Chapter 2 Analysis of Steam Cycles.

(Power Plant Engineering. P K Nag. 4th Ed. McGrawHill. 2014).

2.1 Steam power plant

2.2 Rankine cycle
2.3 Carnot cycle
2.4 Mean temperature and heat addition
2.5 Effect of variation of steam condition on thermal efficiency of steam power plant.
2.6 Reheating of steam
2.7 Regeneration
2.8 Regenerative feed water heating
2.9 Feedwater heaters
2.10 Carnotisation of Rankine Cycle
2.11 Optimum degree of regeneration
2.12 Supercritical pressure cycle
2.13 Steam power plant appraisal
2.14 Deaerator
2.15 Typical layout of steam power plant
2.16 Efficiencies in a steam power plant
2.17 Cogeneration of power and process heat.
 Data (Author PK Nag Solutions) and Tempearture-Entrophy Figure:

Enthalphy Unit Enthropy Unit Temperature Unit Quality Unit

h1 3448.6 kJ/kg s1 6.5199 kJ/kg/ K t1 550 C x9 0.8932 n/a
h2 3112 kJ/kg s2 6.5199 kJ/kg/ K t2 370 C
h3 2890 kJ/kg s3 6.5199 kJ/kg/ K t3 245 C
h4 3467.6 kJ/kg s4 7.4317 kJ/kg/ K t4 500 C
h5 3250 kJ/kg s5 7.4317 kJ/kg/ K t5 400 C
h6 3050 kJ/kg s6 7.4317 kJ/kg/ K t6 300 C
h7 2930 kJ/kg s7 7.4317 kJ/kg/ K t7 225 C
h8 2790 kJ/kg s8 7.4317 kJ/kg/ K t8 160 C
h9 2317.83 kJ/kg s9 7.4317 kJ/kg/ K
h10 168.79 kJ/kg
h11 168.29 kJ/kg
h12 467.11 kJ/kg
h13 467 kJ/kg
h14 467 kJ/kg
h15 467 kJ/kg
h16 561.47 kJ/kg
h17 561.47 kJ/kg
h18 640.23 kJ/kg
h19 654.63 kJ/kg
h20 762.8 kJ/kg
h21 762.8 kJ/kg
h22 1154.23 kJ/kg
h23 1154.23 kJ/kg
h24 kJ/kg
h25 kJ/kg

Reproduced by Karl Bogha (ME Studies U Canterbury) from the textbook titled Power Plant Engineering 4th Edition by P K Nag. 2014. Publisher McGrawHill. (Selfstudy).
Example Problem 2-6: Steam at 150 bar, 550 deg C is expanded in an h.p. turbine to 20 bar when it is reheated to 500 deg C and expanded in i.p. and l.p. turbines to
condenser pressure of 0.075 bar. There are five feedwater heaters (including deaerator), one extraction from h.p. turbine at 50 bar, three from i.p. turbine at 10 bar, 5 bar,
and 3 bar, and one from l.p. turbine at 1.5 bar. The middle heater is the deaerator and all others are closed heaters. Assuming ideal conditions, determine (a) the cycle of
efficiency, (b). the feedwater temperature at inlet to the steam generator, (c). the steam rate, (d) the heat rate, (e) the quality of steam at turbine exhaust, and (f) the
power output if the steam flow rate is 300 t/h. Take TTD (Terminal Temperature Difference) = 0 for all the heaters. (Power Plant Engineering 4th Edition - PK Nag). Note: (f)
t: ton; t/h.

Pipe - 1:(entering h.p. turbine)

Pressure: 150 bar
Temperature: 550 deg C
Steam condition: Superheated
h1 (enthalphy): 3448.50 kJ/kg 140 bar: 3459 160 bar: 3438
s1 (entrophy): 6.521 kJ/kg K 140 bar: 6.562 160 bar: 6.48
s2: 6.521 kJ/kg K same value to entering h.p.
s3: 6.521 kJ/kg K same value to entering h.p.

Pipe - 4:(exiting RH entering i.p.)

