Chapter 3

Mass Relationships
in Chemical
Reactions

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further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Chemical Reactions and
Equations (1 of 2)

A process in which one or more substance(s) is changed into one or

more new substance(s) is a chemical reaction.
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens
during a chemical reaction:
reactants → products
3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-2

 Chemical Reactions and
Equations (2 of 2)

Two hydrogen molecules + One oxygen molecule → Two water molecules

2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O
2 moles H 2 + 1 mole O 2 → 2 moles H 2 O
2 ( 2.02 g ) = 4.04 g H 2 + 32.00 g O 2 → 2 (18.02 g ) = 36.04 g H 2O
36.04 g reactants 36.04 g product

36.04 g reactants → 36.04 g product

Jump to long description

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-3
How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2Mg + O 2 → 2MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O 2 makes 2 formula units MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O 2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O 2 makes 80.6 MgO
NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 grams O 2 makes 2g MgO

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-4

Balancing Chemical Equations (1 of 4)

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and
the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the
equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2 H6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make
the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.

2C2 H6 NOT C4 H12

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-5

Balancing Chemical Equations (2 of 4)

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one

reactant and one product.
C2 H 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2O start with C or H but not O
 
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO 2 by 2
on left on right
C2 H 6 + O 2 → 2CO 2 + H 2 O
 
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen multiply H 2 O by 3
on left on right
C2 H 6 + O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-6
Balancing Chemical Equations (3 of 4)

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more

reactants or products.
7
C2 H6 + O2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O multiply O 2 by
2
  
2 oxygen 4 oxygen 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen on right
on left ( 2  2) ( 3 1)
7
C2 H6 + O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2O remove fraction
2
multiply both sides by 2
2C2 H6 + 7O 2 → 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-7

Balancing Chemical Equations (4 of 4)

5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type
of atom on both sides of the equation.

2C2 H6 + 7O 2 → 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O

4C (2 × 2) 4C Reactants Products

12H (2 × 6) 12 (6 × 2) 4C 4C

12 H 12 H
14 O (7 × 2) 14 O (4 × 2 + 6)
14 O 14 O

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-8

 Example 3.12 (1 of 4)

When aluminum metal is exposed to air, a protective layer of

aluminum oxide (Al2O3) forms on its surface. This layer prevents
further reaction between aluminum and oxygen, and it is the
reason that aluminum beverage cans do not corrode. [In the
case of iron, the rust, or iron(III) oxide, that forms is too porous
to protect the iron metal underneath, so rusting continues.]

Write a balanced equation for the formation of Al 2O3.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-9

 Example 3.12 (2 of 4)
Strategy
Remember that the formula of an element or compound cannot be
changed when balancing a chemical equation. The equation is balanced
by placing the appropriate coefficients in front of the formulas. Follow
the procedure described on p. 92.

Solution
The unbalanced equation is

Al + O 2 → Al 2 O3

In a balanced equation, the number and types of atoms on each side of

the equation must be the same. We see that there is one Al atom on the
reactants side and there are two Al atoms on the product side.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-10

 Example 3.12 (3 of 4)
We can balance the Al atoms by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of Al
on the reactants side.
2Al + O 2 → Al 2 O3

There are two O atoms on the reactants side, and three O atoms on the
product side of the equation. We can balance the O atoms by placing a
3
coefficient of in front of O 2 on the reactants side.
2
3
2Al + O 2 → Al 2 O3
2
This is a balanced equation. However, equations are normally balanced
with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-11

 Example 3.12 (4 of 4)
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 2 gives whole-number coefficients.

