EBIT, CHAMPAGNE-RAIN T.

BSED-FILIPINO 2ND SEM

ACTS COLLEGE SCHOOL
PRELIM EXAM

Part 1
A. Discuss the different models of communication process and use your own example to
explain each model.
ANSWER; According to Adler and Towne (1978), all that ever has been accomplished by
humans and all that ever will be accomplished involves communication of others.
As defined, Models of Communication are conceptual models used to explain the human
communication process. They are widely used to depict any idea, thought or a concept in a
simpler way to through diagram, pictorial, representations etc. they make understanding of any
concept easy and clear, to easily understand a process and draw conclusion from it.
The three (3) general types communications models in which all others communications models
are mostly categorized are: LINEAR MODEL, TRANSACTIONAL MODEL, and
INTERACTIONAL MODEL.
1. LINEAR MODEL is a simple one way communication model. The message flows in a
straight line from sender to the receiver. There is no concept of feedback. The only task that a
receiver does here is to receive the message. Different Models that follow linear models of
communication are:
a. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL the Greek philosopher Aristotle looked at communication from the
rhetorical perspective (i.e. speaking to the masses to influence them and thus persuade them).
Aristotle constructed a model with three elements: Speaker-Speech-Audience, in which the basic
function of communication was to persuade the other party.
In this model, the speaker plays a key role in communication. He is the one who takes complete
charge of the communication. The sender first prepares a content which he does by carefully
putting his thoughts in words with an objective of influencing the listeners or the recipients, who
would then respond in the sender’s desired way. The speaker communicates in such a way that
the listeners get influenced and responds accordingly.
Example: The senatorial candidates in the 2019 National Midterm Elections delivering speeches
in a political meeting to convince voters cast their votes in his favor.
b. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL the Berlo’s SMCR Model takes into account the emotional
aspect of the message. Berlo’s model of communication operates on the SMCR (Source,
Message, Channel, and Receiver) model.
He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the
communication more efficient. he model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens
before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message respectively.
Example: The daily news reports in the television:
There is a sender (reporter), Message (news content), Channel (television) and Receiver
(audience).
c. LASWELL’S MODEL
Also known as action model or linear model or one way model of communication, is regarded as
one the most influential communication models. It has 5 components which is used as an
analysis tool for evaluating the communication process and components. The components are the
questions to be asked to get the answers and keep communication going.
Example: A marketing communications adviser providing communication advice for
companies, by answering all five questions.
This way, a communications adviser more easily gets an idea in advance about which concrete
campaign should be carried out. Such a campaign plan states which message is sent via which
channels and to which specific target audience in order to reach the desired effect and keep the
lines of communication open between the company and its target groups.

d. SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL

This model is more technological than other linear models. It is the most popular model of
communication and is widely accepted all over the world.
The sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver through a technological channel like
telephone and telegraph. The sender converts the message into codes understandable to the
machine. The message is sent in codes through a medium. The receiver has to decode the
message before understanding it and interpreting it. The receptor machine can also act as a
decoder in some cases. The channel can have noise and the receiver might not have the capacity
to decode which might cause problems in communication process.
2. Transactional Model of Communication, senders and receivers both are known as
communicators and both play equally important role in communication. Transactional model
relates communication with social reality, cultural up-bringing and relational context
(relationships).

Non-verbal feedback like gestures, body language, is also considered as feedback in this model.
Different models that follow transactional model of communication are:
a. Barnlund’s Transactional Model This basic interpersonal communication articulates that
sending and receiving of messages happens simultaneously between people. It is a multi-layered
feedback system. This is a continuous process where sender and receiver interchanges their
places and both are equally important. The message passing takes place with a constant feedback
being provided from both parties. A feedback for one is the message for the other.
Example: A non-profit organization who helps a community builds their livelihoods. There is a
need for a constant feedback and communication for the people to know the programs and
projects, and on the other hand, for them to know what the community really needs.
b. Helical Model This introduces the concept of time where continuousness of the
communication process and relational interactions are very important. Communication is taken
as a dynamic process in helical model of communication and it progresses with age as our
experience and vocabulary increases.
At first, helical spring is small at the bottom and grows bigger as the communication progresses.
The same effect can be seen with communication of humans, where you know nothing about a
person at first and the knowledge grows steadily as you know the person better. It considers all
the activities of the person, from the past and present.
Example: Evolution of how the crying of a child is used as communication with his/her parent
while he/she grows.