Pressure: 20 bar
Temperature: 500 deg C
Steam condition: Superheated
h4 (enthalphy): 3468.00 kJ/kg
s4 (entrophy): 7.432 kJ/kg K
s5: 7.432 kJ/kg K same value to exiting i.p. as s4 is exiting
s6: 7.432 kJ/kg K same value to exiting i.p. as s4 is exiting
s7: 7.432 kJ/kg K same value to exiting i.p. as s4 is exiting
s8: 7.432 kJ/kg K exits i.p. enters l.p. then exits l.p. so same as s4
s9: 7.432 kJ/kg K exits i.p. enters l.p. then exits l.p. so same as s5

Pipe - 2:(exiting h.p. turbine)

Pressure: 50 bar
s2: 6.521 kJ/kg K
Steam condition: Superheated
Entropy interpolation:
Temp deg C: P: s: P: s: Set P: Calc s:
360 40 6.621 60 6.378 50 6.500
400 40 6.679 60 6.541 50 6.610
Difference in T and s: 40 0.111
Closest guess to s2: 360 50 6.500
Target s: 6.521
Movement to s: 0.022
% movement to s: 19.457%
Set Temp to % mov s: 368
Adj To Temp table increment of 5: 370 Aprox s at 370 deg 6.527
Next Calculate h2
Temp deg C: P: h: P: h: Set P: Calc h:
360 40 3117 60 3071 50 3094
400 40 3213 60 3177 50 3195
Difference h: 40 96 -106 101
Target temperature T2: 370
Calculate h2: 3119 (Textbook answer 3112, steam table differ among different table creators).

Pipe - 3:(exiting h.p. turbine)

Pressure: 20 bar
s3: 6.521 kJ/kg K
Steam condition: Superheated
Entropy interpolation:
Temp deg C: P: s: Calc s:
240 20 6.495
280 20 6.683
Differences in T and s: 40 0.188 0.188
Closest guess to s3: 240 6.495
Target s: 6.521
Movement to s: 0.026
% movement to s: 13.830%
Set Temp to % mov s: 246
Adj To Temp table increment of 5: 245
Next Calculate h3
Temp deg C: P: h:
240 20 2876
280 20 2976
Difference h: 40 100
Target temperature T3: 245
Calculate h3: 2889 (Textbook answer 2890, steam table differ among different table creators).

Pipe - 5:(exiting i.p. turbine)

Pressure: 10 bar
s5: 7.432 kJ/kg K
Steam condition: Superheated
Entropy interpolation:
Temp deg C: P: s: Calc s:
360 10 7.335
400 10 7.465
Difference in T and s: 40 0.13 0.130
Closest guess to s5: 360 7.335
Target s: 7.432
Movement to s: 0.097
% movement to s: 74.615%
Set Temp to % mov s: 389.8 Textbook /Engineer may choose a temperature provided in
Adj To Temp table increment of 5: 390 tables without need to interpolate. If needed for the next
step in caluclations. Txtbook ans 400 deg C steam tables
Next Calculate h5 differ).
Temp deg C: P: h:
360 20 3179
400 20 3264
Difference h: 40 85
Target temperature T5: 390
Calculate h5: 3243 (Textbook answer 3250, steam table differ among different table creators).

Pipe - 6:(exiting i.p. turbine)

Pressure: 5 bar
s6: 7.432 kJ/kg K
Steam condition: Superheated
Entropy interpolation:
Temp deg C: P: s: Calc s:
280 5 7.386
320 5 7.531
Difference in T and s: 40 0.145 0.145
Closest guess to s6: 280 7.386
Target s: 7.432
Movement to s: 0.046
% movement to s: 31.724%
Set Temp to % mov s: 292.7
Adj To Temp table increment of 5: 295 (Textbook answer 300 deg C, steam tables differ).
Next Calculate h6
Temp deg C: P: h:
280 5 3023
320 5 3105
Difference h: 40 82
Target temperature T6: 295
Calculate h6: 3054 (Textbook answer 3050, steam table differ among different table creators).

