Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.
They usually have a common origin in an embryo and
function together to carry out specialized activities.

Take Note:
FOUR MAIN TYPES OF TISSUE
The structure of each tissue type is related
1. Epithelial Tissue
to its function, and the structure of the
tissues in an organ is related to the organ's 2. Connective Tissue
function. 3. Muscular Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE The basal surface of epithelium
rests on a basement
membrane, a material secreted
It cover external and internal by both the epithelial cells and
surfaces throughout the body. the connective cells deep to the
It also forms most glands. epithelium.
Functions include protection, Have no blood supply of their
absorption, filtration, and own (avascular) and depend on
secretion. diffusion from the capillaries in
the underlying connective
tissue for food and oxygen.

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Except for glandular
epithelium, epithelial cells fit Take Note:
closely together to form The basement membrane is composed
continuous sheets. of a mixture of proteins and
It has free or apical surface is carbohydrates that function as a filter
exposed to the body’s exterior and as a barrier to the movement of
or to the cavity of an internal the cells.
organ.
If well nourished, epithelial
cells regenerate themselves
easily.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
The major functions of epithelia are:
1. PROTECTING UNDERLYING STRUCTURES.
Examples include the outer layer of the skin and the epithelium of the
oral cavity, which protect the underlying structures from abrasion.

2. ACTING AS A BARRIER. Epithelium prevents many substances from

moving through it.
For example, the epithelium of the skin acts as a barrier to water and
reduces water loss from the body. The epithelium of the skin also
prevents many toxic molecules and microorganisms from entering the
body.

3. PERMITTING THE PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCES. Epithelium also allows

many substances to move through it.
For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the
air and blood by diffusion through the epithelium in the lungs.

4. SECRETING SUBSTANCES. Sweat glands, mucous glands, and the

enzyme-secreting portion of the pancreas are all composed of epithelial
cells.

5. ABSORBING SUBSTANCES. The cell membranes of certain epithelial

tissues contain carrier proteins that regulate the absorption of materials.
For example, the epithelial cells of the intestines absorb digested food
molecules, vitamins, and ions.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
CLASSIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Each epithelium is given two names.
The first indicates the number of cell layers it has.
The second describes the shape of its cells.
The terms describing the shape and arrangement are then combined to
describe the epithelium fully.

Layers of Shapes of
Epithelia Epithelia

SQUAMOUS
SIMPLE
Squamous cells are flattened
Simple epithelium is composed like fish scales.
of one layer of cells CUBOIDAL
Cuboidal cells are cube shaped
like dice.
COLUMNAR
Columnar cells are shaped like
columns.

STRATIFIED
Stratified epithelium is a
combination of more than
onecell layer
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
1. Simple Squamous

This type of epithelium usually

forms membranes where
filtration or exchange of
substances by rapid diffusion
occurs.
LOCATION: Lining of blood
vessels and the heart, lymphatic
vessels, alveoli of the lungs,
portions of the kidney tubules,
lining of serous membranes of
body cavities (pleural,
pericardial, peritoneal)
It forms the walls of capillaries,
where nutrients and gases pass
between the blood in the
capillaries and the interstitial
fluid
Simple squamous epithelium also
forms serous membranes, the
slick membranes that line the
ventral body cavity and cover the 2. Simple Cuboidal
organs in that cavity

LOCATION: Common in
glands and their
associated small tubes
called ducts. Can also be
found in kidney tubules,
choroid plexuses of the
brain, lining of terminal
bronchioles of the lungs,
and surfaces of the
ovaries
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
3. Simple Columnar

LOCATION: the Goblet

cells (produce ubricating
mucus), the digestive
tract from the stomach
to the anus
Epithelial membranes
that line body cavities
open to the body
exterior are called
mucous membranes.