c. Becker’s Mosaic Model

The model explains the complexity of human communication. It also describes the randomness
of the origin of messages and communication as a dynamic process. The model is believed to
reduce the limitations of the linear models. The model stresses the meaning of messages. Every
person lives and exists in the web of communications which reciprocally makes the person
unique. Messages construct humans and humans construct messages. Message depends on
information source, culture, social situations, and environment. The constructed message is just a
small step to the formation of complicated communication environment which is known as a
“Mosaic”
Example: A documentary film watched by a group of student in a class can convey different
message to every student. Every student will take the information that he/she needs and ignores
all others. These bits are pieced together by a student as per the needs to form a message. When
another student receives the message, the second person not only interprets according to the bits
of information that is in the message, but also interprets it with the help of all the past bits of
information the student can relate the message to.

3. Interactive Model of Communication or convergence model is similar to transactional

model as they are both two way communication model. But, interactive model is mostly used for
new media like internet. Here, people can respond to any mass communications like videos,
news, etc. People can exchange their views and ideas. Different models that follow interactive
model of communication are:
a. Schramm’s Interactive Model Information is of no use unless and until it is carefully put
into words and conveyed to others. Encoding plays a very important role because it initiates the
process of communication by converting the thought into content. When the information reaches
the recipient his prime responsibility is to understand what the speaker intends to convey. Unless
and until the second party is able to understand or decode the information what the sender wants
to communicate, the message is actually of no use. Thus encoding and decoding are two most
important factors of an effective communication without which information can never flow
between two individuals. Schramm’s model also revolves around the above principle. According
to the Schramm’s model, coding and decoding are the two essential processes of an effective
communication.
Example: A conversation between two people about what food to eat, where one does not give
response. Hence the communication between them was not complete. If one does not like the
food suggested, he could have responded or given the feedback.
B. Explain the importance of ethics in communication and academic writing. Explain the
consequences when people are not ethical in their communication practices.
ANSWER; The importance of ethics in communication and academic writing is based not only
upon the avoidance of plagiarism but also avoiding the weakness of bias and exclusive language
such a example of racist, homophobic etc. this strengthens the credibility and persuasiveness of
the writers’ argument.
And the consequences when people are not ethical, when regular people do not use good
manners when communicating, anything from argument to a physical fight can happen. Behavior
has serious consequence for both individuals and organizations. You can lose your job and
reputation, organization can lose their credibility, general morale and productivity can decline, or
the behavior can result in significant fines and/ or financial loss.

C. Differentiate Standard English. World English. And the Philippine English.

ANSWER: The STANDARD ENGLISH is used the minor regional and national variations, as
a world language. The aim of the national curriculum is that everyone should to be able to use
the standard English as needed in writing and in relatively formal Speaking while the WORLD
ENGLISH refer to the differences in the English language that emerge as it is used in various
contexts across the world. Scholars of World English identify the varieties of English used in
different sociolinguistic contexts, analyzing their history, background, function, and influence.
And the PHILIPPINE ENGLISH is a legitimate native variety of English. It is the language used
by Filipinos in controlling domains such as science and technology, the judiciary, the legislature,
bureaucracy, higher education, scholarly discourse, and the like. While it shares some of the
linguistic properties ascribed to other varieties of English, especially those used in Asia, it has
features that are unique to it. Based on findings of previous empirical studies, this chapter. aims
to describe the core linguistic features of Philippine English at the phonological (segmental and
suprasegmental), lexical, grammatical and discourse levels. It also touches on the international
intelligibility of the spoken register of this variety.

D. Watch the videos by Mikey Bustos on Youtube.com. React on this videos about
Philippine English compared to other English Versions.
 “Filipino Accent Tutorial” by Mikey Bustos
 Mikey Bustos Pinoy Lesson” Pinoy English
ANSWER: English as the second language is used by people around the world and thus can be
considered as universal. English is also considered as the language of business which makes it
popular choice for a second language in different countries around the world.
Philippines is known as the second best English speaking country in Asia, next to India. Mikey
Bustos’ videos introduced the Philippine English and explain in a comical way how I can be
understood by non-Filipino listeners, as such his foreign Youtube followers. Comparing to other
versions or Standard English, Philippine English is different both in structure and how words are
pronounced. Mikey Bustos discussed the reasons why Filipinos pronounce some words (such as
those) with V, F, and TH differently and traces its history way back during Spanish colonization.
Also, the second video discussed how some words and phrases are literally translated to form the
English counterpart, which is not the usual way for formal, or even colloquial English.
Filipinos, especially the immigrants abroad are known to easily adopt with the accent of other
countries. However, a distinction can still be traced for every Filipino speaker who grows and
originally speaks his/her native Filipino language. Philippine English developed and have
evolved through time. Today, Philippine English has a distinct localized vocabulary and
mechanism which make it unique from other English versions. Understanding its historical
development and the culture of the Filipinos are important to easily understand the language for
better and effective communication among nations.