 3 
2  2Al + O 2 → Al 2O3 
 2 
or
4Al + 3O 2 → 2Al 2 O3
Check
For an equation to be balanced, the number and types of atoms on each side of
the equation must be the same. The final tally is

Reactants Products
Al (4) Al (4)
O (6) O (6)

The equation is balanced. Also, the coefficients are reduced to the simplest set
of whole numbers.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-12

 Amounts of Reactants and Products

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles

3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of
the sought quantity

4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units

Jump to long description

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-13
 Example 3.13 (1 of 5)

The food we eat is degraded, or broken

down, in our bodies to provide energy for
growth and function. A general overall
equation for this very complex process
represents the degradation of glucose
(C6H12O6) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water (H2O):

C6 H12 O6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 +6H 2O

C 6H12 O 6
If 856 g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a
person over a certain period, what is
the mass of CO2 produced?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-14

 Example 3.13 (2 of 5)
Strategy
Looking at the balanced equation, how do we compare the amounts of
C6H12O6 and CO2?

We can compare them based on the mole ratio from the balanced
equation. Starting with grams of C 6H12O6, how do we convert to moles of
C6H12O6?

Once moles of CO2 are determined using the mole ratio from the
balanced equation, how do we convert to grams of CO2?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-15

 Example 3.13 (3 of 5)
Solution
We follow the preceding steps and Figure 3.8.
Step 1: The balanced equation is given in the problem.
Step 2: To convert grams of C 6H12O6 to moles of C6H12O6, we write

1 mol C6 H12O6
856 g C 6 H 12 O 6  = 4.750 mol C6 H12O 6
180.2 g C 6 H 12 O 6

Step 3: From the mole ratio, we see that

1 mol C6H12O6≏ 6 mol CO2
Therefore, the number of moles of CO 2 formed is
6 mol CO 2
4.750 mol C 6 H 12 O 6  = 28.50 mol CO 2
1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-16

 Example 3.13 (4 of 5)

Step 4: Finally, the number of grams of CO2 formed is given by

44.01 g CO 2
28.50 mol CO 2  =1.25 103 g CO 2
1 mol CO 2
After some practice, we can combine the conversion steps
grams of C6 H12 O6 → moles of C6 H12 O6 → moles of CO 2 → grams of CO2
into one equation:
1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 6 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
mass of CO 2 = 856 g C 6 H 12 O 6   
180.2 g C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mol CO 2
=1.25 103 g CO 2

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-17

 Example 3.13 (5 of 5)

Check
Does the answer seem reasonable?

Should the mass of CO2 produced be larger than the mass

of C6H12O6 reacted, even though the molar mass of CO 2 is
considerably less than the molar mass of C6H12O6?

What is the mole ratio between CO2 and C6H12O6?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-18

 Example 3.14 (1 of 3)

All alkali metals react with water to

produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide.

A typical reaction is that between

lithium and water:

2Li ( s ) + 2H 2O ( l ) → 2LiOH ( aq ) + H 2 ( g )
Lithium reacting with water to
How many grams of Li are needed to produce hydrogen gas.
produce 9.89 g of H2?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-19

 Example 3.14 (2 of 3)

Strategy
The question asks for number of grams of reactant (Li) to form a
specific amount of product (H2). Therefore, we need to reverse
the steps shown in Figure 3.8. From the equation we see that 2
mol Li ≏ 1 mol H2.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-20

 Example 3.14 (3 of 3)
Solution
The conversion steps are
grams of H 2 → moles of H 2 → moles of Li → grams of Li

Combining these steps into one equation, we write

1 mol H 2 2 mol Li 6.941 g Li

9.89 g H 2    = 68.1 g Li
2.016 g H 2 1 mol H 2 1 mol Li

Check
There are roughly 5 moles of H2 in 9.89 g H2, so we need 10 moles of
Li. From the approximate molar mass of Li (7 g), does the answer seem
reasonable?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-21

 Limiting Reagent:

Reactant used up first in the reaction.