Pipe - 7:(exiting i.p. turbine)

Pressure: 3 bar
s7: 7.432 kJ/kg K
Steam condition: Superheated
Entropy interpolation:
Temp deg C: P: s: Calc s:
200 3 7.311
240 3 7.477
Difference in T and s: 40 0.166 0.166
Closest guess to s7: 200 7.311
Target s: 7.432
Movement to s: 0.121
% movement to s: 72.892%
Set Temp to % mov s: 229.2
Adj To Temp table increment of 5: 230 (Textbook answer 225 deg C, steam tables differ).
Next Calculate h7
Temp deg C: P: h:
200 5 2866
240 5 2947
Difference h: 40 81
Target temperature T7: 230
Calculate h7: 2927 (Textbook answer 2930, steam table differ among different table creators).

Pipe - 8:(exiting l.p. turbine)

Pressure: 1.5 bar
s8: 7.432 kJ/kg K
Steam condition: Superheated
Entropy interpolation:
Temp deg C: P: s: Calc s:
120 1.5 7.269
160 1.5 7.466
Difference in T and s: 40 0.197 0.197
Closest guess to s8: 120 7.269
Target s: 7.432
Movement to s: 0.163
% movement to s: 82.741%
(Textbook 160 deg C, steam tables differ). It helps to round
Set Temp to % mov s: 153.1
off to the next steam table value that does not need
Adj To Temp table increment of 5: 155 interpolation.
Next Calculate h8
Temp deg C: P: h:
120 5 2711
160 5 2793
Difference h: 40 82
Target temperature T8: 155
Calculate h8: 2783 (Textbook answer 2790, steam table differ among different table creators).

Pipe - 9:(exiting l.p. turbine into condenser)

Pressure: 1.5 bar
s9: 7.432 kJ/kg K
Steam condition: Saturated

Saturated steam: s = sf + x*(sfg); where sf = saturated liquid, sg dry saturated vapour, sfg = sg - sf

Entropy interpolation:
Pressure Bar: sf sg sfg
0.06 0.521 8.331
0.08 0.593 8.229
Difference in P and h: 0.02 0.072 -0.102
Closest guess to s9: 0.060
Target P Bar: 0.075
Movement to P: 0.015
% movement to P: 75%
Interpolated sf, sg, and sfg: 0.575 8.2545 7.680
Calculate dryness x9: 0.8929 Ans part (e)
Enthalpy interpolation:
Pressure Bar: hf hg hfg
0.06 151.5 2567
0.08 173.8 2577
Difference in P and h: 0.02 22.3 10
Closest guess to h9: 0.060
Target P Bar: 0.075
Movement to P: 0.015
% movement to P: 75%
Interpolated hf, hg, and hfg: 168.225 2574.5 2406.275
Calculate h9: 2317

Pipe - 10: (exiting condenser entering condensate pump).

Enthalpy same as condenser.
Steam condition: Saturated liquid
h10 = h9, saturated liquid hf.
h10: 168.225 kJ/kg K

Pipe - 11: (exiting condenser pump entering feed water heater #4).

This piping interconnection and related pressure makes it complex. See the
figure to the right. The T-s diagram and notes clarify the steps.

The total enthalpy is that which enters the pump s10 and that increment
entropy created by the pump working on the fluid (water - compressed fluid).

Enthalpy at 10 (liquid ph sf): 168.225

Enthalphy inc. by cond pm:

Specific vol saturated liquid: 0.001 m3/kg See saturated water temprature tables.
Pressure difference: 5 bar Piping network 11-18 shows the difference.
Efficiency of pump (ideal): 100 Percent %
Increase in enthalpy: 0.500 kJ/kg

h11: 168.725 kJ/kg(Textbook ans 169.29 same method, steam tables differ).

Pipe - 12: (exiting feedwater heater #4, multiple pipes connected to heater #4).
Pressure: 1.5 bar
Steam condition: Saturated liquid

To simplify all the piping connected to Fd Wtr Htr #4 have the same pressure.
Look up saturated liquid enthalpy values at 1.5 bar. See figure on right.

h12: 467.1 kJ/kg

temperature t14: 111.4 deg C

Pipe - 13, 14 , and 15: (same network at same pressure see figure).

h12 = h13 = h14 =h15

h13: 467.1 kJ/kg

h14: 467.1 kJ/kg
h15: 467.1 kJ/kg

Slight deviation to account for Drip Pump contribution.

