P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element

The following table provides Eo and Eo´ values for selected reduction reactions. Values are from the following sources: Bard,
A. J.; Parsons, B.; Jordon, J., eds. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Dekker: New York, 1985; Milazzo, G.; Caroli, S.;
Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley: London, 1978; Swift, E. H.; Butler, E. A. Quantitative
Measurements and Chemical Equilibria, Freeman: New York, 1972.
Solids, gases, and liquids are identified; all other species are aqueous. Reduction reactions in acidic solution are written using
H+ in place of H3O+. You may rewrite a reaction by replacing H+ with H3O+ and adding to the opposite side of the reaction
one molecule of H2O per H+; thus
+ –
H AsO +2 H +2 e −
↽⇀
− HAsO +2 H O
3 4 2 2

becomes
+ –
H AsO +2 H O +2 e −
↽⇀
− HAsO +4 H O
3 4 3 2 2

o
Conditions for formal potentials (E ´) are listed next to the potential.
Aluminum E° (V)

Al3+ + 3e− ⇌ Al(s) –1.676

Al(OH)4− + 3e− ⇌ Al(s) + 4OH− –2.310

AlF63− + 3e− ⇌ Al(s) + 6F− –2.07

Antimony E° (V)

Sb + 3H+ + 3e− ⇌ SbH3(g) –0.510

Sb2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2SbO+ + 3H2O(l) 0.605
SbO+ + 2H+ + 3e− ⇌ Sb(s) + H2O(l) 0.212

Arsenic E° (V)

As + 3H+ + 3e− ⇌ AsH3(g) –0.225

H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ HAsO2 + 2H2O(l) 0.560
HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3e− ⇌ As(s) + 2H2O(l) 0.240

Barium E° (V)

Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba(s) –2.91

BaO(s) + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ Ba(s) + H2O(l) 2.365

Beryllium E° (V)

Be2+ + 2e− ⇌ Be(s) –1.99

Bismuth E° (V)

Bi3+ + 3e− ⇌ Bi(s) 0.317

BiCl4− + 3e− ⇌ Bi(s) + 4Cl− 0.199

Boron E° (V)

B(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3e− ⇌ B(s) + 3H2O(l) –0.890

B(OH)4− + 3e− ⇌ B(s) + 4OH− –1.811

Bromine E° (V)

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 Br2 + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− 1.087
HOBr + H+ + 2e− ⇌ Br− + H2O(l) 1.341
HOBr + H+ + e− ⇌ ½Br− + H2O(l) 1.604
BrO− + H2O(l) +2e− ⇌ Br− + 2OH− 0.76 in 1 M NaOH
BrO3− + 6H+ + 5e− ⇌ ½Br2(l) + 3H2O 1.5
BrO3− + 6H+ + 6e− ⇌ Br
− + 3H2O 1.478

Cadmium E° (V)

Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd(s) –0.4030

Cd(CN)42− + 2e− ⇌ Cd(s) + 4CN− –0.943
Cd(NH3)42+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd(s) + 4NH3 –0.622

Calcium E° (V)

Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca(s) –2.84

Carbon E° (V)

CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ CO(g) + H2O(l) –0.106

CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ HCO2H –0.20
2CO2(g) + 2H+ +2e− ⇌ H2C2O4 –0.481
HCHO + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ CH3OH 0.2323

Cerium E° (V)

Ce3+ + 3e− ⇌ Ce(s) –2.336

Ce4+ + e− ⇌ Ce3+ 1.61

Cesium E° (V)

Cs
+
(aq) + e
−
⇌ Cs(s) -2.92

Chlorine E° (V)

Cl2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cl− 1.396

ClO− + H2O(l) + e− ⇌ ½Cl2(g) + 2OH− 0.421 in 1 M NaOH
ClO− + H2O(l) + 2e− ⇌ Cl− + 2OH− 0.890 in 1 M NaOH
HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ HOCl + H2O 1.64
ClO3− + 2H+ + e− ⇌ ClO2(g) + H2O 1.175
ClO3− + 3H+ + 2e−⇌ HClO2 + H2O 1.181
ClO4− + 2H+ + 2e−⇌ ClO3− + H2O 1.201
ClO4-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ ClO3-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.17
ClO3-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ ClO2-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.35
ClO2-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ ClO-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.59

Chromium E° (V)
3+ − 2+
Cr +e ⇌ Cr –0.424
2+ −
Cr + 2e ⇌ Cr(s) –0.90
Cr2O72− + 14H + 6e + −
⇌ 2Cr 3+
+ 7H2O(l) 1.36

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 CrO42− + 4H2O(l) + 3e−⇌ 2Cr(OH)4− + 4OH− –0.13 in 1 M NaOH

Cobalt E° (V)

Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co(s) –0.277

Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ 1.92
Co(NH3)63+ +e− ⇌ Co(NH3)62+ 0.1
Co(OH)3(s) + e− ⇌ Co(OH)2(s) + OH− 0.17
Co(OH)2(s) + 2e− ⇌ Co(s) + 2OH− –0.746

Copper E° (V)

Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu(s) 0.520

2+ − +
Cu +e ⇌ Cu 0.159
2+ −
Cu + 2e ⇌ Cu(s) 0.3419
Cu2+ + I− +e− ⇌ CuI(s) 0.86
2+ − −
Cu + Cl + e ⇌ CuCl(s) 0.559

Fluorine E° (V)

F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ 2HF 3.053

F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− 2.87

Gallium E° (V)

Ga
3+
+ 3e
−
⇌ Ga(s) -0.56

Gold E° (V)

Au+ + e− ⇌ Au(s) 1.83

Au3+ + 2e− ⇌ Au+ 1.36
Au3+ + 3e− ⇌ Au(s) 1.52
AuCl4− + 3e− ⇌ Au(s) + 4Cl− 1.002

Hydrogen E° (V)

2H
+
+ 2e
−
⇌ H2 (g) 0.00000
H2O + e− ⇌ ½H2(g) + OH− –0.828

Iodine E° (V)

I2 (s) + 2 e
−
⇌ 2I
−
0.5355
I3− + 2e− ⇌ 3I− 0.536
HIO + H+ + 2e− ⇌ I− + H2O(l) 0.985
IO3− + 6H+ + 5e− ⇌ ½I2(s) + 3H2O(l) 1.195
IO3−+ 3H2O(l) + 6e− ⇌ I− + 6OH− 0.257

Iron E° (V)

Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe(s) –0.44

Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe(s) –0.037
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ 0.771
Fe(CN)63− + e−⇌ Fe(CN)64− 0.356

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 Fe(phen)63+ +e−⇌ Fe(phen)62+ 1.147

Lanthanum E° (V)

La3+ + 3e− ⇌ La(s) –2.38

Lead E° (V)

Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb(s) –0.126

PbO2(s) + 4H+ +2e- ⇌ Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1.46
PbO2(s) + SO42− + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) 1.690
PbSO4(s) + 2e− ⇌ Pb(s) + SO42− –0.356

Lithium E° (V)

Li+ + e− ⇌ Li(s) –3.040

Magnesium E° (V)

Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg(s) –2.356

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e− ⇌ Mg(s) + 2OH− –2.687

Manganese E° (V)

Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn(s) –1.17

Mn3+ + e− ⇌ Mn2+ 1.5
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O(l) 1.23
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + e- ⇌ Mn3+ (aq) + 2H2O(I) 0.95
MnO4− + 4H+ +3e− ⇌ MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 1.70
MnO4−+ 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O(l) 1.51
MnO4− + 2H2O(l) + 3e− ⇌ MnO2(s) + 4OH− 0.60

Mercury E° (V)

Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(l) 0.8535

2Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg22+ 0.911
Hg22+ + 2e− ⇌ 2Hg(l) 0.7960
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e− ⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Cl− 0.2682
HgO(s) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(l) + H2O(l) 0.926
Hg2Br2(s) + 2e− ⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Br− 1.392
Hg2I2(s) + 2e− ⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2I− –0.0405

Molybdenum E° (V)

Mo3+ + 3e− ⇌ Mo(s) –0.2

MoO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ Mo(s) + 2H2O(l) –0.152
MoO42− + 4H2O(l) + 6e− ⇌ Mo(s) + 8OH− –0.913

Nickel E° (V)

Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni(s) –0.257

Ni(OH)2 + 2e− ⇌ Ni(s) + 2OH− –0.72

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 Ni(NH3)62+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni(s) + 6NH3 –0.49

Nitrogen E° (V)

N2 (g) + 5 H
+
+ 4e
−
⇌ N2 H
+
5
–0.23
N2O(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ N2(g) + H2O(l) 1.77
2NO(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ N2O(g) + H2O(l) 1.59
HNO2 + H+ +e− ⇌ NO(g) + H2O(l) 0.996
2HNO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ N2O(g) + 3H2O(l) 1.297
NO3− + 3H+ + 2e− ⇌ HNO2 + H2O(l) 0.94
NO (g) + H
2
+
(aq) + e
−
⇌ HNO (aq)
2
1.07
NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 0.96

Oxygen E° (V)

O2 (g) + 2 H
+
+ 2e
−
⇌ H2 O2 0.695
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O(l) 1.229
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ 2H2O(l) 1.763
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− 0.401
O3(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ O2(g) + H2O(l) 2.07
O2 (g) + e- ⇌ O2-(aq) -0.33
O2 (aq) + e- ⇌ O2-(aq) -0.16

Phosphorous E° (V)