CO + 2H 2 → CH 3OH

H 2 is the limiting reagent

CO is the excess reagent

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-22

 Example 3.15 (1 of 7)

Urea ( NH 2 )2 CO  is prepared by reacting ammonia

with carbon dioxide:

2NH 3 ( g ) +CO 2 ( g ) → ( NH 2 )2 CO ( aq ) +H 2O ( l )
In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are treated with 1142 g
of CO2.

a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent? (NH2 ) 2 CO

b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.

c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the

end of the reaction?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-23

 Example 3.15 (2 of 7)

a) Strategy
The reactant that produces fewer moles of product is the limiting
reagent because it limits the amount of product that can be formed.

How do we convert from the amount of reactant to amount of

product?

Perform this calculation for each reactant, then compare the moles
of product, (NH2)2CO, formed by the given amounts of NH3 and
CO2 to determine which reactant is the limiting reagent.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-24

 Example 3.15 (3 of 7)

Solution
We carry out two separate calculations. First, starting with 637.2 g of
NH3, we calculate the number of moles of (NH2)2CO that could be
produced if all the NH3 reacted according to the following
conversions:

grams of NH 3 → moles of NH 3 → moles of ( NH 2 )2 CO

Combining these conversions in one step, we write

1 mol NH 3 1 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO
moles of ( NH 2 )2 CO = 637.g NH 3  
17.03 g NH 3 2 mol NH 3
=18.71 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-25

 Example 3.15 (4 of 7)

Second, for 1142 g of CO2, the conversions are

grams of CO 2 → moles of CO 2 → moles of ( NH 2 )2 CO

The number of moles of (NH2)2CO that could be produced if all the

CO2 reacted is
1 mol CO 2 1 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO
moles of ( NH 2 )2 CO =1142 g CO 2  
44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2
= 25.95 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO

It follows, therefore, that NH3 must be the limiting reagent because it

produces a smaller amount of (NH2)2CO.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-26

 Example 3.15 (5 of 7)
b) Strategy We determined the moles of (NH2)2CO produced in part (a), using
NH3 as the limiting reagent. How do we convert from moles to grams?

Solution
The molar mass of (NH2)2CO is 60.06 g. We use this as a conversion factor to
convert from moles of (NH2)2CO to grams of (NH2)2CO:

60.06 g ( NH 2 ) 2 CO
mass of ( NH 2 )2 CO =18.71 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO 
1 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO
=1124 g ( NH 2 )2 CO

Check
Does your answer seem reasonable? 18.71 moles of product are formed. What
is the mass of 1 mole of (NH2)2CO?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-27

 Example 3.15 (6 of 7)

c) Strategy Working backward, we can determine the amount of CO2

that reacted to produce 18.71 moles of (NH2)2CO. The amount of
CO2 left over is the difference between the initial amount and the
amount reacted.

Solution
Starting with 18.71 moles of (NH2)2CO, we can determine the mass of
CO2 that reacted using the mole ratio from the balanced equation and
the molar mass of CO2. The conversion steps are

moles of ( NH 2 )2 CO → moles of CO 2 → grams of CO 2

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-28

 Example 3.15 (7 of 7)

Combining these conversions in one step, we write

1 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
mass of CO 2 reacted = 18.71 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO  
1 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO 1 mol CO 2
= 823.4 g CO 2

The amount of CO2 remaining (in excess) is the difference between the
initial amount (1142 g) and the amount reacted (823.4 g):
mass of CO2 remaining = 1142 g − 823.4 g = 319 g

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-29

 Example 3.16 (1 of 3)
The reaction between alcohols and halogen compounds to form
ethers is important in organic chemistry, as illustrated here for the
reaction between methanol (CH3OH) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) to
form dimethylether (CH3OCH3), which is a useful precursor to other
organic compounds and an aerosol propellant.
CH 3OH + CH 3Br + LiC 4 H 9 → CH 3OCH 3 + LiBr+C 4 H10
This reaction is carried out in a dry (water-free) organic solvent, and the
butyl lithium (LiC4H9) serves to remove a hydrogen ion from CH3OH.
Butyl lithium will also react with any residual water in the solvent, so the
reaction is typically carried out with 2.5 molar equivalents of that
reagent. How many grams of CH3Br and LiC4H9 will be needed to carry
out the preceding reaction with 10.0 g of CH3OH?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-30