This is taken into account for pump work on fluid later.
This is for piping 13.

The total enthalpy is that which enters the pump s12, and that increment
entropy created by the pump working on the fluid (water - compressed fluid).

Enthalpy at 12 (liquid ph sf): 467.1 kJ/kg See sat. steam table below at 1.5

Enthalphy inc. by cond pm:

Specific vol saturated liquid: 0.001 m3/kg Drip pump-trap so its partially liquid.
Pressure difference: 1.5 bar Piping network 12-13 shows the difference
Efficiency of pump (ideal): 100 Percent % see gpath to the right.
Increase in enthalpy: 0.150 kJ/kg

h13 with Drip Pump: 467.250 kJ/kg(Textbook ans 169.29 same method, steam tables differ).

Pipe - 16 and 17: (same network at same pressure see figure).

Pressure: 3 bar
Steam condition: Saturated liquid

To simplify all the piping connected to Fd Wtr Htr #3 have the same pressure.
Look up saturated liquid enthalpy values at 3 bar. See figure to the right.
Look up tables for enthalpy hf. Provided below to the right.
h16 = h17

h16: 561.5 kJ/kg

h17: 561.5 kJ/kg

Pipe - 18: (see figure below).

Pressure: 5 bar
Steam condition: Saturated liquid

To simplify all the piping connected to Deaerator have the same pressure.
Look up saturated liquid enthalpy values at 5 bar. See figure below.
Look up tables for enthalpy hf. Provided to the right
h16 = h17

h18: 640.2 kJ/kg

Pipe - 19: (exiting boiler feed pump and entering feed water heater #2).

This piping interconnection and related pressure makes it complex. See the
figure above. The T-s diagram and notes clarify the steps shown on right.

The total enthalpy is that which enters the pump s18 and that increment
entropy created by the pump working on the fluid (water - compressed fluid).

Enthalpy at 18 (liquid ph sf): 640.2

Enthalphy inc. by boiler fd pm:

Specific vol saturated liquid: 0.001 m3/kg See table for 0.001 in h11 calc section.
Pressure difference: 145 bar
Efficinecy of pump (ideal): 100 Percent %
Increase in enthalpy: 14.500 kJ/kg

h19: 654.700 kJ/kg (Textbook ans 654.63 same method, steam tables differ).

Pipe - 20 and 21: (see figure below).

Pressure: 10 bar
Steam condition: Saturated liquid

To simplify all the piping connected to Feed water heater #2 have the same pressure.
Look up saturated liquid enthalpy values at 10 bar. See figure below.
Look up tables for enthalpy hf. Provided above to the right at h18.

h20: 762.8 kJ/kg

h21: 762.8

Pipe - 22 and 23: (see figure above).

Pressure: 50 bar
Steam condition: Saturated liquid

To simplify all the piping connected to Feed water heater #1 have the same pressure.
Look up saturated liquid enthalpy values at 50 bar. See figure below.
Look up tables for enthalpy hf. Provided above to the right at h18.

h22: 1154 kJ/kg

h23: 1154 kJ/kg

Enthalpy for pipes 24 and 25 not required.

These pipes are connected to the boiler system.
Output of the boiler system is h1 at 150 bar 550 deg C.
 Enthalphy Unit
h1 3448.6 kJ/kg
h2 3112 kJ/kg
h3 2890 kJ/kg
h4 3467.6 kJ/kg
h5 3250 kJ/kg
h6 3050 kJ/kg
h7 2930 kJ/kg
h8 2790 kJ/kg
h9 kJ/kg
h10 168.79 kJ/kg
h11 169.29 kJ/kg
h12 467.11 kJ/kg
h13 467 kJ/kg
h14 467 kJ/kg
h15 467 kJ/kg
h16 561.47 kJ/kg
h17 561.47 kJ/kg
h18 640.23 kJ/kg
h19 654.63 kJ/kg
h20 762.8 kJ/kg
h21 762.8 kJ/kg
h22 1154.23 kJ/kg
h23 1154.23 kJ/kg
h24 kJ/kg
h25 kJ/kg