P (s, white) + 3 H
+
+ 3e
−
⇌ P H3 (g) 0.06
H3PO3+ 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O(l) -0.50
H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O(l) -0.28

Platinum E° (V)

Pt2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pt(s) 1.2

PtCl42− + 2e− ⇌ Pt(s) + 4Cl− 0.73
PtCl62− + 2e− ⇌ PtCl42- + 2Cl− 0.68

Potassium E° (V)

K+ + e− ⇌ K(s) -2.93

Rubidium E° (V)

Rb+ + e- ⇌ Rb (s) -2.98

Ruthenium E° (V)

Ru3+ + e− ⇌ Ru2+ 0.249

RuO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ Ru(s) + 2H2O(l) 0.68
Ru(NH3)63+ + e− ⇌ Ru(s) + Ru(NH3)62+ 0.10
Ru(CN)63− +e− ⇌ Ru(s) + Ru(CN)64− 0.86

Selenium E° (V)

Se(s) + 2 e
−
⇌ Se
2−
–0.67 in 1 M NaOH

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 Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2Se(g) –0.115
H2SeO3 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ Se(s) + 3H2O(l) 0.74
SeO43− + 4H+ + e− ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O(l) 1.151

Silicon E° (V)

SiF
6
2−
+ 4e
−
⇌ Si(s) + 6 F
−
–1.37
SiO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ Si(s) + 2H2O(l) –0.909
SiO2(s) + 8H+ + 8e− ⇌ SiH4(g) + 2H2O(l) –0.516

Silver E° (V)

Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag(s) 0.7996

AgBr(s) + e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Br− 0.071
Ag2C2O4(s) + 2e− ⇌ 2Ag(s) + C2O42− 0.47
AgCl(s) + e− ⇌ Ag(s) + Cl− 0.2223
AgI(s) + e− ⇌ Ag(s) + I− –0.152
Ag2S(s) + 2e− ⇌ 2Ag(s) + S2− –0.71
Ag(NH3)2+ + e− ⇌ Ag(s) + 2NH3 –0.373

Sodium E° (V)

Na
+
+e
−
⇌ N a(s) –2.713

Strontium E° (V)

Sr
2+
+ 2e
−
⇌ Sr(s) –2.89

Sulfur E° (V)

S(s) + 2 e
−
⇌ S
2−
–0.407
S(s) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S 0.144
S2O62− + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ 2H2SO3 0.569
S2O82− + 2e− ⇌ 2SO
4
2− 1.96
S4O62− + 2e− ⇌ 2S O
2 3
2− 0.080
2SO32− + 2H2O(l) + 2e−⇌ S2O42− + 4OH− –1.13
2SO32− + 3H2O(l) + 4e−⇌ S2O32− + 6OH−
2SO42− + 4H+ + 2e−⇌ S2O62− + 2H2O(l) –0.25
SO42− + H2O(l) + 2e−⇌ SO32−+ 2OH− –0.936
SO42− + 4H+ + 2e−⇌ H2SO32−+ H2O(l) 0.172

Thallium E° (V)

Tl
3+
+ 2e
−
⇌ Tl
+
0.77 in 1 M HCl
Tl3+ + 3e− ⇌ Tl(s) 0.742

Tin E° (V)

Sn2+ + 2e−⇌ Sn(s) -0.14

Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ 0.154

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 Titanium E° (V)

Ti
2+
+ 2e
−
⇌ T i(s) –0.163
Ti3+ + e− ⇌ Ti2+ –0.37

Tungsten E° (V)

W O2 (s) + 4 H
+
+ 4e
−
⇌ W (s) + 2 H2 O(l) –0.119
+ −
WO3(s) + 6H + 6e ⇌ W(s) + 3H2O(l) –0.090

Uranium E° (V)

U3+ + 3e− ⇌ U(s) –1.66

U4+ + e− ⇌ U3+ –0.52
UO2+ + 4H+ + e−⇌ U4+ + 2H2O(l) 0.27
UO22+ + e−⇌ UO2+ 0.16
UO22+ + 4H+ + 2e−⇌ U4+ + 2H2O(l) 0.327

Vanadium E° (V)

V
2+
+ 2e
−
⇌ V (s) –1.13
3+ − 2+
V +e ⇌ V –0.255
2+ + − 3+
VO + 2H +e ⇌ V + H2O(l) 0.337
VO22+ + 2H +e + −
⇌ VO 2+
+ H2O(l) 1.000

Zinc E° (V)

Zn2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Zn(s) –0.7618

Zn(OH)42− + 2e− ⇌ Zn(s) + 4OH− –1.285
Zn(NH3)42+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn(s) + 4NH3 –1.04
Zn(CN)42− + 2e− ⇌ Zn(s) + 4CN –1.34
ZnO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ Zr(s) + 2H2O -1.473

Contributors and Attributions

David Harvey (DePauw University)

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