 Example 3.16 (3 of 3)

Solution
We start with the knowledge that CH3OH and CH3Br are present in
stoichiometric amounts and that LiC 4H9 is the excess reagent. To
calculate the quantities of CH3Br and LiC4H9 needed, we proceed as
shown in Example 3.14.
1 mol CH 3 OH 1 mol CH 3 Br 94.93 g CH 3Br
grams of CH 3Br =10.0 g CH 3 OH   
32.04 g CH 3 OH 1 mol CH 3 OH 1 mol CH 3 Br
= 29.6 g CH 3Br

1 mol CH 3 OH 2.5 mol LiC 4 H 9 64.05 g LiC 4 H 9

grams of LiC4 H 9 =10.0 g CH 3 OH   
32.04 g CH 3 OH 1 mol CH 3 OH 1 mol LiC 4 H 9

= 50.0 g LiC4 H 9

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-31

 Reaction Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
Actual Yield
%Yield = 100%
Theoretical Yield

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-32

 Example 3.17 (1 of 6)
Titanium is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant
metal that is used in rockets, aircraft, jet engines, and
bicycle frames. It is prepared by the reaction of
titanium(IV) chloride with molten magnesium between
950° C and 1150° C:
TiCl 4 ( g ) + 2Mg ( l ) → Ti ( s ) + 2MgCl 2 ( l )

In a certain industrial operation 3.54 × 107 g of

TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13×107 g of Mg.

a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams.

b) Calculate the percent yield if 7.91×106 g of Ti are

actually obtained.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-33

 Example 3.17 (2 of 6)

a) Strategy
Because there are two reactants, this is likely to be a limiting
reagent problem. The reactant that produces fewer moles of
product is the limiting reagent.

How do we convert from amount of reactant to amount of

product?

Perform this calculation for each reactant, then compare the

moles of product, Ti, formed.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-34

 Example 3.17 (3 of 6)
Solution
Carry out two separate calculations to see which of the two reactants is
the limiting reagent. First, starting with 3.54×107 g of TiCl4, calculate
the number of moles of Ti that could be produced if all the TiCl 4 reacted.
The conversions are

grams of TiCl 4 → moles of TiCl 4 → moles of Ti

so that
1 mol TiCl4 1 mol Ti
moles of Ti = 3.54 107 g TiCl 4  
189.7 g TiCl 4 1 mol TiCl 4
=1.87 105 mol Ti

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-35

 Example 3.17 (4 of 6)

Next, we calculate the number of moles of Ti formed from 1.13 × 107

g of Mg. The conversion steps are
grams of Mg → moles of Mg → moles of Ti

And we write
1 mol Mg 1 mol Ti
moles of Ti =1.13 107 g Mg  
24.31 g Mg 2 mol Mg
= 2.32 105 mol Ti
Therefore, TiCl4 is the limiting reagent because it produces a smaller
amount of Ti.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-36

 Example 3.17 (5 of 6)

The mass of Ti formed is

47.88 g Ti
1.87 105 mol Ti  = 8.95 106 g Ti
1 mol Ti

b) Strategy
The mass of Ti determined in part (a) is the theoretical yield. The
amount given in part (b) is the actual yield of the reaction.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-37

 Example 3.17 (6 of 6)

Solution
The percent yield is given by

actual yield
% yield = 100%
theoretical yield

7.91106 g
= 100%
8.95 10 g
6

= 88.4%

Check
Should the percent yield be less than 100 percent?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-38

Chemistry In Action: Chemical Fertilizers

Plants need: N, P, K, Ca, S, & Mg

3H 2 ( g ) + N 2 ( g ) → 2NH 3 ( g )

