Landmarks Preservation Commission

September 14, 1976, Number I

LP-0931

STATUE OF LIBERTY NATIONAL MONUMENT, consisting of the Statue, its base and the
lan d on which it is situated, Liberty Island, Borough of Manhattan . Erected
1886 ; sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi; engi neer Gustave Eiffel ; architect
Ri chard Morris Hunt.

Landmark Site : Borough of Manhattan Tax Map Block I, Lot 101 in part.

On July 13, 1976, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public

hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Statue of Liberty
National Monument and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site
(I t em No .2). The hearing had been duly advertised in accordance with the
provisions of law. Three wi t nesses spoke in favor of designation. There were
no speakers in opposition to designation .

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

believe this enterprise wi I I take on very

great proportions. If t hings t urn out as I
hope they wi I I this work of sculpture wil I
become of great moral importance.

The sculptor Frederic Auguste - artholdi wrote these prophet ic words in 1871,
nearly fifteen years before his grand creation, the Statue of Liberty, wa s
completed . The statue was intended t o symbo li ze man's enduring be li ef in I i berty,
and to commemorat e the long-sta nding friendship between the United States and
France. ·It is, moreover, a monument to the ideal ism, perserverance , generosity ,
8nd hard work of people both here and in France who, I ike Bartholdi, had fai th
in the 11 great moral importa nce 11 of the statue. With the passage of time the
significance of the Statue of Li ber t y has deepe ned and expanded, unti I she has
become the primary symbol of American I iberty, i ndependence and freedom .
Sta ndi ng in New York harbor , she has greeted mil I ions of imm igrants arriving in
America, and th us has come t o s ymboli ze t he hope for a better I ife in a new
homeland, free from tyranny and oppression.

Although Liberty has become qui ntessent ially American, the idea for the
statue originated in France . It was first suggested by Edouard-Ren' Lefebvre de
Laboulaye ( 181 1-1883 ). La boulaye was an h istori an, author, and t he foremost
French authority on American const itutional history. A gr eat admirer of America,
he had published a three-volume history of t he United States, a satirical story
11 Paris in America 11 , and numerous articles espousing the Union cause during the
Civil War . He was the principal figure of a grou p of French i nte llectuals who,
during the Second Empire, advocated Republican rule for France. They viewed
American government as exemplary and took pride in the role played by French-
men such as Lafayette i n the format ion of the American republic .
Thus, the initial idea from which the Statue f Liberty resulted was in
keeping with Laboulaye's sentiments and political philosophy. At a dinner given
by him in t he summer of 1865 at his estate at Glati gny, near Versai I les,
Bartholdi, who was one of the guests , I istened to a discussion con cerning
gratitude between nat ions. Laboul aye, emphas i z ing t he friendship between France
and America, commented, 11 lf -a monument to independence were to be bui It i n
America, I s hould t hink it very natural i f it were buil t by united effort, i f
it were a common work of both nations. 11
Historical events at the time, e specially in France but also in t he
United States, made the constru ct ion of s uch a monument an act ion of potenti al
poli t i ca l significance. In Ameri ca, the Civi I War had just ended with the
republic intact, but President Linco l n had been assass i nated . The common peopl e
of Fr ance wer e profoundly disturbed by this t ragic e vent, so much so that a
public subscription was initiated to fund a g ift to Mrs. Lincoln which would
express the symp hies of the French people. A go ld medal was made and inscri bed
wi th t he words 11 Dedicated by the Fr ench Democracy to Lincoln". This t ribute was
oppose d by the French monar ~hy t hen i n power; t he meda l had to be struck in
Swi tzer land and smugg le d to the American embassy in France . Repu bli ca ns such as
La boulaye, who opposed t he monarchy of Napo leon I II, no doubt deeply r esented
th i s act of su ppress ion, d irected against a memor I - o a leader of a democracy .
STATUE OF LIBERTY NATIONAL MONUMENT, consisting of the Statue, its base and the
land on which it is situated, Liberty Island, Borough of Manhattan.

Laboulaye must have recognized that the construction of a great monument to

Liberty would constitute a statement of strong political belief, one which
would strengthen the image of republicanism in France. Thus, the construction
of the Statue of Liberty had distinct propagandistic overtones. By 1877~ after
much political turmoil, the ends sought by Laboulaye and other Republicans were
achieved--monarchy was overturned and the Third Republic founded.