Steam table value notes: We shown our enthalpy and entropy values were either exact or very
close to the textbook's values. The difference being in the textbook values may be chosen for
ease of follow up table values where there may be no need for interpolation. Also steam tables
may vary a little among different sources of tables. Hence, we will use the same values used
by the textbook for the continuing solution, this will show similar results to the decimal place.

Feedwater Heater 1:

Energy balance for heater 1:

m1(h2 - h22) = 1kg(h23 - 21)
We assume in a closed system the full 1kg (water) returns back toward the boiler - no losses.
We may return to this at the end of these calculations.
Enthalpy h2 because that’s coming out of the h.p. turbine at the energy level of h.p.

Solving for m1 (mass) into feeder heater 1

h2 3112 kJ/kg
h21 762.8 kJ/kg
h22 1154.23 kJ/kg
h23 1154.23 kJ/kg

m1 = 0.20 kg Ans.

Feedwater Heater 2:

Energy balance for heater 2:

m2(h5 - h20) + m1(h22 - h20)= 1kg(h21 - h19)
Exiting heater 2 we have m1+m2 but the path ways in the heat exchanger may not be mixed for m1 and
m2. So we apply m1 only instead of m1+m3 as shown in the piping to the deaerator.

Solving for m2 (mass) into feeder heater 2

m1 0.2 kg
h5 3250 kJ/kg
h19 654.63 kJ/kg
h20 762.8 kJ/kg
h21 762.8 kJ/kg
h22 1154.23 kJ/kg

m2 = 0.012 kg Ans.

Deaerator:

Energy balance for deaerator:

m3(h6 - h18) + (m1 + m2)(h20 - h18) = (1 - m1 - m2 - m3)(h18 - h17)
Notice here (m1 + m2) is combined coming out from pipe 20 into deaerator.
This now seems logical as they would be combined into one piping into the deaerator.
To simplify the energy balance equation what is m4+ m5?
(m4 + m5) = 1 - (m1 + m2 + m3) = 1 - m1 - m2 -m3. As shown in equation above.

Solving for m3 (mass) into deaerator

m1 0.2 kg
m2 0.012 kg
h6 3050 kJ/kg
h17 561.47 kJ/kg
h18 640.23 kJ/kg
h20 762.8 kJ/kg

1 - m1 - m2 = 0.788 kg
(1 - m1 - m2)(h18 - h20) = 504.50 kJ/kg
(m1+m2)(h20 - h18) = 25.98 kJ/kg
(1- m1 - m2)(h18-h17) = 62.06 kJ/kg
(h20 - h18) = 122.57 kJ/kg
(h18 - h17) = 78.76 kJ/kg
(h6 - h18) = 2409.77 kJ/kg

m3 = 0.0145 kg Ans.

Feedwater Heater 3:

Energy balance for heater 3:

m4(h7 - h16) = (1 - m1 - m2 - m3)(h17 - h15)
It should be (m4+m5)(h17 - h15) since m4 and m5 have not been calculated, therefore we use (1 -
m1 - m2 -m3) - (m4 + m5) instead.

Solving for m4 (mass) into feeder heater 3

m1 0.2 kg
m2 0.012 kg
m3 0.0145 kg
h7 2930 kJ/kg
h15 467 kJ/kg
h16 561.47 kJ/kg
h17 561.47 kJ/kg

m4 = 0.031 kg Ans.

Feedwater Heater 4:

Energy balance for heater 4:

m5(h8 - h12) + m4(h16 - h12) = (1 - m1 - m2 - m3 - m4 -m5)(h14 - h11)
We have one equation and we need one unknown. LHS is 1 - m1 - m2 - m3 - m4 - m5 which should be
equal to zero. Since we know m1 m2 m3 and m4, we can rearrange the left hand side as (1 - m1 - m2 -
m3 - m4) - (m5), the first part of which we know.