4. Pseudostratified Columnar

Single layer of cells;

cells are tall and thin
and reach the free
surface while others do
not.
LOCATION: Lining of
nasal cavity, nasal
sinuses, auditory canal,
trachea, and bronchus.
Often has cilia.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
5. Stratified Squamous

Several layers of cells

that are cuboidal
Protects against
abrasion, forms
keratinized (dry)
nonkeratinized (moist).
Keratinized stratified
epithelium, the
cytoplasm of cells at the
surface is replaced by a
protein called keratin,
and the cells are dead.
LOCATION: Keratinized
—outer layer of the skin;
nonkeratinized—mouth,
throat, larynx,
esophagus, anus,
vagina, inferior urethra,
and corneas

6. Transitional

Appears cuboidal
when not stretch and
squamous when the
organ/tube is
stretched with fluid,
LOCATION: Lining of
the bladder, ureter,
and superior urethra.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
CONNECTIVE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
COMPONENT
TISSUE
1. Protein Fibers
2. Ground Substance
It bind structures together, 3. Fluid
form a framework and support
for organs and the body as a
TYPES OF PROTEIN FIBERS
whole, store fat, transport
substances, protect against
1. COLLAGEN FIBERS  are a glue-
disease, and help repair tissue producing fibers, which
damage. resemble microscopic ropes, are
It is characterized by an flexible but resist stretching.
abundance of intercellular 2. RETICULAR FIBERS are very
matrix with relatively few fine, short collagen fibers that
cells.
branch to form a supporting
Able to reproduce but not as
network.
rapidly as epithelial cells.
Most connective tissues have a 3. ELASTIC FIBERS are able to
good blood supply but some do recoil themselves after being
not. stretched

Take Note: Take Note:

Ground substance is the shapeless Also found in connective tissue are
background against which cells and cells associated with the immune
collagen fibers can be seen when using system such as macrophages and
a light microscope mast cells

Take Note: Able to Ingest

Connective tissue cells are named Macrophages move foreign
according to their functions. Cells around substances
whose names contain the suffix -blast
(germ) produce the matrix; cells
ending in -cyte (cell) maintain it; and Stay in Releases
Mast Cells
cells ending in -clast (break) break it place histamine
down for remodeling
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
HALLMARKS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Most connective tissues are well vascularized except for tendons and
ligaments which have a poor blood supply, and cartilages are avascular
Made up of many different types of cells plus varying amounts of a
nonliving substance found outside the cells, called the extracellular
matrix.

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Connective tissue performs the following major functions:
1. ENCLOSING AND SEPARATING OTHER TISSUES. Sheets of connective
tissue form capsules around organs, such as the liver and the kidneys.
Connective tissue also forms layers that separate tissues and organs.
For example, connective tissues separate muscles, arteries, veins, and
nerves from one another.

2. CONNECTING TISSUES TO ONE ANOTHER. Tendons are strong cables,

or bands, of connective tissue that attach muscles to bone, and ligaments
are connective tissue bands that hold bones together.

3. SUPPORTING AND MOVING PARTS OF THE BODY. Bones of the

skeletal system provide rigid support for the body, and semirigid cartilage
supports structures, such as the nose, the ears, and the surfaces of joints.
Joints between bones allow one part of the body to move relative to other
parts.

4. STORING COMPOUNDS. Adipose tissue (fat) stores high-energy

molecules, and bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphate.

5. CUSHIONING AND INSULATING. Adipose tissue cushions and protects

the tissues it surrounds and provides an insulating layer beneath the skin
that helps conserve heat.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
CLASSIFICATION OF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective
Tissue Proper
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
1. Loose Connective Tissue
(Fibers is lesser than ground
substances)
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
a. Aerolar
b. Adipose
Has extracellular matrix
c. Reticular
consisting mostly of collagen
2. Dense Connective Tissue
fibers and a few elastic fibers.
(Fibers is greater than ground
“Loose packing” material of
substances)
most organs and other tissues;
a. Dense regular collagenous
LOCATION: Widely distributed
b. Dense regular elastic
throughout the body

SUPPORTING  CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
1. Cartilage(semi-solid matrix)
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic
2. Bone(solid matrix)
a. Spongy
b. Compact

FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. Blood
2. Hematopoietic tissue
a. Red marrow
b. Yellow marrow
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Contain large amounts of lipid

for energy storage.
Pads and protects parts of the
body and acts as a thermal
insulator.
LOCATION: predominantly in
subcutaneous areas,
mesenteries, mammary glands

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Forms the stroma (bed/

mattress) of lymphatic tissues
LOCATION: spleen, lymph
nodes, bone marrow, and liver

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Composed of collagen tissues

that are closely arranged to
one another.
LOCATION: tendons, ligament,
dermis of the skin, and outer
layer of many blood vessels
Withstand great pulling forces
due to great tensile strength
and stretch resistance
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Capable of stretching and

recoiling.
LOCATION: blood vessel walls,
vocal cords, ligaments between
the vertebrae