Part 2
A. Discuss the General principle of logos pathos, and ethos in public speaking. Provide
specific example to each of these categories.
ANSWER:
Logos, pathos, and ethos are modes of persuasion used to convince and appeal to an
audience.
Logos – Logical and rational Argument
Is derived from logos, is to appeal to logic by replying on the audience’s intelligence and
offering evidence in support of your argument. Logos also develops ethos because the
information makes you look knowledgeable.

 Ex. "More than one hundred peer-reviewed studies have been conducted over the
past decade, and none of them suggests that this is an effective treatment for hair
loss."

 "Doctors all over the world recommend this type of treatment.

Pathos – Emotional Bond with your Listener
Greek for Suffering and Experience. Is to persuade by the appealing the audience’s
emotions. As the speaker you want the audience to feel the same emotions you feel about
something, you want to emotionally connect with them and influence them. If you have
the low pathos the audience is likely to try to finds flaws in your argument.

 Ex. "There's no price that can be placed on peace of mind. Our advanced security
systems will protect the well-being of your family so that you can sleep soundly at
night."
  "You'll make the right decision because you have something that not many people
do: you have heart."

Ethos – Your Credibility and Character

Greek for Character and the ethic ids derived from ethos, Ethos consist of convincing
your audience that you have good character ad you are credible therefore your word can
be trusted.

 Ex. You may be the CEO of the company you’re presenting to so you’re already
perceived as a specialist.
 "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely
generate the best results."

B. What are the fundamentals of persuasive speaking and how logos, pathos and ethos are
use in it?
ANSWER: Persuasive speeches must confront the challenge of influencing peoples’ beliefs,
attitudes, values, or actions, and all characteristics that may seem natural or unchangeable to an
audience. Because of this, speakers must motivate their audiences to think or behave differently
by presenting reasoned arguments. A speaker must know the fundamentals where the
persuasive power of public speaking is developed. It lies in the three major components of Ethos,
Pathos and logos that allows for the development of persuasion to take place inside a speech. The
component of Ethos provides an understanding for the importance that a speaker’s credibility or
character has in establishing persuasion. The second component of Pathos deals with the ability
for a speaker to emotionally connect to the audience that he or she is speaking to. Finally, the
third component logos establish the argument that is being discussed and presented to the
audience. Each one of these components provides an essential link to the audience, persuading an
audience to accept the message you are trying to express and in turn support the position you
have established in your speech. It is important that each component is analyzed in order to see
how they develop persuasion inside a speech

C. Read the speech by Salvador P. Lopez, Discuss how logos. Pathos and ethos were used in
that speech.
ANSWER: “Bataan has fallen” is an announcement made by Third Lieutenant Norman Reyes
during the surrender of the Filipino and American forces in a battle against invading Japanese
forces at the start of World War II. It was broadcast inside Malinta tunnel in the evening of April
9, 1942. Applying the fundaments of a good public speaking, Lt. Norman Reyes, used Pathos
to connect and capture the emotion of the audience. It was said that he delivered the speech in a
very somber tone which made many men cry as they accept the defeat and humiliation as the
ntire Philippine nation cried with them. It was a moving masterpiece written in blood that can
move anyone and awaken patriotism to all the listeners.
The element of Ethos is also present as the speech was written by Captain Salvador P. Lopez
who later became the Philippine ambassador to the United Nations. His credibility is
unquestionable as he is one of those who stand and lead the country against the impending
Japanese invasion that time.
And finally, the element of Logos is present on the content of the speech. The Filipino soldiers,
together with the Americans, struggled and shown superhuman endurance for three months.
Their faiths are unshaken but their physical body must yield, thus the battle must end.
.
D. Read the “Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln. Why do you think this
speech is considered one of the best speeches of all time? How was Lincoln able to balance
inclusivity and yet defend his stance at the same time?
ANSWER: Lincoln’s speech when he was inaugurated for his second term as President of the
United States was said to be one of the best speeches of all time. Amidst a near triumph over the
South, his speech that day was unexpectedly humble and concise. He employs his powerful
rhetoric relying on ethos and pathos in a poetic style.
He begins his speech with the core issues and addressed the audiences on both sides without
blaming anyone. He connected with everyone through the pain that had been caused by the war.
This might have caused the audience of the Northerners to pause and ponder his words, and to
not be occupied with their victory. It also might have caused the audience of the Southerners to
feel welcomed by his introduction and have an interest in what he had to say.
Lincoln makes it clear that the cause of the war was slavery. Being a religious man and also
having the sight of exactly who his audience was and how he could best reach them, he mentions
God and makes biblical references. He mentions that both the North and the South believed in
the same God and read from the same Bible. If the people of the South could not look to him as
an authoritative figure, he brings in an authority higher than the President of the United States. If
his audience can agree on God being just and also all-powerful, then they can agree with
Lincoln’s statements on slavery.

