: creates relocatable object modules from your C source
code,

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 A51 Macro Assembler: creates relocatable object modules from your 8051 assembler source
code,
 BL51 Linker/Locator: combines relocatable object modules created by the compiler and
assembler into the final absolute object module,
 LIB51 Library Manager: combines object modules into a library, which may be used by the
linker,
 OH51 Object-HEX Converter: creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules

5.3 Simulation

Figure 5.1 Simulation block diagram of the whole scheme of the project

5.3.1 Schematic Explanation and discussion

Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V.Hence the 5V D.C. power supply
is needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by first stepping down the 220V to 15 V. The step
downed a.c voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier. The diodes used are 1N4007. The rectified
a.c voltage is now filtered using a ‗C‘ filter.

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Now the rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage
regulator allows us to have a Regulated Voltage which is +5V. We are using voltage regulators i.e.,
7805. These voltage regulators regulate 5v for microcontroller, ADC, LCD and current transformer. The
rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100μF.
Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89c51microcontroller to supply operating voltage.
The microcontroller 89C51 with crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of
capacitors of is placed at 18th& 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) properly.
The LCD is interfaced to Microcontroller. The data pins of LCD are connected to Port 1. The control
pins of LCD are connected to Port 2 as shown in schematic. One of the port 2 pin is connected to the relay
to check the status of the transformer one (main transformer) i.e. whether it is overloaded or not. Relay is
used to turn on & off the transformer two when the transformer one is overloaded.
The data pins of ADC are connected to the port 0 of microcontroller. The control pins of ADC are
connected to port 3 of microcontroller. Whatever the data in ADC from C.T (current transformer) will be
converted from analog to digital and fed it to the microcontroller.
5.4 Results
From simulation of the project we get the following result. When the utility load is increased beyond the
rated capacity of the transformer one (main transformer) and interrupted; the microcontroller detect the
signal that get from the loads through current sensor and ADC. Then the microcontroller calculates the
received signal compare with the reference voltage; then send signal to the relay (transfer switch). The
relay connect transformer two to share the overload power. However, when the utility load became below
rated value of transformer one microcontroller send signal to disconnect transformer two and the load is
run only by transformer one.
1. When utility power is interrupted due to over current and overload, the transfers switch senses and
starts up the transformer TF2 which acts as a backup transformer.
2. If the utility power remains absent, the transfer switch disconnects the load from the utility and
connects it to the Transformer TF1.
3. The transfer switch continues to monitor utility power, and when it is restored, switches the load from
the Transformer TF2 back to the Main transformer TF1. Once the Transformer TF2 is disconnected, it
goes through a cool-down routine and is automatically shut down.
4. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power. Due to any reason this power is
interrupted, then it is identified by the controller and it immediately switches ON to the TF2 through the
relay.
5. The result is displayed on LCD.

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CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATION
6.1Conclusions
The project describes about how to use power supply intelligently under peak loads. The project
automatically connects and disconnects the sharing transformer thus protecting the main transformer from
overload. Current transformer plays an important role by sensing the current through the load and sending
feedback signal to the microcontroller through ADC. Microcontroller is so programmed that as soon as
the load exceeds a particular current limit it will soon generate a control signals and the signal is fed to the
electromagnetic relay. The switching process occurs in the Electromagnetic Relay which automatically
connects the transformer in parallel in accordance to the load sensed by the CT.
Through the transformer current analysis we can see that the current of the transformer rises as load
increases, whenever the load current goes above the transformer rated current, the microcontroller detects
an over current and it sends a trip signal to relay thereby the load shared automatically by transformer two
and protecting the transformer one from burning. As the load current goes below the rated current of the
transformer, the microcontroller detects normal there by sending an on signal to the relay to disconnect
the sharing transformer. The results indicate that the microcontroller based transformer automatic load
sharing achieves numerous advantages over the existing systems in use: 1) fast response, 2) better
isolation, 3) accurate detection of the fault. Finally, the results of simulation meet the aim and objectives
of the project and automated with no manual interface required.

