Grammar Cheatsheet

Who or Whom? Data or datum? And why do some people freak out when they see “15 items or
less” at the grocery store?

If you’re writing a paper, getting grammar right is really helpful. For one thing, it will protect
you from gangs of Grammar Nazis. But more important, it’ll make you a better writer. Your
readers will appreciate it, even if they aren’t conscious of why.

This guide will cover those pesky words that we all get confused about from time to time. It will
show you the right word to use when you’re clacking away at the keyboard. And above all, it
will make your writing clearer.

Just One Small Caveat

The purpose of grammar is not to be 100%, absolutely correct. It’s to make your writing easier to
understand. And there are few things in grammar where everyone agrees anyway. What’s more,
grammar is constantly changing.

With that in mind, some of these rules skirt the official, unyielding rules of those who believe
grammar to be prescriptive. Rather, they reflect how grammar is working today (for an example,
check out data vs datum).

Affect vs Effect
If you’re only going to learn just one rule from this cheatsheet, make it this one.

Using these words incorrectly is so common that it’s difficult to know what the right usage is
when you read it, let alone how to write it. That’s true of effect/affect more than anything.
Fortunately, we’ve got a shortcut for you.

The Official Rules

In general, “affect” is a verb that means to have an impact on something and “effect” is a noun,
as in the effect of something on something else. However, just to confuse things, “effect” can
also be a verb meaning to cause something to happen.

And, to further complicate things, “affect” can be noun, but only very rarely — generally in
psychology.

Examples

Affect as verb
The boy was affected by the trauma he had witnessed.
Affect as a noun
The experiment triggered a strong negative affect on the participants.
Effect as a noun
The effect of the economic downturn was a depressed job market.
Effect as a verb
I hope to effect significant change at my organization in the coming years.

Rules of Thumb

Given the variety of forms these particular words can take, you might still be confused.
Fortunately, there’s a shortcut.

Assume that if a verb makes sense, it’s probably going to be “affect.” And if it’s a noun, it’s
probably going to be “effect.”

If you’re not sure, try switching in another noun and another verb to see if the sentence makes
sense.

Take, for example, the sentence, “The boy was streetcar by trauma he witnessed.” It doesn’t
make any sense, since “streetcar” is a noun.

But take the sentence, “The boy was bamboozled by the trauma he witnessed.” It does make
grammatical sense, because bamboozle is a verb.

The same goes for effect.

Consider: “The streetcar of the economic downturn was a depressed job market.” Versus: “The
bamboozle of the economic downturn was a depressed job market.”

As you can see, only “streetcar” sounds right.

Except vs Accept
These two are difficult because they’re similarly spelled homophones. But they have two very
different meanings.

The Official Rules

“Except” means to exclude something or say “everything but this one thing.”

“Accept” means to receive something or recognize an idea as true or correct.

Examples
Since this single word can completely reverse the meaning of a sentence, it’s particularly
problematic. For example, imagine the sentences:

• People usually accept facts of the argument.

• People usually except facts of the argument.

The first means that the facts are generally agreed to be true or correct. The second means that
the facts are generally ignored or excluded.

what’s why getting it right is so important.

Rules of Thumb

Fortunately, there is an easy way to remember:

• If you want to use “accept,” remember that it needs to be a-okay. If something is a-okay,
then it can be accepted.
• If it’s not a-okay, then it’s probably going to be “except.”

That’s because “accept” is usually used to describe something positive, whereas “except” is
usually describing something that doesn’t conform or is negative.

Lose vs Loose
In this case, the words don’t sound the same, but are spelled very similarly. If you get this wrong,
you might look silly, but it is unlikely that your reader will be confused.

The Official Rules

“Lose” is a verb that means to not win, to experience a loss, or to misplace something.

“Loose” is usually an adjective to mean not tightened down. However, it can also mean to
release.

Examples

• When I play chess, I lose about half the time.

• The screw was loose, so the table fell apart.

Rules of Thumb

A good way to remember this is the rhyme, “There’s a moose on the loose.”

If you’re spelling it with two Os, then it has to rhyme with “moose.” If you’re only spelling it
with one, then you mean that you lost something.
They’re, Their, and There
This particular grammar rule gets a lot of discussion throughout popular culture. But the truth is,
it’s not that hard to get this just right. And unlike a lot of “rules” on this list, their/there/they’re is
one where there truly is no wiggle room. You’re either correct or not.