By 1871 positive steps toward the creation of the statue were taken.
Bartho ldi, who never lost interest in the project, had however, been occupied
in the political difficu lties of France. He fought in the Franco-Prussian War
and witnessed the heartbreaking loss of his native Alsace to the enemy. In
1871, the war at an end, he determined on the advice of Laboulaye to visit the
United States. He sailed in June on the Pereira, armed with instructions and
letters of introduction, and wei 1-prepared to study America's reactions to the
proposed monument . He travel led extensively--as far west as San Francisco--
enjoying alI that he encountered. He met with many prominent men, including
President U. S. Grant, Senator Charles Sumner, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
Everywhere he discussed the statue he received enthusiastic response. Upon
his return to France in the fal I he was able to report positively on American
interest; he had, in addition, selected the site for the monument--Bedloe's
Island in New York harbor, at the threshold of the New World .

The precise theme of the monument had also been determined--a statue of
colossal proportions entitled ''Liberty Enlighte ning the World'' . Liberty was
to shed a guiding I ight on Europe--and especially France--from the shores of
America where she was already firmly ensconced. Bartholdi began making a series
of smal I studies in clay. In these one can follow the gradual formulation and
refinement of the figure which from the very beginning depicted a draped female
figure holding a torch aloft. Marvin Trachtenberg in his excel lent study
The Statue of Liberty (1976) has pointed out that Liberty bears a striking
resemblance to an earlier project --never realized--on which Bartholdi had been
at work in the late 1860s. This was to be a I ighthouse on the Suez Canal in
the form of a female figure holding a torch in her upraised hand, and entitled
"Progress; Egypt Bearing Light to Asia" . Bartholdi himself was never eager to
discuss this similarity. Clearly he had found it expedient to adapt the
unfulfilled Suez project, on which he had worked intensely, to a new use in
America. The transition was, in any event, gracefully accomplished.

In 1871 when Fr~deric Auguste Bartho ldi (1834-1904~ began to work in

earnest on the Statue of Liberty, he was thirty-seven years old. He had been
born i_~ Colmar, a city in Alsace and came from a respected middle class
family. ~ Raised by his widowed mother, a strong-wll led woman, Bartholdi remained
deeply attached to her throughout his life--the face of the Statue of Liberty
was modeled after hers. Bartholdi had a sound artistic training, first studying
with the painter Ary Scheffer, a wei 1-known Parisian society portraitist, and
later with the sculptors J. F. Soitoux and Antoine Etex . His first major
commission, in 1855, was for an over ~ife-size portrait of General Jean Rapp, a
native of Colmar. In 1856 the young Bartholdi made a pleasure trip to Egypt
where he was deeply impressed by the monumental sculptures of antiquity--their
permanence and "imperturbable majesty". Thereafter, in his own work he expressed
a love for the colossal, the most dramatic example done before the Statue of
Liberty being the great granite Lion of Belfort (1875-1880) which was a monument
to the heroic defenders during the Franco-Prussia n War of that Alsatian town.
This monument also reveals the second theme which characterized mu~n of
Bartholdi's sculpture. After the loss of his homeland to the Prussians, he
became an ardent patriot and bel lever in freedom . The themes of his work reflect
his political ideal ism. Two examples are in New York City, the statue of
Lafayette in Union Square and the monument to Lafayette and Washington in
Morningside Park.

By 1875 Bartholdi was ready to begin the actual construction of th~ statue.
The funding of this great enterprise was the responsibi I ity of a group ~ormed
in November of 1875, the Franco-American Union. This group, headed by Laboulaye,
numbered in its ranks many men who not only contributed money but also helped
with the administration of the project. They decided that France should contri -
~ the statue, America, the pedestal on which it rests. It was hoped that the
statue would be ready in time for presentation in 1876, America's centennial
year; but fund raising was a laborious process and the statue itself was a work
requiring much patient, meticulous labor and calculation. At a great banquet in
the Hotel du Louvre, the funding campaign was initiated. Large donations were
made by cities, including Paris and Le Havre, and the Free Masons made a

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STATUE OF LIBERTY NATIONAL MONUMENT, ·consisting of the Statue~ its base and the
land on which it is situated~ Liberty Island~ Borough of Manhattan .

substantial contribution. The famed composer c. F. Gounod created a cantata

"l.!iberte' eclairant le monde" which was presented in a benefit performa-oce at the
Paris Opera. A lottery sel I ing 300 000 chances and smaller scaled money-making
1

schemes were organized. The $400 1 000 required was final ly amassed in 1881. AI I
this had been donated by the French people; the national government was not
approached and did not contribute a single centime.