Supporting
Connective
Tissue
CARTILAGE (SEMI-SOLID MATRIX)

Covers the ends of bones where

they come together to form
joints.
LOCATION: Cartilage rings in
the trachea, costal cartilage
Forms smooth, resilient
surfaces that can withstand
repeated compression
CARTILAGE (SEMI-SOLID MATRIX)

In addition to withstanding
compression, it is able to resist
pulling or tearing forces.
LOCATION: Disk between the
vertebra, knees, and
temporomandibular joints.
Forms smooth, resilient
surfaces that can withstand
repeated compression.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
CARTILAGE (SEMI-SOLID MATRIX)

Elastic cartilage is able to

recoil to its original shape
when bent.
LOCATION: External ear,
epiglottis, and auditory tube
Forms smooth, resilient
surfaces that can withstand
repeated compression
BONE (SOLID MATRIX)

Composed of osteocytes sitting

in cavities called lacunae.
These pits are surrounded by
layers of a very hard matrix
that contains calcium salts in
addition to large numbers of
collagen fibers.
Because of its rocklike
hardness, bone has an
exceptional ability to protect

Fluid Connective and support other body organs

Tissue

BLOOD & HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE

Blood is unique because the

matrix is liquid, enabling blood
cells to move through blood
vessels
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
MUSCULAR TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
TISSUE 1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
Main characteristic
is its ability to
contract, or shorten,
making movement
possible
SKELETAL

Attaches to the skeleton and

enables the body to move.
Skeletal muscle cells tend to be
long and cylindrical, with
several nuclei per cell
Described as voluntary.
Has protein bands which
causes it to be striated.

CARDIAC

It is the muscle of the heart.

Intercalated (connected) to one
another.
Under involuntary control.
Cylindrical in shape but
shorter than skeletal muscle
cells.
Also has striations with one
nucleus per cell.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
SMOOTH

Forms the walls of hollow

organs and also found in skin
and the eyes.
Smooth muscle cells are
tapered at each end, have a
single nucleus, and are not
striated.
Controlled involuntarily

NERVOUS
TISSUE Neuron is composed of
three parts: cell body,
dendrites, and axon.
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and Cell body contains the
ganglia. nucleus and is the site of
Irritability and conductivity are their two general cell functions.
major functional characteristics. Dendrites and axons are
Consists of neurons and support cells. both nerve cell processes
The neuron or nerve cell, is responsible for (extensions).
receiving and conducting action potentials Dendrites usually
or nerve impulse. receive stimuli.
Action potentials usually
originate at the base of
an axon.
Neuroglia are the
support cells of the
nervous system; they
nourish, protect, and
insulate the neurons
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
TISSUE
MEMBRANES

Mucous membranes consist of

various kinds of epithelium
resting on a thick layer of loose
connective tissue. They line
cavities that open to the
outside of the body, such as the
digestive, respiratory, and
reproductive tracts (figure
4.5a).

Serous membranes consist of

simple squamous epithelium
resting on a delicate layer of
loose connective tissue. Serous
membranes line the trunk
cavities and cover the organs
within these cavities (figure
4.5b).

Synovial (si-n̄′v̄-̆l) membranes

are made up of only connective
tissue. They line the inside of
joint cavities (the space where
bones come together within a
movable joint) (figure 4.5c).
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
TISSUE DAMAGE &
INFLAMMATION

Inflammation (flamma, flame) occurs when tissues are damaged.

For example, when viruses infect epithelial cells of the upper respiratory
tract, inflammation and the symptoms of the common cold are
produced. Inflammation can also result from the immediate and painful
events that follow trauma, such as closing your finger in a car door or
cutting yourself with a knife.
Inflammation mobilizes the body’s defenses and isolates and destroys
microorganisms, foreign materials, and damaged cells so that tissue repair
can proceed.
Inflammation produces five major symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain,
and disturbance of function. Although unpleasant, the processes producing
the symptoms are usually beneficial.

Chronic, or prolonged,
inflammation results
when the agent
responsible for an
injury is not removed
or something else
interferes with the
healing process.
Infections of the
lungs or kidneys
usually result in a
brief period of
inflammation
followed by repair.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

TISSUES
TISSUE REPAIR
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
TISSUE AND HISTOLOGY
1. A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function, along with the
extracellular substances located between the cells.
2. Histology is the study of tissues.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial tissue covers surfaces; it usually has a basement membrane, little extracellular
material, and no blood vessels.