Fortunately, it’s easy to use the right one.

The Official Rules

“They’re” is a contraction of “they are.”

“Their” is the possessive form of “they.” It shows ownership of something.

“There” is an adverb referring to a place or where something is. It points to where something is
or is going.

Examples

• They’re wondering where the dog went.

• Their dog ran into the cafe.
• They found the dog when they went over there.

Rules of Thumb

If you want to know if you should be using “they’re” just switch out the word for “they are.” If it
still makes sense, you’re good to go.

For “their” and “there,” try replacing the word with “our.” If it still makes sense, then you should
“their.” If it doesn’t, then you need to use “there.” For example:

• Our dog ran into the cafe. — Their dog ran into the cafe.
• They found the dog when they went over our. — They found the dog when they went
over there.”

The first sentence makes sense but the second doesn’t. Thus, the first sentence uses “their” and
the second uses “there.”

Two vs To vs Too
“To,” in its various forms, is one of the most common words you’ll ever write. Knowing which
“to” to use is critical.

Fortunately, the rules are easy to remember.

The Official Rules and Examples

“Two” is the written version of the number 2: “An infinitive has two words.”

“To” has two functions. First, it is used to show movement or direction: “Let’s go over to the
library.”

Second, it is used to create infinitives, which are verbs that are not bound to a subject. For
example: “Star Trek was a show meant to go boldly where no human had gone before.”

The word “too” has two functions as well. First, it can be used as an adverb meaning “also.” For
example: “I went to the store too.”

“Too” can also be used as a modifier meaning “excessive.” For example, “The water was too
hot.”

Rules of Thumb

Getting the right “to” is easy. First, unless you’re talking about the number 2, don’t use “two.”

Second, “too” will very often go at the end of a sentence: “We went to the library too.” If it’s
mid-sentence, however, and you’re not sure, substitute the word with “very” or “also.” If it
makes sense with either, use “too.”

Finally, if in doubt, use “to.” This is by far the most common one that you’ll use, so if you’re
really not sure, this is your best guess.

Data vs datum
Yes, there is an actual rule here. However, it’s worth noting that, like many other words, data is
used incorrectly so often it’s unlikely to have any impact on readability or comprehension.

If you simply use what you think sounds best, 99% of the time that’s going to be absolutely fine.

However, if you’re writing something academic, talking about primary research, or just want to
get it 100% right, then here’s how you can know when to use data and when to use datum.

The Official Rules

“Data” is a Latin-based word and is the plural of “datum.”

“Datum” is the singular version of “data.”

Examples
 • The data show that the hypothesis was correct.
• One outlying datum point is fairly standard to see in experiments.

Rules of Thumb

In general, you should always use “data.” Using “datum” will make you sound pedantic and
pretentious. What’s more, it will confuse many of your readers.

The only time you should use “datum” is if you are writing for a publication that uses it. Thus,
you might use “datum” in a scientific paper. But even in this context, it is getting increasingly
rare.

Given this, the examples above should be changed to:

• The data show that the hypothesis was correct.

• One outlying data point is fairly standard to see in experiments.

Note: if anyone ever gives you any guff about “datum,” ask them what they think of the word
“media” as in all the newspapers, magazines, and television shows. It is almost always treated as
being singular. For example: “The media is biased!” But if someone insists that you say “datum
point,” you can insist they say “media are.”

Quote vs Quotation
This is an easy one to get right. But it’s worth noting that, like so many things in language, the
incorrect version is used so often now that it’s rarely seen as an error.

Thus, it’s not essential to get this one right. But if you want to keep your writing clean and clear,
it helps to be correct.

The Official Rules

“Quote” is a verb. “Quotation” is a noun.

Examples

To quote Shakespeare, “Man delights not me.”

One of my favorite Shakespeare quotations is “Man delights not me.”

Rules of Thumb

The best way to know if you’re right is to switch the word for “goat.” If the sentence still makes
sense, it’s “quotation.” If not, it’s “quote.” If you like rhyming couplets:
 If it’s “goat”
Don’t use “quote.”