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6.2 Recommendation for Future Work

Any work and investigation on transformer load sharing is very advantageous and challenging. Based on
the present time, it can be observed that the Hawassa city population is increasing rapidly. Therefore
demands on electricity will be high and these will lead to demands of highly sophisticated protection
devices, which will be incorporated in transformer load sharing schemes. Based on the work done in this
project which automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontroller, some improvements need to
be made in the future work. It was noticed that use of switching semiconductor device such as thyristor
can be used instead of relay, highly advanced microcontroller such as 16bit PIC microcontroller or a
digital signal processor can be used for high speed analogue to digital (ADC) conversion of the
transformer voltage and current.
The future scope of our project is particularly in Substation. In substations particularly during the peak
hours there is a need for the operation of additional transformer to supply the additional load requirement.
Our project automatically connects the transformer under critical loads. Thus there is no need to operate
both transformers under normal loads, particularly during off peak hours. Thus power is shared
intelligently with the transformers in parallel.

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REFERENCES
Books
 Badri ram and D N Vishwakarma (1995); power system protection and switch gear New delhi:
Tata Mc Graw hill
 Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi; The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded
Systems; Chung-Ping Young Taiwan
 Loading Considerations When Paralleling Transformers Application Guide(2007); Nashville, TN,
USA
 Electrical Machines, Second Edition

Website
http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-automatic-transformer-distribution-and-load-sharing-system
http://www.asciitable.com/ Interfacing LCD with 8051 Microcontroller using Keil C - AT89C51.htm
http://embedded-microcontroller-project
http://Transformer_protection_monitoring_and_control.pdf
https://sites.google.com/site/coolembeddedlaboratory/home

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APPENDIX
C Code for the whole thesis
#include <REGX51.H>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
sbit INTR = P3^5;
sbit RD_ADC = P2^4;
sbit WR_ADC = P2^3;
sfr MYDATA = 0x80; //Port-0
sfr LcdData = 0x90; //Port-1
sbit RS = P2^5;
sbit RW = P2^6;
sbit EN = P2^7;
sbit relay=P2^0;
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value);
void lcddata(unsigned char value);
void lcdstr(unsigned char msg[]);
void Delay(unsigned int itime);
void SerTX(unsigned char x);
void SerTX_str(unsigned char msg[]);
unsigned char msg[] = "detect >";
void main()
{
unsigned int curr;
int hundreds,tens,ones;
unsigned char buffer[10];
TMOD = 0x20; //Timer-1, 8-Bit Auto Reload Mode
TH1 = 0xFD; //9600 Baud Rate When Crystal Used is 11.0592MHZ
SCON = 0x50;
TR1 = 1; //Start Timer
MYDATA = 0xFF; //Making P1 as Input Port
INTR = 1;

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RD_ADC = 1; //Set RD high
WR_ADC = 1; //Set WR high
lcdcmd(0x38);
Delay(1);
lcdcmd(0x0E);
Delay(1);
lcdcmd(0x01);
Delay(1);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("detect ");
lcdcmd(0x0C);
while(1)
{
lcdcmd(0xC0);
WR_ADC = 0; //Send WR Pulse
Delay(1);
WR_ADC = 1; //Low-High Pulse means Start of Conversion
while(INTR == 1); //Wait until End of Conversion
//When Conversion Gets Completed the INTR Pin Goes Low we get out of the Loop
RD_ADC = 0; //Send RD Pulse
curr = MYDATA * 2;
//Conversion Process Starts Here
ones = curr%10;
curr = curr/10;
tens = curr%10;
hundreds = curr/10;
if(hundreds>1)
{
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("overloaded");
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr(" ");
lcdcmd(0x80);

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lcdstr("connect TR2");
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr(" ");
relay=1;
}
else
{
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("underloaded");
Delay(2);
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr(" ");
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcdstr("disconnected");
Delay(2);
relay=0;
}
lcdcmd(0xC0);
Delay(2);
sprintf(buffer,"%d.%d%d amps",hundreds,tens,ones);
lcdstr(buffer);
SerTX_str(msg);
SerTX_str(buffer);
SerTX(13);
SerTX(13);
Delay(10);
Delay(10);
RD_ADC = 1;
}
}
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)
{

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LcdData = value;
RS = 0;
RW = 0;
EN = 1;
Delay(1);
EN = 0;
}
void lcddata(unsigned char value)
{
LcdData = value;
RS = 1;
RW = 0;
EN = 1;
Delay(1);
EN = 0;
}
void Delay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<1275;i++)
for(j=0;j<itime;j++);
}
void lcdstr(unsigned char msg[])
{
unsigned short int len,i;
len = strlen(msg);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
lcddata(msg[i]);
Delay(1);
}
}
void SerTX(unsigned char x)
{

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SBUF = x;
while(TI == 0);
TI = 0;
}
void SerTX_str(unsigned char msg[])
{
unsigned short len,i;
len = strlen(msg);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
SerTX(msg[i]);
}
}

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