Solving for m4 (mass) into feeder heater 3

m1 0.2 kg
m2 0.012 kg
m3 0.0145 kg
m4 0.031 kg
h8 2790 kJ/kg
h11 169.29 kJ/kg
h12 467.11 kJ/kg
h14 467 kJ/kg
h16 561.47 kJ/kg

1-(m1…m4)= 0.7425
(h8 - h12)= 2322.89 kJ/kg
(h16 - h12)= 94.36 kJ/kg
(h14 - h11)= 297.71 kJ/kg
0.7425(h14-h11) 221.0497

Total var m5 = 2620.6 var: variable m5

m5 = 0.0832 kg Ans.

Approximate check: m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 = 1

m1 0.20
m2 0.012
m3 0.0145
m4 0.031
m5 0.0832
Total= 0.3405

Discussion:

Total does NOT equal 1. Therefore we only get a

partial return from the boiling process back
through the feedwater system.

We generated a 1 kg of steam mass by the boiler,

and returned 0.34 kg of saturated liquid back to
the boiler.

Are we correct to say that the losses in mass was

1 - 0.34 kg = 0.66 kg ?

Is it correct to say the steam plant would need to

provide additional 0.66 kg of raw material in this
case water? Yes.

Of course we are not going to have a perpetual

steam plant generator that does not need
additional feedwater other than that generated
through the feedback system. If that was phrased
correctly as you yourself expected we need
additional water.

Does the additional plant to extract freedwater

justified since we get approximately 34% of its
mass (kg) back?

No, I would rather have my steam power plant

close to the sea or major river so I can supply the
full 1 kg of mass. It may be preheated to place a
decrease the burden on the main boiler. However,
the temperature of the 0.34 kg from the return
system maybe more suitable for a mix with the
0.66 kg fresh water. This may justify lower heating
costs. Otherwise I do not object to a fresh 1 kg of
water supply. All dependent on operating costs.

Makes it so much easier without all the additional

plant, controls, and safety. Again Costs!
Work Turbine:
Enthalphy Unit
h1 3448.6 kJ/kg
h2 3112 kJ/kg
h3 2890 kJ/kg
h4 3467.6 kJ/kg
h5 3250 kJ/kg
h6 3050 kJ/kg
h7 2930 kJ/kg
h8 2790 kJ/kg
h9 2317.83 kJ/kg
h10 168.79 kJ/kg
h11 169.29 kJ/kg
h12 467.1 kJ/kg
h13 467 kJ/kg
h13+Drip Pm 467.25
h14 467 kJ/kg
h15 467 kJ/kg
h16 561.47 kJ/kg
h17 561.47 kJ/kg
WT is the work transferred from the working fluid (steam) to the turbine shaft - kJ/kg. h18 640.23 kJ/kg
WT - can also be termed work done by the turbine shaft. h19 654.63 kJ/kg
Each turbine energy balance is worked separately then combined. h20 762.8 kJ/kg
h21 762.8 kJ/kg
Energy balance for h.p. (high pressure) turbine: h22 1154.23 kJ/kg
1(h1 - h2) + (1-m1)(h2 - h3) h23 1154.23 kJ/kg
Piping 1 and 2 are straight through. 1 is input and 2 is output to feedwater heater. Then piping 2 and 3 is h24 kJ/kg
seen as the difference between exiting h.p. turbine, one goes to reheat continuing to l.p. turbine input, and h25 kJ/kg
the other to feedwater heater.

m1 0.2 kg
m2 0.012 kg
m3 0.0145 kg
m4 0.031 kg
m5 0.0832 kg

h-h.p. = 514.2 kJ/kg

Energy balance for i.p. (intermediate pressure) turbine:

(1-m1)*(h4 - h5) + (1-m1-m2)(h5 - h6) + (1-m1-m2-m3)(h6-h7)
Piping 4 is the input to i.p turbine. Then the difference between the next piping successively. Input to i.p
turbine source is reheated steam.