Breath vs Breathe
This is another quote/quotation situation. But unlike there where it doesn’t matter too much if
you get it right, this distinction is important. You will look ignorant if you use the wrong word.

The Official Rules

“Breath” is a noun, meaning the air in your lungs. You can take a quick breath or you can hold
your breath.

“Breathe” is a verb. It’s the doing version of breath. You take breaths, but what you are doing is
breathing.

Examples

• He took a deep breath to steady his nerves.

• If you’re feeling stressed, remember to breathe through your nose.

Rules of Thumb

If you’re struggling to remember which one to use, here are two tricks to help you.

1. Remember the extra “e” in “breathe” is for “exhale,” since that’s what you do when you
“breathe.”
2. Switch the word for the word “death.” If it still makes sense, then “breath” is the word
you want. If it doesn’t, then it needs to be “breathe.” Here’s another rhyming couplet:

If it works with death

It must be breath.

It’s vs Its
Even experienced writers make this mistake. And there’s a good reason: it isn’t logical.

The Official Rules

“It’s” is a contraction of “it is” or “it has.” “Its” (with no apostrophe) is the possessive form of
“it” and is used as an attributive adjective. This means that it connects the adjective to the noun
being described.

Examples
 • It’s very cold outside.
• It’s been very cold outside.
• My cat destroyed its favorite toy.

Rules of Thumb

Like most contractions, expanding the word into its separate terms will tell you if you’re right or
not. If you expand “it’s” into “it is” or “it has” and the sentence still makes sense, then using the
apostrophe is correct.

If not, then you should drop the apostrophe and use “its.”

You’re vs Your
Yet another problem caused by apostrophes.

The Official Rules

“You’re” is a contraction of “you are.” “Your” is the possessive version of you. It’s used mostly
to show ownership of something, but it can be used for a few other things like an informal
collective: “He’s your Average Joe.”

The possessive function is the most common, and where the most mistakes crop up.

Examples

• Your suit is really nice.

• You’re suited well for this job.

Rules of Thumb

Like all contractions, the best way to know if you’re right is to simply expand the words out to
you are. If the sentence says what you want, then it should be “you’re.” If it doesn’t then it
should be your with no apostrophe.

For example, “You are suit is really nice” doesn’t make sense. But “You are suited well for this
job” does.

Who’s vs Whose
Once again, the apostrophe rears its ugly head. But as with It’s/Its and You’re/Your, it isn’t hard
to figure out which one is right.

The Official Rules

“Who’s” is a contraction of “who is.” “Whose” is the possessive form of “who” or, more
informally, “which.”

Examples

• Who’s going to host the party?

• Whose party are you going to?
• Whose [Which] team are you supporting?

Rules of Thumb

The best way to make sure you’re using any contraction correctly is to separate out the words. If
you can swap in “who is” for your word and it still makes sense, then you need the apostrophe. If
it doesn’t then the answer is “whose.”

We’re vs Were
Although these two words look similar and sound identical, they are very different.

The Official Rules

“We’re” is short for “we are.”

“Were” is the past version of the verb “to be.”

Examples

• We’re going to be movies.

• Where were you last night?
• Were you going to the game later?

Rules of Thumb

Like all apostrophe problems involving contractions, simply read your sentence aloud with the
un-contracted words. In this case, “we are.” For example, “We are going to the movies” makes
sense. “Where we are you last night” does not.

If it makes sense when you un-contract, use we’re. If it doesn’t, then you need to use were.

Each Other’s vs Each Others’

This is another funny apostrophe that seems to throw a lot of people off, but the fact is only one
of these is right: “each other’s.”
The Official Rules and Example

Each other’s is the possessive form of each. Since we generally add ‘s to nouns to make them
possessive, we do that here.

The reason that it’s not “each others'” is because it would imply that “other” was a plural noun.

For example, “We held each other’s hands” is correct. “We held each others’ hands” is not.

Rules of Thumb

The easiest way to remember this is to remember that “other” is singular. If you remember that,
then you can’t go wrong.

Alot vs A Lot
Sorry to all you “alot” fans out there, but there’s some bad news. “Alot” just isn’t a word. No
major dictionary recognizes it. (Note: “allot” is a word!)

So the rule is easy. Never, ever use “alot.” It’s always “a lot.”

