ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2012
Modeling Of Gis for Measurement of VFTOS
A. Raghuram, D. Srinivas
the secondary equipments and overvoltage on adjacent
Abstract: In our country a few Gas Insulated Substations equipments. The maximum magnitude of the transient over
(GIS) units have been in operation and large number of units is voltage is 2.0 p.u. this value is largely dependent upon the
under various stages of installation. Although GIS have been in level of trapped charge on the GIS bus bar existing at the time
operation for several years, some of the problems need attention.
of the re-strike. The amplitude of trapped charge is strongly
These problems include, generation of over voltage during
dis-connector operations, line to enclosure faults etc. These over
influenced by the asymmetry of the inter-contact break down
voltages are caused in two ways, viz., due to switching operations voltage occurring on the fixed and mobbing contacts of the
of circuit breaker and line to enclosure faults. In this paper, very dis-connector. This paper is aimed at calculating magnitude
fast transient over voltages are generated due to switching of fast transient over voltages in GIS due to Switching
operations have been analyzed and presented. Since the contact Operations and Line-to Enclosure faults by suitably
speed of dis-connector switches is low, re-striking occurs many modeling a typical GIS system. A comparison is made for
times before the current interruption is completed. Each different lengths of GIS. For better understanding of the
re-striking generates transient over voltage with different levels transients, they are calculated with Fixed Arc Resistance and
of magnitude. Since these transients have traveling wave
with Variable Arc Resistance. Attempts have been made to
behavior, they travel to the external systems through enclosures,
compare the transients with Load and without Load.
bushings, cable joints etc., and cause damage to the outside
equipment. They can lead to secondary break downs in GIS and Therefore in the present study, the following work has been
may give rise to electromagnetic interference. Thus it is carried out.
important to develop a suitable simulation models for estimation 1. The maximum possible VFTO level for 245KV
of these over voltages. substation is estimated.
2. The effect of each component of GIS on the VFTO level
Key words: Gas Insulated Substation (GIS), Transient over is estimated separately.
voltages, switching operations, line faults and Control 3. The length of the cable termination depends on station
circuitry. configuration. From VFTO point of view, minimum
length of the cable is estimated by considering different
I. INTRODUCTION switching operations.
During the current operation of dis-connector switch in a 4. A model of the spark channel development is proposed
GIS, re-strikes (pre-strikes) occur because of low speed of the for estimating the VFTO level.
dis-connector switch moving contact; hence Very Fast
II. MODELLING OF 245 KV GIS SYSTEM
Transient Over voltages are developed. These VFTO‟s are
caused by switching operations and line-to-enclosure faults. A GIS system comprising of an Input Cable, Spacer,
When a dis-connector switch is opened on a floating section Dis-connector Switch, Bus bar of 5mts length and load has
of switchgear, a trapped charge may be left on the floating been considered for modeling into electrical network and
section. In the opening operation of dis-connector switch, analysis. The Fast Transient Over voltage waveform
transients are produced and the magnitude of these transients generated during Closing and Opening operation of
and rise times depends on the circuit parameters. When there Dis-connector Switch and Line-to-Enclosure faults has been
is a fault occurs, there is a short circuit in the system. considered for calculations. Spacers are simulated by lumped
Transients are also produced due to the faults in the system. Capacitance. The Inductance of the bus duct is calculated
Due to this VFTO‟s are caused by switching operation can from the diameters of Conductor and Enclosure.
also lead to secondary breakdown with in GIS. Re-striking Capacitances are calculated on the basis of actual diameters
surges generated by the dis-connector switches at GIS of inner and outer cylinders of central conductor and outer
generally possess extremely high frequencies ranging from enclosure. Cone Insulators used for supporting inner
several hundred KHz to several MHz. VFT can be divided conductor against outer enclosure are assumed to be disk type
into internal and external. Internal transient create for approximate calculation of spacer capacitance. the bus
overvoltage between conductor and enclosure which can duct can be modeled as a series of Pi-network or as sequence
cause stress on the internal insulation of the GIS. External parameters. However in this model, it is considered as
VFT is travelling waves and propagation outside GIS. These distributed Pi-network. The Schematic Diagram of a Typical
include transient enclosure voltage (TEV) between Gas Insulated System (GIS) is shown in below figure 1.
encapsulation and earth, transient electromagnetic fields
(TEMF) radiated from enclosure which can cause stress on
29
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2012
3 MODELLING DIAGRAM OF 245KV GIS
Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram of a Typical Gas Insulated
Substation
A. Calculation of Parameters
1. Calculation of Inductance
The inductance of the bus duct can be calculated by using the
formula given below: Where r1, r 2, r3, r4, are the radii of the
conductors in the order of decreasing magnitude and „l‟ is the
length of the section.
