6/7/2015

IP Addressing

Prepared By G.Uthayakumar

The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme

 An IP address consists of 32 bits of information.
 Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
 Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
 Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38
 it can handle a large number of addresses, namely
4.3 billion
 232, or 4,294,967,296).

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Network Addressing
 The network address—also called the network
number—uniquely identifies each network.
 In the IP address 172.16.30.56, for example, 172.16
is the network address and the 30.56 is the host
address.
 Class A network small number of networks
possessing a very large number of hosts.
 Class B network networks between very
large and very small is predictably
 Class C network which is reserved for the
numerous networks with a small number of hosts.

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Summary of the three classes of networks

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Class A Addresses
 network.host.host.host
 in the IP address 49.22.102.70, the 49 is the network address and
22.102.70 is the host address.
 1 byte long, with the first bit of that byte reserved, and the 7
remaining bits available for manipulation, or addressing.
 the maximum number of Class A networks that can be created is
128(0 to 127).
 all 0s (0000 0000) is reserved to designate the default route.
 the address 127, which is reserved for diagnostics,
 1 to 126 to designate Class A network addresses.
 3 bytes (24-bit positions) for the host address of a machine.
 all 0s and all 1s are reserved, 224 - 2, which equals 16,777,214.
 The valid hosts are the numbers in between the network
address and the broadcast address: 10.0.0.1 through
10.255.255.254.

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Reserved IP Addresses

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Class B Addresses
 the first 2 bytes are assigned to the network address
and the remaining 2 bytes are used for host addresses.
 network.network.host.host
 Class B network addresses should start with the
binary digit 1, then 0.
 10000000 = 128 to 10111111 = 191
 Reserved patterns (all 0s and all 1s)
 total of 65,534 possible host addresses.
 All host bits turned off is the network address:
172.16.0.0.
 All host bits turned on is the broadcast address:
172.16.255.255.
 172.16.0.1 through 172.16.255.254.

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Class C Addresses
 The first 3 bytes for network address and only 1 remaining for
the host address.
 network.network.network.host
 In IP address 192.168.100.102, the network address is
192.168.100 and the host address is 102.
 first three bit positions are always the binary 110.
 The calculation is as follows: 3 bytes, or 24 bits, minus 3 reserved
positions leaves 21 positions.
 221, or 2,097,152, possible Class C networks.
 RFCs define the first 2 bits of the first octet as always turned on,
but the third bit can never be on.
 Range From 11000000 = 192 to 11011111 = 223
 1 byte to use for host addresses. 28 or 256, reserved patterns all
0s and all 1s, for a total of 254 available host addresses.
 All host bits turned off is the network ID: 192.168.100.0.
 All host bits turned on is the broadcast address: 192.168.100.255.
 valid hosts address: 192.168.100.1 through 192.168.100.254.

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Class D and E Addresses

 The addresses 224 to 255 are reserved for Class
D and E networks.
 Class D (224–239) is used for multicast addresses
 Class E (240–255) for scientific purposes.
 Multicast range is from 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255.

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Special Purposes of Network Addresses

 Some IP addresses are reserved for special
purposes,
 so network administrators can’t ever assign these
addresses to hosts.
 Refer Reserved IP Addresses table in Slide 6.

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Private IP Addresses
 people created IP addressing schemes called as private
IP addresses.
 These addresses can be used on a private network, but
they’re not routable through the Internet.
 This is designed for the purpose of creating a measure of
much needed security,
◦ but it also conveniently saves valuable IP address space.

Reserved Private IP Address Space

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APIPA(Automatic Private IP Addressing)

 User can add static IP information when don’t have
a DHCP server and few hosts connected together
with a switch or hub and dtu.
 Windows provides APIPA.
 APIPA range is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254.
 The client also configures itself with a default class
B subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.