Then vs Than
The difference between “then” and “than” is probably one of the most confusing issues
commonly facing a writer. This is particularly true because each of these words has so many
functions.

The Official Rules

“Then” is an adverb but can be used as an adjective. Normally, it’s used in some way related to
time or process.

“Than” is a conjunction used to compare two or more things.

Examples

• I was at the pool then.

• First you add the eggs, then you add the sugar.
• I like potatoes more than carrots.

Rules of Thumb

If you’re talking about something that happens in a series, you use “then.” If you’re not talking
about a series like that, you probably mean “than.”
Another way to remember it is “than” is for making comparisons. Finally, you always have more
“than” or less “than” someone else. Never more “then” someone else.

Ensure vs insure
You might be surprised, but ensure and insure actually have subtly different meanings. And in
some contexts, getting just the right word can be important.

The Official Rules

“Ensure” means to guarantee something will or won’t happen.

“Insure” means to arrange for insurance for something or arrange protection against something.

Examples

• I ensure that my clients get the best service.

• He insured his boat for $25,000.

Rules of Thumb

To get the right word, just remember that insure relates to insurance.

If you’re not talking in some way about insurance, you probably mean “ensure.”

Principle vs principal
Principle or principal is always tricky because you probably don’t use these words all that often
and they’re extremely similar. It makes it hard to remember the right one, and usually means you
have to look it up every time you want to us it.

The Official Rules

“Principle” is straightforward. It’s a noun that means idea or rule. “Principal” is harder. It’s both
an adjective and a noun, depending on how it’s used. As an adjective, it describes something of
primary importance. And as a noun, it means the most important part of something.

“Principal” also has special meaning in finance having to do with the amount of money
borrowed or invested.

Examples

• Our organization is built on the principle of respect.

• She is the principal architect of the project.
• I bought a house for $100,000 with 30% down, so my principal is $70,000.
Rules of Thumb

If you’re talking about an idea or rule, it’s usually principle. If you’re talking about something
being first or important, then it’s usually principal.

If in doubt, remember the sentence: “The head of the school is Principal Al.

Fewer vs Less
Despite what grammar enthusiasts might think, language and grammar are not set in stone. And
for some words, the rules and their use don’t match up very clearly at all. Fewer” and less” are
two examples of this.

The Official Rules

“Fewer” is only for use when the things you’re referring to are countable. “Less” is for referring
to things that are uncountable.

Examples

• I have fewer bottles of waters.

• I have less water.

Rules of Thumb

If you can count the thing you’re referring to, it should be “fewer.” If you can’t count it, it should
be “less.” However, this is a distinction that few readers are even aware of. More important,
confusing the two words never creates confusion.

Farther vs Further
“Farther” and “further” are often used interchangeably. Which is great! It means it’s much harder
to be wrong. But using these words as intended will make your writing more exacting.

The Official Rules

Technically, there is very little difference between these words. “Further” can be used as a verb
whereas “farther” cannot. For example: “They were furthering their careers by taking night
classes.”

Otherwise, they’re both used adverbs and adjectives to describe putting distance between two
things.
Officially, there is no real rule on when to use one or the other, but generally “farther” relates to
measurable distances and “further” relates to abstract distances. This is particularly true in
American English.

Examples

• I can throw the ball farther than you.

• I had gone further in my career than I ever expected.

Rules of Thumb

The best way to remember which one to use is that you use “farther” for physical distances and
“further” for metaphorical ones.

Grammar Girl podcast creator Mignon Fogarty says the easiest way to remember this is that
farther had far in it, which obviously relates to physical distance.

Lay vs Lie
“Lay” and “lie” (not to be confused with lye) are two little, tiny, completely bewildering words.
Here’s how you use them correctly every time.

The Official Rules

“Lay” is a verb that means to put something down carefully. It can usually be replaced with the
verb “to place.” “Lie” is a verb that means to rest on a horizontal surface. It’s a synonym of
“recline.”

Lay requires a direct object — you need something to lay down, like a brick. Lie has no such
requirement — you don’t need a direct object to lie down. That’s why you can “lie down for a
nap.” There’s no direct object, so we use “lie.”

Where is gets confusing is with the past tense. The past tense of lie is lay. Confused? Maybe this
table will help:

Simple Present Present Participle Simple Past Past Participle

Lie Lying Lay Lain
Lay Laying Laid Laid

Examples

Lay

• They lay down the beach towels.