r2
2
r1 r2 r4
L 0.001 l ln ln ln 2 1 2 ln 1 1
r r
3r 1
r 3
r r 2
r Fig. 3 Modeling Diagram Of 245kv GIS
1 - 2
r
1
III. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR 245KV GIS
The bus duct is divided into three sections of length
2.5mts, 1.5mts, and 1.0mts respectively from load side. The
GIS bushing is represented by a capacitance of 200pf. A
Fixed Resistance of 2ohms of the spark channel is connected
in series with the circuit breaker. The equivalent circuit is
shown in figure 4. Due to trapped charge some voltage
remains on the floating section which can create severe
conditions because the first re-strike can occur at the peak of
power frequency voltage giving a voltage of 2. 0 p.u. On
re-strike the voltages on each side will collapse initially zero
[ and hence creating two 1.0 p.u voltage steps of opposite
polarities. In this, it is assumed that re-striking is created at
Fig. 2 Cross Section of Typical GIS System 1.0 p.u and -1.0p.u respectively on either side of
2 Calculation of Capacitance dis-connector Switch (DS). The transients due to different
The Capacitance is calculated with the assumption that the switching operations are observed.
conductors are Cylindrical. Capacitance is calculated by
using the standard formulae given below:
Where o = 8.854 * 10-12, r = 1
b = Outer Cylinder Radius
a = Inner Cylinder Radius
l = Length of the Section Fig 4 Single - Phase Equivalent Circuit For 5mts Length
GIS Due to Switching Operation
30
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2012
Fig 10 Transient Voltage Waveform during Closing
Operation of CB for 10mts GIS
Fig 5 Transient Voltage Waveform during Closing Operation
of CB for 5mts GIS
Fig 11 Transient Voltage Waveform during Opening
Operation of CB for 10mts GIS
Fig 6 Transient Voltage Waveform during Opening Operation
of CB for 5mts GIS
Fig 12 Transient Voltage Waveform during Second
Re-Strike for 10mts GIS
IV. TRANSIENTS DUE TO SWITCHING
OPERATION
Fig 7 Current Waveform during Closing Operation of CB for
5mts GIS 1 Equivalent Circuit for 5mts Length:
Fig. 8 Transient Voltage Waveform during Second Re-Strike
For 5mts GIS Fig 13 5mts Length GIS With Variable Arc Resistance Due
To Switching Operation
Fig 9 Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit for 10mts Length GIS Fig 14 Transient Voltage Waveform during Closing Operation
Due to Switching Operation of CB for 5mts GIS, Wit Variable Arc Resistance
31
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2012
Fig 15 Transient Voltage Waveform during Opening
Operation of CB for 5mts GIS, With Variable Arc
Resistance
Fig 20 Transient Voltage Waveform during Second Re-Strike
For 10mts GIS, With Variable Arc
Resistance
V. SUPPRESSION OF OVERVOLTAGES
The fast transient over voltages during switching
Fig 16 Transient Voltage Waveform during Second Re-Strike
Of CB for 5mts GIS, With Variable Arc Resistance
operation and faults can cause damage to the system
equipment. Hence it is advisable to suppress these over
voltages for protection of equipments. One of the methods of
2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS FOR 5MTS LENGTH: suppressing these over voltages is by insertion of resistance
during switching. Generally a Resistor of 500Ω is used for
this purpose. In this analysis, a resistor of 500Ω is connected
in parallel with the circuit breaker and a switch is connected
in series with the resistor. The transient over voltages are
suppressed only if the current during contact operation flows
through the resistor. The switch connected in series with the
resistor is closed at the time maximum voltage is obtained
during second re-strike / pre-strike at the load end.
Fig 17 10mts length GIS with Variable Arc resistance due to
switching operations
Fig 18 Transient Voltage Waveform during Closing
Operation of CB for 10mts GIS, With Variable Arc Resistance Fig 21 GIS of 5mts Length with Fixed Arc Resistance during
Suppression
Fig 19 Transient Voltage Waveform during Opening
Operation of CB for 10mts GIS, With Variable Arc
Fig 22 Suppression Of Over Voltages for 5mts GIS, With
Resistance
Fixed Arc Resistance
32
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2012
FIG 23 GIS OF 5MTS LENGTH WITH VARIABLE ARC RESISTANCE
DURING SUPPRESSION Fig 27 GIS Of 10mts Length with Variable Arc Resistance
during Suppression
Fig 28 Suppression Of Over Voltages for 10mts GIS, With
Variable Arc Resistance
VI. RESULTS AND SUMMARY
By the switching operations and line-to-enclosure faults in
Fig 24 GIS of 5mts length with Variable Arc Resistance during
a Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) leads to Very Fast Transient
suppression
Over voltages (VFTO), these VFTO‟s stress the equipments
in GIS and reduces the reliability of the switchgear
equipment. For knowing the maximum values of VFTO, the
PSPICE software is used and a simulation is carried out by
designing suitable equivalent circuits and its models are
developed. The main advantage of such models is used to
enable the transient analysis in GIS. The variable arc
resistance is calculated by using the Toepler‟s formula. The
inductance of the bus bar is found out from the diameters of
conductors and enclosure. The bus capacitance is calculated
using formula for concentric cylinders. The entire bus length
is modeled as distributed pi-network. The transients due to
switching operations and line to enclosure faults with fixed
Fig 25 GIS of 10mts Length with Fixed Arc Resistance during arc resistance for different lengths of GIS are found.