The first clay models of the Statue of Liberty were only a few inches high;
the actua l statue was to be 151 feet tal 11 the head alone ten feet wide . As
money was collected, Bartholdi directing a team of ski I led craftsmen~ began the
1

complicated process of construction. They worked in Paris within the cavernous

ateliers of Gaget 1 Gauthier & Co. in which other colossal statues had been
assembled~ most notably the Vercinguetorix by Mi I let of 1865. Liberty was to
be made from sheets of beaten copper~ only 3/32 of an inch thick. This metal
was chosen for its relative I ightness 1 and yet the statue weighs approximately
one hundred tons . A clay model 1.25 meters high was enlarged twice to about II
meters in height~ roughly one fourth the size of the finished work. Then~
section by section~ this model was enlarged to fult-scale a formidable task
1

involving more than 9000 measurements for each enlargement. From a set of ful 1-
scale plaster fragments carpenters then constructed wooden molds upon which the
copper was hammered into shape. More than 300 separate sheets of copper were
r $veted together to form Liberty.

This enormous figure of very thin copper was not self-supporting. It

required a system of internal b acing. Colossal statues in former times had
been constructed around massive heavy supports; for example~ the 17th-century
statue~ s. Carlo Borromeo 1 over 23 meters tall 1 is bui It around an enormous
masonry pier. The great engineering advances of 19th century made a new
approach possible for the Statue of Liberty. The first structura l specialist
consulted was the em ·nent E. E. Viollet-le-Duc, with whom Bartholdi had studied.
Viol let-le-Duc suggested an ironwork armature above a system of compartments
f i I Ied with sand. This scheme was not~ however, emp Ioyed s i nee Vi o I Iet-fe-Duc
died in 1879; the responsibi I ity for the interior structure of Liberty was
passed on to Gustave Eiffel, a contemporary of Bartholdi and the most bri I I iant
French engineer of his day .

Gustave Eiffe l (1 832-1923 ) began his career working for railroad companies
and was especially concerned with the construction of iron bridges~ such as
the Pont du Garabit a spectacular structural triumph achieving its beauty
1

through frankly expressed design and vast scale. He was also involved in the
design of exposition bui !dings--including the one in which Liberty's head was
displayed at the Paris Exposition of 1878--as well as railroad stations and
department stores. He is~ of course 1 best remembered for his tower in Paris~
erected for the Paris Exhib ition of 1889--a grand display piece of I ittle
practical value~ dis I iked by the majority of his contemporaries but now
rightly considered a masterpiece. It is a symbol of Paris much as Liberty is a
symbol of New York.

The Statue of Liberty presented an entire ly new pboblem in design for

Eiffe l. Not only must the interior armature support the great weight of the
copper shell including the upthrust arm, but also~ since the statue was to
stand unprotected in New York harbor, it must be capable of withstanding high
winds~ moisture and changes of temperature. Eiffel designed a central wrought-
iron pylon with strong angle girders placed at the four corners from which
supp lementary angle beams project for the attachment of bracing and secondary
structure . Di agonal bracing reinforces the entire pylon. An asymmetrica lly
pl aced g irder forms the core of the torch arm. From this centra l tower a I ight-
weight trusswork system is joined to the interior of the copper shel I. 1~~ s~~)
trusswork was an especially ingenious aspect of the design; the individ~~ t ~ ~h
iron members are flexible and act I ike springs which at low for thermal expansion
and contraction as well as resistance to wind pressure. This interior framework
supports each section of the copper statue independent ly~ and no copper pl ate
pl aces weight upon a nother. If the iron of the framework and the copper of the
statue were in direct contact~ an electric current would be generated . Thi s
phenomenon is called galvanic action. To guard against it Eiffel included
insulation composed of asbestos impregnated with shell-ac. He also included a
double stairway which leads up 168 steps to the head which contains a series of
windows beneath the rays of the crown. The a rm supporting the torch was a lso
provided with a stair~ay ( c losed since 1916 ).