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Broadcast Addresses
 The host broadcasted for an IP address; a router then
forwarded this as a unicast packet to the DHCP
server.
 with IPv4, broadcasts are pretty important.
 with IPv6, there aren’t any broadcasts sent at all.
 Layer 2 broadcasts These are sent to all hosts on a
LAN also known as hardware broadcasts.
◦ The broadcast would be all 1s in binary, which would be all Fs
in hexadecimal, as in FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.
 Broadcasts (Layer 3) These are sent to all hosts on
the network.
 Unicast These are sent to a single destination host.
 Multicast These are packets sent from a single
source and transmitted to many devices on different
networks.

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Broadcasts (Layer 3)
 Broadcast messages are meant to reach all hosts
on a broadcast domain.
 The network address of 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
would have a broadcast address of 172.16.255.255
all host bits on.
 Broadcasts 255.255.255.255 indicated “all
networks and all hosts”. Ex: Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) request is broadcast message.

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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

 IPv6 has improved upon and included many of
those features as standard and mandatory.
 IPSec —a feature that provides end-to-end
security.
 Mobility - allows a device to roam from one network
to another without dropping connections.

IPv6 address example

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 eight groups of numbers instead of four.

 separated by colons instead of periods.
 address is expressed in hexadecimal like a MAC
 http://[2001:0db8:3c4d:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab]
/default.html
 2001:db8:3c4d:12:0:0:1234:56ab as 2001:db8:3c4d:12::1234:56ab
 2001:0000:0000:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab not as 2001::12::1234:56ab
but as 2001::12:0:0:1234:56ab

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Address Types
 Unicast Packets addressed to a unicast address are
delivered to a single interface.
◦ For load balancing, multiple interfaces can use the same
address.
◦ There are a few different types of unicast addresses
 Global unicast addresses These are typical
publicly routable addresses, and they’re the same as
they are in IPv4.
 Link-local addresses These are like the private
addresses in IPv4 in that they’re not meant to be
routed.
◦ Think of them as a handy tool that gives the ability to throw a
temporary LAN together for meetings or for creating a small
LAN that’s not going to be routed but still needs to share and
access files and services locally.

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 Unique local addresses These addresses are also intended for non-
routing purposes,
◦ but they are nearly globally unique, so it’s unlikely you’ll ever have one of them
overlap with any other address.
 Unique local addresses were designed to replace site-local
addresses,
◦ so they basically do almost exactly what IPv4 private addresses
◦ do allow communication throughout a site while being routable to multiple local
networks.
 Multicast Again, as in IPv4, packets addressed to a multicast
address are delivered to all interfaces identified by the multicast
address.
◦ Sometimes people call them one-to-many addresses. It’s really easy to
spot multicast addresses in IPv6 because they always start with FF.”
 Anycast Like multicast addresses, an anycast address identifies
multiple interfaces, but there’s a big difference:
◦ the anycast packet is delivered to only one address actually, to the
first IPv6 address it finds defined in terms of routing distance.
◦ And again, this address is special because it can be applied a single
address to more than one interface.
◦ It could be called one-to-one-of-many addresses, but just saying
“anycast” is a lot easier.
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Special Addresses
 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 Equals ::. This is the equivalent of IPv4’s 0.0.0.0 and is
typically the source address of a host when you’re using stateful
configuration.
 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 Equals ::1. The equivalent of 127.0.0.1 in IPv4.
 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.100.1 This is how an IPv4 address would be
written in a mixed IPv6/IPv4 network environment.
 2000::/3 The global unicast address range.
 FC00::/7 The unique local unicast range.
 FE80::/10 The link-local unicast range.
 FF00::/8 The multicast range.
 3FFF:FFFF::/32 Reserved for examples and
documentation.
 2001:0DB8::/32 Also reserved for examples and
documentation.
 2002::/16 Used with 6to4, which is the transition
system—the structure that allows IPv6
packets to be transmitted over an IPv4
network without the need to configure explicit
tunnels.

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