• They are laying down the beach towels.
 • They laid down the beach towels.
• They have laid down the beach towels.

Lie

• They lie down for a nap.

• They are lying down for a nap.
• They lay down for a nap.
• They have lain for a nap.

Rules of Thumb

A good way to remember which is which is the term, “Lay it on me.” “It” is the direct object,
which is why it’s “Lay it on me,” and not “Lie it on me.”

And whenever you’re not sure, just write out the six words above. Usually, when you write them
all out, it becomes clear which one is right.

Die vs Dye
This is another tricky one because of the similarities between die and dye in spelling and the fact
that they’re homophones. Plus, they’re funny looking words.

The Official Rules

“Die” is both a verb meaning to become dead as well as a noun, as in the singular form of “dice”
— the things people use for gambling and role playing games. “Dye” is both a noun and a verb
and refers to coloring something and that something being colored.

Examples

• He rolled the die and got a six.

• Fred died from cancer last year.
• She dyed her friend’s hair blue.
• He used a red dye for his project.

Rules of Thumb

The easiest way to remember whether to use “die” or “dye” is to think of the movie Die Hard.
It’s about a rogue cop fighting off Hans Gruber at Christmas, not about a Scottish shepherd
dying wool.

Discreet vs Discrete
Discreet and discrete, though they sound the same, actually have very different meanings. Here’s
how to know when to use each one.

The Official Rules

“Discreet” is an adjective that means to unobtrusive, quiet, and careful to blend into the
background. It can also mean to be cagey and obfuscate the true meaning of something.

“Discrete,” on the other hand, means “a distinct and separate entity.” It’s often used in academic
and scientific literature to describe data where each point is unrelated to the point before and
after it. For example, flipping a coin creates a series of “discrete” events because the results of
the first one don’t impact later coin flips.

Examples

• When I picked up the cake for the surprise party, the baker was mercifully discreet so as
not to alert my wife.
• An orchestra might sound like a single entity, but in reality it’s lots and lots of discrete
sounds.

Rules of Thumb

Given that “discreet” is used much more often in general writing than “discrete,” just memorize
how “discreet” is spelled. When you run into a situation where you need to use the word
“discrete,” just look it up.

Elicit vs Illicit
“Elicit” and “illicit” are two words you do not want to confuse. You might end up in legal hot
water if you do!

The Official Rules

“Elicit” is a verb meaning to ask for help or assistance. Oftentimes, it’s used to describe asking
for money or a donation.

“Illicit,” on the other hand, means something is underhanded or illegal, like the illicit sales of
drugs or the illicit use of software for music piracy.

You can see why you don’t want to mix the two up!

Examples

• The President called to elicit donations to support the campaign.

• There’s a rising tide of illicit economic activity in our cities.
Rules of Thumb

“Illicit” is obviously derived from the same word as “illegal.” So that isn’t hard to remember.
“Elicit” comes from the Latin word elicere, which means to produce as if by magic, like pulling
a rabbit out of a hat. But mostly, you will know you want to use the word “elicit” because what is
being done is not illegal.

Precede vs Proceed
“Precede” and “proceed” are uniquely frustrating for writers because not only do they sound the
same, but they mean broadly the same things — go forward. However, their more nuanced
meanings are quite different, so it’s worth knowing when to use one over the other.

The Official Rules

“Precede” is a verb that means to happen before something else or be in front of something in an
order or process.

“Proceed,” on the other hand, means to go forward, usually after an interruption. The idea is that
whatever action or thing you’re talking about is part of a process that’s already in motion, rather
than an action or thing that happens before a process starts.

Examples

• The eggs usually precede the flour when you’re making cookies.
• The cook proceeded despite not having any eggs, and the cookies were terrible.

Rules of Thumb

Pre- usually means “come before.” Prenuptial agreements come before marriage, pre-K comes
before kindergarten, pre-order means order before the product comes out.

The same goes for the pre- in “precede.” If you’re using precedes, you’re talking about
something that comes before something else.

A vs An
Word processors are usually good at picking up this particular error, but it’s still good to know
when to use “a” and when to use “an.”