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STATUE OF LIBERTY NATIONAL MONUMENT, consisting of the Statue, its base and the
land on which it is situated, Liberty Island, Borough of Manhattan.

While Bartholdi and Etffel were at work in Paris, Americans were also at
work planning the pedestal and raising funds. In 1877 Congress had agreed to
accept the statue and provide a site, but, as in France, the Federal §overnment
did not contribute to expenses. Patrons including prominent New Yorkers such
as Wi I I iam Evarts and John Jay organized a committee through the Union League
club to solicit contributions. As of 1876, however, when the completed arm and
torch of Liberty were displayed in Philadelphia at the Centennial Exposition
(and later in Madison Square in New York) in order to encourage donations, very
I ittle money had been collected. In January of 1877 the American Committee was
formed with Wi I I iam Evarts as Chairman, Henry F. Spaulding, Treasurer, and
Richard Butler, Secretary . Sti I I the American pub I ic remained apathetic, even
skeptical, despite benefit stage performances, an art auction, a poetry contest,
and other appeals. This lack of enthusiasm was in part the result of misappre-
hensions on the part of the American public, the most prevalent being that the
statue was a gift to New York and not the nation. By 1885, only half the money
needed had been collected, almost alI had already been spent , the pedestal was
unfinished, the situation grim indeed.

It was at this juncture that Joseph Pulitzer, owner and editor of The New
York Wor ld newspaper, took a strong interest in the statue. Pulitzer, a native
of Hungary, came to America in 1864, fought in the Civi I War, them married well
and became active in polities. By 1883 he was able to take over The World, and
began a highly successful campaign to make it "the people's paper". Pulitzer,
in March of 1885, cal led the inabi I ity to raise funds for the Liberty project a
disgrace, severely criticized the rich of the country for not coming to the
rescue, and appealed to the masses for contributions. He daily published names
and the amounts of donation, however smal I, and in less than five months over
121,000 donors had contributed the $100,000 needed.

The Federal government authorized General W. T. Sherman to designate the

site for the monument, and in accordance with Bartholdi's wishes he selected
Bedloe's Island. The eleven point star-shaped Fort Wood had been bui It on the
Island as part of New York's defense system for the War of 1812, and it was
agreed that the pedestal for the statue should be erected atop . The American
Committee appointed General Charles Stone as chief engineer and Richard Morris
Hunt as architect.

Charles Pomeroy Stone (1825-1887) fought in the Civil War and from 1870 to
1883 served in the Egyptian Army. He also worked in both Virginia end Florida
as an engineer and there gained valuable experience which equipped him wei I in
dealing with the Liberty project .

Excavation began in Apri I of 1883, and work progressed more slowly than
anticipated since the Fort was more sol idly built than old plans and drawings
had suggested. At the center of the Fort the foundation was laid. This consisted
of an enormous, almost solid, tapering block of concrete fifty-three feet deep
and ninety-one feet square upon which was to rest the pedestal itself. The
cornerstone was laid in August of 1884, but construction had to be halted soon
after for lack ~f funds. Work resumed after Pulitzer ' s campaign of 1885. The
pedestal has thick concrete wal Is with stone facing. To sol idly anchor the
statue on this massive base, Stone laid great pa irs of steel 1-beams horizontally
in the wal Is at the foot of the pedestal and a second matching set, at the top .
Wrought-iron eye-bars were carred down through the base to anchor Eiffel's
structure to the steel girders .

Although Bartho ldi himself had prepared plans for the pedestal, the decision
to incorporate Fort Wood made a new design necessary • . The ce lebrated New York
architect Richard Morris Hunt d9nated his services. Hu nt ( 1828-1895) was the
first American to study at the Eco le des Beaux-Arts in Paris. New York's most
prominent architect during the later 19th century, he is best remembered for
his opulent city chateaux and grand Newport houses commissioned by the rich a nd
fashionable of New York. He a lso designed numerous commercia l bui I dings su ch as
No. 478- 82 Broadway located within the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic Distri ct, a nd
build ings for cultural institutions, including the Fifth Avenue section of t he
Metrop~l itan Museum of Art, a designated New York City Landmakk. !