m1 0.2 kg
m2 0.012 kg
m3 0.0145 kg
m4 0.031 kg
m5 0.0832 kg

h-i.p. = 424.500 kJ/kg

Energy balance for l.p. (low pressure) turbine:

(1 - m1 - m2 - m3 - m4)(h7 - h8) + (1 - m1 -m2 -m3 -m4 -m5)(h8 - h9).
Why do we have (h7 - h8)? The input piping into l.p. turbine is approximately the same as h8 the output of
l.p. turbine. Though there is input shown coming out of i.p. and into l.p. but that goes into a double flow
l.p. turbine. Seen as a split in the turbine in two opposite directions. The output h8 of both sides of l.p.
turbine combined is approximately the input to l.p turbine. Followed by (h9-h8) the similar step.

m1 0.2 kg
m2 0.012 kg
m3 0.0145 kg
m4 0.031 kg
m5 0.0832 kg

h-i.p. = 415.252 kJ/kg

Total of all the three turbines:

WT = 1354.0 kJ/kg Ans.

Work Pump:

WP is the work transferred into the working fluid (steam) by the pump - kJ/kg.
WP - can also be termed work done by the pump.
Pump efficiency assume ideal conditions (100%).

Work by condensate pump:

(h11 - h10)

WP condensate = 0.500 kJ/kg

Work by drip pump:

(h13 - h12)
Apply h13 with drip pump and this is slightly higher than12.

WP drip = 0.150 kJ/kg Ans

Work by boiler feed pump:

(h19 - h18)

WP boiler feed = 14.400 kJ/kg

Total of all the three pumps:

WP = 15.1 kJ/kg Ans.

Net work:
Difference between work of turbine and pump.
Rankine cycle net work W-turbine - w-pump.

WNET = 1338.9 kJ/kg Ans.

Q (Heat added to boiler):

Q1 is the heat added to the system. Q1 = Boiler heat + Reheat.

"Q1 = 1 kg (h1 - h23) + (1-m1)(h4 - h3)

Q1 = 2756.45 kJ Ans. Unit maybe kJ/kg because the mass basis is 1 kg.

a). Cycle efficiency:

n cycle = (W-net/ Q added)
n_cycle = 0.4857 Ans.
n_cycle = 48.57% Ans.

b). Inlet temperature to steam generator:

Inlet piping is 23, the saturated steam pressure table will provide the temperature for 23.
See table to the right.

t-23 = 265 deg C Ans.

c). Steam rate:

Net work (W-Net) is the source of flow rate (movement) in the piping network.
Therefore the rate (in 1 kg basis) can be equated to the flow rate caused by the pumps etc.

1 hr = 3600 seconds

How much steam is flowing in an hour (3600 seconds) per kJ/kg: (phrased another way).
Steam rate = 3600s / New Work kJ/kg

Steam rate 2.69 kJ/kWh Ans. Per hour we get 2.69 kJ/KW per Hour.

The usual thinking (way) how much steam is flowing per second. In this case wrong. Read the question again.
Steam rate = (1338.6 kJ/kg x 10^-3)/ (3.6) = (1338.6 J/kg)/3.6
Steam rate 371.92 J/sec. Per sec we get 372 J

d). Heat rate:

Heat rate = ((Heat added Q1)/(W-net))*(3600).
Therefore the rate (in 1 kg basis) can be equated to the flow rate caused by the pumps etc.

1 hr = 3600 seconds

Heat rate 7411.46 kJ/kWh Ans.

e). Quality of steam at turbine exhaust:

In the enthalpy calculation sheet, x9 was calculated.

x9 = 0.8929 (unitless) Ans. Textbook answer 0.8932. Good enough.

f). Power output when the steam flow rate is 300t/h:

Power output = (((W-net)*300 * 10^3))/(3600)
This is the power output per hour.

Flow rate: 300000 kg/hr 300 ton/hr

1 hr = 3600 seconds

Power 111575.14 kW Ans. Per hour.

output
Power 111.58 MW Ans. Per hour.
output

End of Example Problem.