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA
General functions of epithelia include protecting underlying structures, acting as a
barrier, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing
substances.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIA
1. Epithelia are classified according to the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.
2. Simple epithelium has one layer of cells, whereas stratified epithelium has more than
one.
3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is simple epithelium that appears to have two or
more cell layers.
4. Transitional epithelium is stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

1. Simple epithelium is involved with diffusion, secretion, or absorption. Stratified
epithelium serves a protective role. Squamous cells function in diffusion or filtration.
Cuboidal or columnar cells, which contain more organelles, secrete or absorb.
2. A smooth, free surface reduces friction. Microvilli increase surface area, and cilia move
materials over the cell surface.
3. Tight junctions bind adjacent cells together and form a permeability barrier.
4. Desmosomes mechanically bind cells together, and hemidesmosomes mechanically bind
cells to the basement membrane.
5. Gap junctions allow intercellular communication.

GLANDS
1. A gland is a single cell or a multicellular structure that secretes.
2. Exocrine glands have ducts, and endocrine glands do not.

CONECTIVE TISSUE
1. Connective tissue has an extracellular matrix consisting of protein fibers, ground
substance, and fluid.
2. Collagen fibers are flexible but resist stretching; reticular fibers form a fiber network;
and elastic fibers recoil.
3. Connective tissue cells that are blast cells form the matrix, cyte cells maintain it, and
clast cells break it down.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissues enclose and separate other tissues, connect tissues to one another,
help support and move body parts, store compounds, cushion and insulate the body,
transport substances, and protect against toxins and injury

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. Areolar connective tissue is the “packing material” of the body; it fills the spaces
between organs and holds them in place.
2. Adipose tissue, or fat, stores energy. Adipose tissue also pads and protects parts of the
body and acts as a thermal insulator.
3. Dense connective tissue has a matrix consisting of either densely packed collagen fibers
(in tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of the skin) or densely packed elastic fibers (in
elastic ligaments and the walls of arteries).
4. Reticular tissue forms a framework for lymphatic structures.
5. Cartilage provides support and is found in structures such as the disks between the
vertebrae, the external ear, and the costal cartilages.
6. Bone has a mineralized matrix and forms most of the skeleton of the body.
7. Blood has a liquid matrix and is found in blood vessels.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

1. Simple epithelium is involved with diffusion, secretion, or absorption. Stratified
epithelium serves a protective role. Squamous cells function in diffusion or filtration.
Cuboidal or columnar cells, which contain more organelles, secrete or absorb.
2. A smooth, free surface reduces friction. Microvilli increase surface area, and cilia move
materials over the cell surface.
3. Tight junctions bind adjacent cells together and form a permeability barrier.
4. Desmosomes mechanically bind cells together, and hemidesmosomes mechanically bind
cells to the basement membrane.
5. Gap junctions allow intercellular communication.

MUSCLE TISSUE
1. Muscle tissue is specialized to shorten, or contract.
2. The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscle.

NERVOUS TISSUE
1. Nervous tissue is specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals).
2. Neurons conduct action potentials, and neuroglia support the neurons.

TISSUE MEMBRANE
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the outside of the body (digestive,
respiratory, and reproductive tracts). They contain glands and secrete mucus.
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
SEROUS MEMBRANE
Serous membranes line trunk cavities that do not open to the outside of the body
(pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities). They do not contain mucous glands but do
secrete serous fluid.

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Synovial membranes line joint cavities and secrete a lubricating fluid.

TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION

1. Inflammation isolates and destroys harmful agents.
2. Inflammation produces redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Chronic inflammation results when the agent causing injury is not removed or
something else interferes with the healing process.

TISSUE REPAIR
1. Tissue repair is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or fibrosis.
In regeneration, stem cells, which can divide throughout life, and other dividing cells
regenerate new cells of the same type as those that were destroyed. In fibrosis, the
destroyed cells are replaced by different cell types, which causes scar formation.
2. Tissue repair involves clot formation, inflammation, the formation of granulation tissue,
and the regeneration or fibrosis of tissues. In severe wounds, wound contracture can
occur.

REFERENCE

Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition.

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