Liberty had a lready been completed while construction of the pedestal

continued . The statue was temporarily erected in Paris where it caused great
excitement, and wa s then disassem bled, carefully packed in hundreds of s pec ia lly
des igned crates , and loaded on board the s hip lsere, lent by the French govern-
"' a rr ived off Sandy Hook in May of 1885 and soon after her arrival
ment. The lsere

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STATUE OF LIBERTY NATIONAL MONUMENT, consisting of the Statue, its base and the
land on which it is situated, Liberty Island, Borough of Manhattan.

the erection of the statue began. The base was completed in Apri I of 1886 and
a grand inauguration ceremony took place on October 28, 1886. The face of
Liberty was draped with the French flag, and Bartholdi himself loosed the
unvei I ing cords. President Grover Cleveland accepted the statue in a moving
speech in which he stated, "We shal I not forget that Liberty has made here her
home, nor shal I her chosen altar be neglected."

Since 1886 Liberty has majestically surveyed the harbor. With the passage
of time the statue has acquired a handsome green patina which contrasts
effectively with the brown granite of the pedestal. Liberty directs her gaze
out to sea, her right arm bearing aloft the torch, her left clasping a tablet
inscribed July fourth, 1976--the date of the founding of the American republic.
This stately female figure is clothed in classical draperies, a mantle fastened
at her left shoulder. She wears sandals and tramples a broken shackle, a
gesture representing triumph over tyranny. She has classical, severely hand-
some features, 8nd her hair is bound in an elaborate bun at the nape of the
neck. A radiant crown adorns her head, which I i~e the torch is bri I I iantly
illuminated at night. Liberty is best viewed from a passing ship for only then
can one fully appreciate her monumental dignity and the subtleties of her pose.
She appears to stand proudly erect and sti I I if seen frontally, while from the
left, one is aware of the dynamic and dramatic forward thrust of her body .

The pedestal, a monumental architectural form, raises Liberty nearly ninety

feet above Fort Wood . Hunt was faced with the task of assimilating hrs design
to both the fortress and the statue--the base must dominate the fort without
overwhelming the statue above. His admirable solution is a boldly-scaled, four-
sided structure, executed in rusticated and smooth faced granite, with forceful
neo-Grec detai I. The entire rusticated socle including the double stairways
at the north and south facades are now obscured by the recent museum addition.
Doorways at each side are surmounted by heavy unornamented projecting pediments
and flanked by smooth pilasters with circular shields. A frieze of forty
shields, symbolizing the forty states when in the Union, encircles the base
below a base-molding with widely spaced pedimental motifs, which echo the form
of the doorway pediments. Above this is the shaft of the pedestal, treated
identically on alI four sides, and consisting of a deeply ~ecessed loggia set
above stone panels and flanked by heavily rusticated wal Is at the corners. The
smooth stone panels were originally planned to contain inscriptions. The four
piers of the loggia are incised in the manner of triglyphs and have capitals of
simplified Doric form . A narrow continous mo~~ing separates the panels from
the loggias and lends emphasis to the batter of the wal Is. The rustication
flanking the -loggias is beautifully treated with projecting rough-hewn blocks
which contrast effectively with the deeply recessed joints. An additional
refinement is the beveled effect at the corners. This rusticated masonry is
in keeping with the scale of the old fort below.

An observation platform behind a bold papapet, punctueted with arched

uprights, crowns the pedestal. · From this vantage point one has a magnificent
view of the harbor and, gazing upward, an astonishing glimpse of Liberty in
alI her colossal splendour.