E. Why is public speaking is very important? What qualities of the speaker give the
greatest impression to you?
ANSWER:
Public speaking is one of the most important and most dreaded forms of communication.
However, it is one of the most effective ways of communication and it is a vital skill to have and
be developed specially in the working world. There are many reasons why Public speaking is
important but the most significant are its ability to persuade, to motivate people and to inform
others. The power to persuade or the ability to win over the crowd can take one far for he can be
able to confidently assert his ideas and convince people. The power to motivate can also make
people do or stop doing something, or change a behavior. A great speaker can help and inspire
people to achieve their goals and change their lives for the better. And lastly, the ability to
inform is one of the most important aspects of public speaking. It the power to be able to share
your knowledge and help people understands things and ideas.
For me, qualities of a good speaker include his genuine interest in the audience, his passion
with the topic, and confidence in delivering his speech. A good speaker prepares for his speech
and considers his audience well, as to what would be the impact or significance of his speech to
the audience. He delivers the message in the most natural and conversational way to be able to
connect with them.

F. What are the “Fallacies”? how to effectively detect them in speeches and written texts?
ANSWER: Fallacies are not a false belief but a mistake or error in thinking and reasoning. We
encounter fallacies in political speeches, commentaries, newspaper editorials, debates,
advertisements, TV talk shows, class discussions and ordinary conversations. (Aquino &
Evangelista, Legal Logic, p. 78)
It can be grouped mainly:
 Formal Fallacies which are identified through mere inspection of the form and structure
of an argument; and,
 Informal Fallacies which can be detected only through analysis of the content of the
argument
One category of informal fallacies is the Fallacy of Ambiguity. These are usually found in
written texts due to the misuse of language, use of ambiguous or vague language which is
deliberately used to mislead people. Other categories which are found on various speeches and
everyday communication are the Fallacy of Irrelevance, where premises are not logically
relevant to the conclusion, and Fallacy of Insufficient Evidence which happens when premises
fail to provide evidence strong enough to support the conclusion
Fallacies usually can be detected through inspection of its form or analysis of the content of the
arguments. Being familiar with the kind of fallacies and how they are structured can help one
identify easily the fallacies in a written text or speeches. Knowing them makes it easier for us to
avoid them or attack them, and thus spared us from being misled.
Part 3.
A. Discuss the principle of communication in the corporate workplace and the importance
of appropriate language I maintaining professionalism.
ANSWER. Workplace communication is the transmitting of information between one person or
group and another person or group in an organization. It can include emails, text messages,
voicemails, notes, etc. It is very important to companies because it allows companies to be
productive and operate effectively. Employees can experience an increase in morale,
productivity and commitment if they are able to communicate up and down the communication
chain in an organization.
It is important to maintain appropriate language and professionalism in the company since it is
vital to an organization's ability to be productive and operate smoothly. Having an appropriate
workplace communication improves work productivity, increase employee job satisfaction and it
can also have positive effect on absenteeism and turnover rates.

B. Discuss the importance of work trends and corporate culture. As they relate to
intercultural communication in the Philippines and the world.
ANSWER: Trends in corporate culture are paving the way to make positive changes in both
large and midsized organizations around the globe. Many of these trends lean toward making the
overall employee experience a more crucial aspect of recruitment and retention. With the rise of
the Millennials in the workforce, a generation noted for valuing benefits and atmosphere over
compensation, it's critical that all organizations have the resources in place to remain competitive
when it comes to culture.