NH 3 ( aq ) + HNO3 ( aq ) → NH 4 NO3 ( aq )

fluorapatite
2Ca 5 ( PO 4 )3 F ( s ) + 7H 2SO 4 ( aq ) →
3Ca ( H 2 PO 4 )2 ( aq ) + 7CaSO 4 ( aq ) +2HF ( g )

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-39

Appendix of Image Long Descriptions

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. 3-40

Atomic Mass on the Periodic Table Long
Description

In each element's entry box, the atomic number is at the

top of each box, and the symbol is in the center. The
atomic mass is at the bottom of each box.
Some periodic tables may provide more information, but
all periodic tables should include the atomic number,
element symbol, and atomic mass.

Jump to image
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-41
Examples of One Mole Long Description

For example, one mole of carbon has a mass of 12.01 g.

So, 12.01 g of carbon is one mole of carbon. One mole of
sulfur has a mass of 32.06 g, so 32.06 g of sulfur is one
mole of sulfur.

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© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-42
Converting Between Mass and Atoms
Long Description

To convert from mass (in g) to number of atoms, first

convert from mass to moles using the molar mass (in
g/mol). Then, convert from moles to the number of atoms
using Avogadro's number.
To convert from the number of atoms to mass (in g), first
convert from atoms to moles using Avogadro's number.
Then, convert from moles to mass using the molar mass
(in g/mol).

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© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-43
 Mass Spectrometer Long Description
In a mass spectrometer, a sample is vaporized, and the
gaseous sample is passed through an electron beam to
ionize the sample. The ionized sample passes through
accelerating plates and a magnet. Depending on the mass-
to-charge ratio of the ions formed, the ions respond
differently to the magnet, and the ions are detected on a
screen. The pathway of lighter ions respond more strongly
to the magnet, while the pathway of heavier ions is less
responsive to the magnet.

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© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-44
 Percent Composition and Empirical
Formulas Long Description
First, convert the mass percent of each element to grams of
each element. Often, chemists assume 100 g of the compound
so that the mass of each element is equal to the mass percent.
Then, divide each mass by the molar mass of the element to
convert to moles of each element.
Next, divide the moles of each element by the smallest number
of moles to calculate the mole ratio of elements in the
compound. Then, change the subscripts to integers to find the
empirical formula of the compound.

Jump to image
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-45
 Determining Empirical Formula
Experimentally (1 of 2) Long Description
The two gases are passed through a CuO plate. Then, the water vapor is absorbed on
an absorber plate, and the carbon dioxide is absorbed on a second absorber plate.
By calculating the mass of water vapor absorbed, the moles of water can be calculated,
which can then be converted to moles of hydrogen and then grams of hydrogen. By
calculating the mass of carbon dioxide absorbed, the moles of carbon dioxide can be
calculated, which can then be converted to moles of carbon and then grams of carbon.
The amount of oxygen in the sample can be calculated from the original mass of the
sample. The original mass minus the mass of C and H detected is equal to the mass of
O present in the sample.
Once the masses of each component element is found, the empirical formula can be
calculated by converting to moles and finding the whole-number mole ratio for each
element.

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© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-46
Chemical Reactions and Equations (2 of 2)
Long Description

To calculate the mass of compound B from the mass of

compound A, first convert from mass of compound A to
moles of compound A using the molar mass of compound
A. Then, use the balanced chemical equation to convert
from moles of A to moles of B. Then, use the molar mass
of compound B to convert from moles of B to mass of
compound B.

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© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-47
Amounts of Reactants and Products Long
Description

On the molecular level, two molecules of hydrogen gas

react with one molecule of oxygen gas to produce two
molecules of water. On the molar level, two moles of H2
react with one mole of O2 to produce two moles of H2O.
Regardless of the interpretation of the chemical reaction,
the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the
products, because mass cannot be created or destroyed.

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© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-48
 End of Presentation

© McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No
reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-49