During Liberty's ninety-year history a number of additions and changes

to the monument have been made . In 1903 the famed poem "The New Colossus",
written by Emma Lazarus fn 1883, was inscribed on a tablet and affixed to the
pedestal. Elevators were first instal led in 1908-09. The torch was redesigned
in 1916 and the original copper replaced with yellow-tinted glass. This change
was executed by Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor wei 1-known for his monumental
presidential portraits carved in the I iving rock of Mount Rushmore in South
Dakota. A new exterior lighting system has recently been instal led in honor
of the Bicentennial celebration. In 1956 plans for the American Museum of
Immigration at the base of the statue were announced, and the museum was
opened in 1972. The monument was first placed under the jurisdiction of the
National Park Service in 1933, and is today beautifully maintained under its
direction.
Mi I I ions of Americans have visited the Statue of Liberty, and today she
continues to amaze and delight the crowds that daily cross from New York to
the island by ferry. Liberty stands as a reminder of international friendship,
of the abiding belief in freedom, as wei I as of the ideals which Americans have
long cherished. The symbol of American I iberty and of our heritage, she is a
truly grand and inspirational figure.

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STATUE OF LIBERTY NATIONAL MONUMENT, consisting of the Statue, its base and the
land on which it is situated, Liberty Island, Borough of Manhattan.

The New Colossus

Emma Lazarus (1849-1887), a member of a wealthy New York family, began
writing poetry in her early teens. Ralph Waldo Emerson encouraged her work
and she published numerous volumes of both poetry and prose. The persecution
of Russian Jews during 1879-83 deeply distressed her and when refugees to
America began arriving in New York she helped to organize rei ief efforts. In
1883 she composed "The New Colossus", a stirring poem which casts the Statue of
Liberty in the role of a welcoming and sheltering "Mother of Exiles". The
final five I ines of this inspirational poem have become so famous that mi I I ions
pf Americans know them by heart.

Not I ike the brazen giant of Greek fame,

With conquering I imbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shal I stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned I ightning , and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp~" cries she
With silent I ips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-test to me.
I I i ft my Iamp bes ide the go I den door ~"

History of the Isla nd

Renamed Liberty Island in honor of the Statue in 1956 , this smal I island,
approximately 12 acres, is one of a group located in New York harbor near the
mouth of the Hudson River. First cal led Minnissais by the Indian s , it has at
times been known as Great Oyster, Love,Kennedy's,and Corporation Island as
wei I as Bedloe's Island the name it held longest. Isaak Bed loo a "se lect
bu r gher " of New Amsterda~ , owned the is land in the 17th cent ury. His daughter
Mary sold it in 1732 , and it was then used at various times as a quarantine
stat ion. In 1746 Archibald Kennedy purchased the is land and built a summer
residence there. During the Revo lut ionary War it was used as a refuge for
Tory s ympathizers .

When pla ns were made by the Federal government to erect fortifications in

New York harbor, the island was selected as a suitable site . A land battery in
the shape of an e leven-poi nt star was constructed between 1806 and 181 I on top
of old existing fort ifications . After th e War of 1812 it was named in honor of
the war hero Colonel Eleazer D. Wood. Fort Wood and the entire island were
under the control of the War Department unti I the Liberty project was undertake n.
When Liberty was completed the land on which. she stood was managed by the Light-
house Boa rd unti I 1901 when it reverted to the control of the War Department.
In 1937, by Presidential pooc lam~tion, the National Park Service was gra nted
jurisdiction over the is land . While located within New Jersey territorial
water s , the island itself has been cons idere d since the late 17th century a
part of New York City. An agreement of 1834 provides that the island is in
New York State a bove the mea n low-wat er mark, an d in New Jersey be low it ,
thereby granting New Jer sey riparian rights.

Selected Bib I iography

Gilder, Rodma n. st·a tue of Liberty En. I ighten ing the World, The New York Trust Co.,
1943.
Ha nd lin, Otto. St atue of Liberty, New York, 197 1.
Kay, Charles de. "France to America" Scribner's Monthly I I lustrated Magazine,
Vol. XIV. June, 1877, p. 129ft.
Levine, B. and I. F. Story~ Statue of Liberty, National Monument, National Park
Serv ice Handbook, 1954.
McKenny, R. And E. Branston . "Colossus" supp lement of the Herald Tribune,
Oct . 24,· 1965, p. 14ff.
Tal a nsier, Charl es . " La Statue de Ia I iberte ec la ira nt le monde", Le Genie Ci vi I
I I I, 19. Aug. 1883, p. 461 ff.
Trachtenberg, Marvin. The Statue of Liberty, New York, 1976 .

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