The Official Rules

“A” and “an” are indefinite articles that tell the reader the noun that’s being talked about is
generic, not specific. For example, “I saw a movie about a boat.” Compare that to, “I saw the
movie Titanic about the boat Titanic.”
Oddly, in English, for indefinite articles, it’s the sound that’s important to whether you use “a” or
“an.” “An” is used when the next word starts with a vowel, or makes a vowel sound. “A” is used
the rest of the time.

Examples

• I want to get a snickers bar.

• I want to get an ice cream cone.
• I went to the cafe for an hour. (Note that even though “hour” doesn’t start with a vowel,
the sound of the word does, so it is preceded by “an” rather than “a.”)

Rules of Thumb

The rules here are easy. Keep vowels separate! If you’re not sure, read the sentence out loud and
listen to how it sounds. Most of the time, what sounds right is what will be right.

There is still some disagreement about words like “historical.” As far back as Fowler’s Modern
English Usage (1926), the advice has been to use “a” if you aspirate the “h.” Since virtually no
one says “‘Istorical” today, you should use “a historical” and not “an historical.” When speaking,
this is obviously true. Saying “an historical” makes the speaker look paradoxically ignorant and
pretentious.

Advice vs Advise
“Advice” and “advise” are often used interchangeably, but in fact carry two distinctly different
meanings.

The Official Rules

“Advice” is a noun meaning “guidance or recommendations.” “Advise” is the verb meaning to

provide advice.

Examples

• I would like some advice on how best to write a blog.

• I advised my friend on how to shop for backpacks.

Rules of Thumb

The easiest way to remember this distinction is to read the words aloud. The “s” in “advise” is
pronounced with a “z” sound and is clearly the verb. “Advice” sounds just like it is spelled and is
clearly the noun.

Compliment vs Complement
These two words are particularly easy to confuse because they look and sound similar and have
similar meanings. However, they do actually mean different things.

The Official Rules

“Compliment” is a noun and a verb meaning praise (noun) or to praise (verb). “Complement” is
a noun and a verb meaning to enhanced or to be made so.

Examples

• My compliments to the chef! The green beans complemented the steak beautifully.

Rules of Thumb

The best way to keep these straight is to remember that if something “complements” something,
it “completes” it.

Latter vs ladder
This is one of those pesky little grammar confusions that, unfortunately, will make you look like
a dingus if you get it wrong. On the plus side, there’s a very easy trick to getting it right every
single time.

The Official Rules and Examples

“Latter” refers to something that happened towards the end of something, like the latter (second)
half of the movie. Usually, it means the second thing to happen of two, but it can be used to
mean the last of a series.

Most frequently, it’s used in the term the former and the latter, as in:

• The professor made two arguments. The former was convincing, but the latter was not.

“Ladder” is a noun, which refers to the thing that you climb onto roofs with. Think of
“stepladder” or a “frame ladder.”

Rules of Thumb

“Latter” refers to the end of something or the second of a comparison. You can remember this
because it is similar to “late.” You can remember “ladder” just because it isn’t “latter.”

Lead vs Led
This is a classic mistake. There are a few reasons why this is so. For one thing, the similarly
structured word “read” does not change to “red” for its past tense. Equally vexing is that “led” is
pronounced the same way the element “lead” is.

The Official Rules

“Lead” is a verb meaning to be in charge of something else. And as we just mentioned, it is also
a metal that is pronounced “led.”

“Led” is the past tense of lead.

Examples

• I like to lead my team to victory.

• Last night, I led my team to victory.
• Lead is extremely toxic, especial to children.

Rules of Thumb

The best way to remember that led is the past tense of lead is to remember these rhyming
couplets:

In present tense, you lead the way

But once you’re done, you drop the “a.”

Aisle vs Isle
These two funny looking words cause no end of confusion. Here’s how you get them right.

The Official Rules and Examples

“Aisle” is a noun meaning a narrow passage through something. For example, “The store was so
crowded it was hard to get through the toy aisle.”

“Isle,” on the other hand, is a term for a small island, and is often made plural (“isles”) to
describe a chain of small islands. For example, “The Isle of Man is a small island in the Irish
Sea.”

Rules of Thumb

Remember that “isle” and “island” look the same, and you’ll never be browsing the “isles” again.

