Acid-Base Theory
Chapter six
Lecture Slides in Power Point by Dr. Paini Sri Widyawati, S.Si., M.Si.
What do these substances
have in common?
What do these substances
have in common?
Let s start with the theorists!
How should we
define acids and
bases?
Lowry Picture Credit: Lewis Picture Credit: Arrhenius Picture Credit:
http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/lowry.htm http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Arrhenius.html
http://www.albion.edu/chemistry/CH121/LewisRul
Bronsted Picture Credit:
es.htm
http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/bronsted.h
tm
Arrhenius Model
1884
Acid a substance that produces H+ ions
(protons) when dissolved in water
Sour taste
Low pH
Turns litmus paper red
Base a substance that produces OH- ions
when dissolved in water
Bitter taste
Slippery feel
High pH
Turns litmus paper blue
Litmus Picture Credit:
Arrhenius Picture Credit:
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Arrhenius.html http://oldwww.mtlsd.org/senior/science/JPtachcinski/Lab_Proc/Basic%20Science%20La
b%20Techniques.htm
A fe terms
Monoprotic acids: contain 1 ionizable
hydrogen
Nitric Acid HNO3
Diprotic acids: contain 2 ionizable
hydrogens
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
Triprotic acids: contain 3 ionizable
hydrogens
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4
Bronsted-Lowry Model
Painting by Ellen Bronsted
1923
Acids proton
Lowry
(H+) donors Bronsted
Bases proton
acceptors
Lowry Picture Credit: http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/lowry.htm
Bronsted Picture Credit:
http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/bronsted.htm
Conjugate Acid & Base
Conjugate Acid: Conjugate Base:
particle formed particle that remains
when a base gains a when an acid has
hydrogen ion donated a hydrogen
ion
NH3 + H2O <--> NH4+ + OH-
Base Acid Conjugate Conjugate
Acid Base
Amphoteric: substance that acts as both an acid & a base
Examples: H2O, HSO4- (Hydrogen Sulfate Ion)
Lewis Model
Early 1920s
Acid electron-
pair acceptor
Base electron-
pair donor
Lewis Picture Credit:
http://www.albion.edu/chemistry/CH121/LewisRules.htm
How do we measure how
acidic or basic a compound is?
We measure its…
What is pH?
pH is a number that denotes the hydrogen
(hydronium) ion concentration
pOH is a number that denotes hydroxide ion
concentration
pH + pOH = 14
If we re talking about hydrogen ions and
hydroxide ions, which theorist should we be
thinking about?
Picture Credit:
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Arrhenius.html
pH Scale
http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/chemistry/phscale.html
Scale from 1-14
Indicates the H+
concentration of a
solution in Moles/L
pH = -log [H+]
pH = -log[H+]
An example:
Given that [H+] = 1.0 x 10^(-7) M, find pH
pH = - log (1.0 x 10^(-7)) = -(-7.00) = 7.00*
*the number of decimal places here = the
number of significant figures in the original
number
Another example:
pH = -log[H+]
Given a pH of 6.00, calculate [H+] M
[H+] = 10^(-pH)
[H+] =10^(-6.00)
[H+] = 1.0 x 10^(-6.0) M
pH In Your World
The Good - Hydrangea
Picture Credits: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cvalentine/439024324/ Picture Credit: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mshades/168884681/
Acceptable use policy: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ Acceptable Use Policy: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
The Bad
1908 1968
A castle in Westphalia, Germany. Built in 1702
Picture Credits: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AcidRain.html
The Really Ugly!
Picture Credit: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/A-Bi/Acid-Rain.html
And You Will Know Us by The Trail
of Dead Fish - ldandersen
Picture Credit: Acceptable Use Policy:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ldandersen/181358675/
Salton Sea http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/
Acid Rain
Damage
-Shenandoah National Park (1997)
-- Photo by Bob Winterbottom
Picture Credit: http://www.eco-systems.org/air_pollution_and_dying_forests.htm
ACID-BASE THEORY
EVALUATION OF ACIDS
REVIEW OF
MAJOR THEORIES
+
H 2O H + OH
+
H 2 O + H 2 O H 3O + OH
+
K w = [ H 3O ][ OH ]
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Acids dissociate in water to give H3O+ ions.
Bases dissociate in water to give OH- ions.
Kw = [H3O+ ][OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 24°C
pH = -log [H3O+ ]
Strong acids and bases are 100% dissociated.
+ -
HCl + H2O H3O + Cl
1M 1M
=>
BRONSTED - LOWRY THEORY
conjugate conjugate
acid base base acid
HA + B- A- + BH
-H+
+H+
HA + B: A:- + BH+
acid = proton donor
Everything is defined
in terms of the proton,
base = proton acceptor the only recognized type
of acid in B-L theory.