Suppression
Transients are calculated along with load and it was observed
that the transients obtained in 5mts length GIS will effect the
system more than that obtained in 10mts length GIS. As the
distance between the fault point and load increases during
fault analysis the magnitudes and rise times of the transients
also increases. Transients are also calculated due to
switching operations and faults with variable arc resistance
for different lengths of GIS were found. It was observed that
the transients due to variable arc resistance give lower value
of peak voltages than that obtained in with fixed arc
resistance. The transient over voltages caused by a switching
operation for different lengths of GIS was suppressed by
Fig 26 Suppression of over voltages for 10mts GIS, with Fixed choosing appropriate value of resistance connected in series
Arc Resistance with the switch.
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ISSN: 2277-3754
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International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2012
Table 1. Comparison of Transients Due To Switching not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units,
Operations for 5mts Length GIS With Fixed and Variable clearly state the units for each quantity in an equation.
Arc Resistance
Short-circuit are obtained by creating fault at different
With Fixed Arc With Variable Arc lengths of GIS from load side. At the end, these transients
Resistance Resistance over voltages are reduced by connecting suitable resistor
Rise Rise during switching operation. From the above studies the
Mode of operation Voltage Voltage following observations are made.
time time 1) It was observed that the transients obtained due to
(p.u) (p.u) switching operations and faults in 5mts length GIS
(ns) (ns) will affect the system more than that obtained in
10mts length GIS.
3.02 30 3.38 47 2) It was also found that during fault analysis, as the
opening distance increases, the magnitude of transients also
increases. However, when load is connected, these
2.01 18 1.38 31
closing do not follow a definite pattern.
3) When load is connected at the open end of GIS, the
2.22 16 2.55 13 peak voltages and rise times that are obtained due to
Second Restrike
short-circuit do not follow a particular pattern. This
2.05 43 1.49 12 may be due to variation in damping due to
suppression
combined effect of circuit and load parameters.
4) For any length of GIS it was found that transients
Table 2. Comparison of Transients Due To Switching
Operations for 10mts Length GIS With Fixed and Variable
due to variable arc resistance give lower value of
Arc Resistance peak voltages than that obtained with fixed arc
resistance.
With Fixed Arc With Variable Arc 5) In case of 5mt and 10mt length GIS, the transients
Resistance Resistance obtained due to short-circuit are more severe than
the switching operation.
Mode of Rise Rise 6) The transients obtained during opening operation of
operation Voltage Voltage the circuit breaker with fixed and variable arc
time time resistance are calculated and found that the
(p.u) (p.u)
difference between peak values in both the cases is
(ns) (ns)
significant and that higher peaks are obtained when
fixed arc resistance is used.
2.45 71 2.37 76 Transients obtained during closing operation of the circuit
opening
breaker, have no significant change in magnitude of
voltages.
1.24 65 1.08 72
closing
REFERENCES
[1] Mohan Rao M., Naidu M.S., „Estimation of fast transient over
Second voltages in the case of disconnector operation in a GIS‟, 3 rd
2.51 127 1.86 50
work shop &conference on EHV Technology, IISC, Bangalore,
Restrike 1995.
[2] Working Group 33/13-09 (1988), “Very Fast Transient
2.19 125 1.69 50
suppression Phenomenon Associated with Gas Insulated Substations”,
CIGRE.
[3] B.P. Singh, G.B.D. Varaprasad, K. Uday Kumar, “EMTP
simulation of Fast Transients in Gas Insulated Switchgear”.
VI. CONCLUSION
The fast transient over voltages are obtained due to [4] K. Diederich, K. Feser (SM), “Very Fast Transients in GIS”,
switching operations and short-circuit faults are studied. The IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1989, pp. 223-233.
transients are calculated initially with fixed arc resistance [5] Yanabu .S (1990), “Estimation of Fast Transient Over Voltage
and then variable arc resistance. The variable arc resistance in Gas Insulated Substation”, IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. 5, No.
is calculated by using Toepler‟s formulae. Transients along 4, November 1990, pp. 1875-1882.
with load and without load are also estimated. Transients due [6] S.A.Boggs, F.Y. Chu, N. Fujimoto, “ Disconnect Switch
to trade, such as “3½ in disk drive.” Avoid combining SI and Induced Transients and Trapped Charge in Gas Insulated
CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in Substations”, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS -101, No. 10,
October 1982, pp.3593-3601.
oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do
34
ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2012
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
A. Raghu Ram
He is working as an Associate Professor in
JNTUH College of Engineering since 2003.
He has published National and International
papers in High Voltage Engineering. His
areas of interest are High Voltage
Engineering and Electrical Energy
Conversation.
D. Srinivas
He is working as an Assistant Professor in
Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology since
2006. He has pursing M.Tech (PTPG) in
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
from 1999 – 2012. His areas of interest are
Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage
Engineering.
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