Stationery vs Stationary
These words are asymmetric. Writing “stationery” for “stationary” would likely look bad. Most
people wouldn’t notice if you wrote “stationary” for “stationery,” however.

The Official Rules

“Stationary” is an adjective meaning fixed or not moving. It can also mean stable or unchanging.

“Stationery” refers to the stuff on your desk — pens, papers, envelopes, and other generic office
material. In particular, it’s often used to mean paper that has matching envelops.

Examples

• The truck was idling at the light, completely stationary.

• Wilson had some beautiful stationery on his desk.

Rules of Thumb

Most people know the word “stationary,” which is why “stationery” is so often misspelled
“stationary.” All you really have to remember is that “stationery” is not “stationary.” Then you
can look it up, or just remember that it has that odd “e” where the “a” ought to go.

Poor vs Pore vs Pour

So many options. Which poor to use?

The Official Rules

“Poor” is an adjective meaning to be without. Usually it refers to money (“alms for the poor”)
but can also be combined with other words to reference being without something other than cash
(eg, “time poor”).

“Pore” is both a noun meaning a tiny hole in a surface (using skin) and a verb, meaning to look
something over extremely carefully and with great interest.

Finally, “pour” is a verb meaning to move liquid in the form of a stream.

Examples

• Poor people often can’t cover basic expenses.

• If your pores get clogged, it can lead to infection.
• It poured with rain all weekend.

Rules of Thumb
Most people have no trouble with “poor” and “pour.” They are common words that we all use a
lot. “Pore,” however, it a bit of a pain. You can associate “pore” with “bore.” That makes sense
because pores are like holes that have been bored” in a surface. The other definition of “pore,” is
harder. But it is also the least used. Like so many words, the key is knowing that there is
something to know. And remembering that “looking something over carefully” has a word that
sounds like “poor” should be all you need to remember that it is spelled “pore.”

Illusion vs Allusion
“Illusion” and “allusion” look so similar that it’s no wonder that people find them so confusing.

The Official Rules

“Illusion” is a fake or mistaken belief or a deliberate effort to hide or cover up the truth.

“Allusion” is an often subtle reference to something else, like an “allusion” to a past book an
author wrote or an “allusion” to a shared experience.

Examples

• The magician presented the illusion of a ball floating in the air.

• The hat sequence in Waiting for Godot is an allusion to Charlie Chaplin.

Rules of Thumb

An “illusion” is something that is illustrated. An allusion is something that is alluding to

something else.

Alley vs ally
“Alley” and “ally” do sound different which means they’re never confused when spoken. But
when you’re writing, it’s a whole different story.

The Official Rules

“Alley” is a narrow passage, often between tall buildings. “Ally” is someone or something who
has a positive relationship or agreement with you.

Examples

• The alley behind the restaurant was always creepy at night.

• In WWII, the UK, US, and USSR were allies against Germany and Japan.

Rules of Thumb
All you need to do is picture an old Greek or Roman galley with a single narrow path between
all the rowers and remember: galleys have alleys.

You can also remember that the two words are spelled just about the opposite of what you would
expect. For example, “alley” sounds like it ends with -ly, but doesn’t. And “ally” does end with -
ly, but doesn’t sound like that at all.

Summary
As you start to expand your blog and explore writing more, you’ll discover that grammar is more
of a loose set of guideline than an absolute authority.

And this isn’t a bad thing.

In fact, its dynamism is exactly what makes language so incredible. It’s the reason that we can
add words like “quiz,” “selfie,” “computer,” “sticky-outy,” and “bug-eyed” to the Oxford
English Dictionary. As humans, we’re always inventing new stuff, and we need words to
describe it.

One thing to watch out for is over-reliance on your computer. This article is filled with words
that you computer will not have a problem with. If you write, “The Alleys won the Second
World War,” your computer won’t have any problem with it. (It might amuse your reader, but
not in a way you want.) So you have to take responsibility for what you write.

One step in doing that is to bookmark this cheatsheet. It really is handy. You can always avoid
embarrassing yourself by searching Google, but most of your questions are answered right here.

The main thing is to concentrate of writing well. Don’t let the story you’re trying to tell get
destroyed by obsessing over grammar details. Just the same, you don’t want bad grammar to
destroy the story you are trying to tell. It’s a balancing act.

Have fun blogging!