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Module 3: Sequence Components and Fault Analysis: Sequence Modeling (Tutorial)

This document discusses fault analysis in sequence components. It provides examples of: 1) Calculating per unit values of system elements like transformers, cables, and motors. 2) Reducing complex circuits down to their Thevenin's equivalents at different fault locations to calculate fault currents. 3) Calculating zero, positive, and negative sequence impedances to determine fault currents for single line to ground faults. 4) Solving practice problems involving symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault current calculations for various fault scenarios using sequence network models.

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isra marabah
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18 views

Module 3: Sequence Components and Fault Analysis: Sequence Modeling (Tutorial)

This document discusses fault analysis in sequence components. It provides examples of: 1) Calculating per unit values of system elements like transformers, cables, and motors. 2) Reducing complex circuits down to their Thevenin's equivalents at different fault locations to calculate fault currents. 3) Calculating zero, positive, and negative sequence impedances to determine fault currents for single line to ground faults. 4) Solving practice problems involving symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault current calculations for various fault scenarios using sequence network models.

Uploaded by

isra marabah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3 : Sequence Components and Fault Analysis

Lecture 13 : Sequence Modeling (Tutorial)

Objectives

In this lecture we will solve tutorial problems on fault analysis in sequence domain

Per unit values of all element impedance in the given system.

Reduction of the circuit for the given fault locations.

S-L-G fault current for the given system.

Fig 13.1 shows the single line diagram of a 13.8kV system connected to a 480V bus through a
1.
13.8kV/480V

transformer. Two motor loads of 400hp and 600hp are connected to the bus through three parallel three
core copper cables. If a 3 phase bolted fault occurs at , compute the fault currents. Repeat the
calculations for fault at .

Ans: Let us take base power as 1000kVA and base voltage as 480V.

Then base current

Base impedance

Now, we have to convert all impedances


element into per unit values on a common
base. Here the impedance base is 0.2304
.
Short circuit contribution from 13.8kV
source = 600MVA.
Source Modeling
Short circuit current

ratio = 15
or

1. i.e.
Ans:

i.e. in pu = 0.00011 + j0.00165


1000kVA Transformer Modeling.
= 5.75% = 1.21%

The per unit value of

Per unit value of

i.e. in pu = 0.0121 + j0.0562

Cable Modeling
Length of cable ,
Resistance of one conductor per km = 0.178
Reactance of one conductor per km = 0.108
Since, three conductors are in parallel, equivalent resistance and reactance for 500m length is given by,

Converting and , into per unit,

in pu

= 0.129

in pu

i.e. in pu = 0.129 + j0.078

Cable
1. Ans:
Modeling

Length of cable
Resistance of one conductor per km is given as 0.181 and reactance / km is given as 0.124 . Since,
three conductors are in parallel, equivalent resistance and reactance for 300m cable is given by,

Converting into pu
in pu pu

in pu pu

i.e. in pu = 0.0786 + j0.0538

Motors
Note that 1hp = 746watts; if we assume a
motor power factor of 0.746, then
equivalent motor kVA will be unity. Hence,
we will assume that 1hp is equivalent to
1kVA.
Subtransient reactance = 25%
Ratio = 6

Per unit reactance of motor 1

pu

pu

For motor 2

pu

pu

in pu = 0.069 + j0.416
The equivalent circuit of the system used to calculate the Thevenin's equivalent at node A is shown in fig
13.2. The dotted lines indicate the ground potential.
1. Ans: Fault at
We now desire to compute Thevenin's
impedance at node A.
For fault at , the network as shown in fig
13.2 can be reduced to network as shown
in fig 13.3. Hence, Thevenin's impedance,
is given by,
Therefore, three phase fault current at fault F1

Fault at
1. Ans: F
2

For fault at F2 , the network shown in fig


13.2. can be reduced as shown in fig
13.4.
Calculation of Z

1. Ans:

i.e.,

Therefore, the total three phase fault current at F2

Fig 13.5 shows the single line diagram of a 3 bus system. The sequence data for transmission lines and
2.
generators

are given in table 1. If a bolted single line to ground fault occurs at F, calculate the fault current. If the
fault impedance is j0.1 pu; what will be the fault current?

Ans: Let us take E as 1 pu. For a SLG fault,


Fault current

where Z 0 = Zero sequence impedance


Z 1 = Positive sequence impedance
Z 2 = Negative sequence impedance
We have to find out the Thevenin's
equivalent zero, positive and negative
sequence impedances with respect to
fault F.

Sequence Data in pu
Description
Zero Positive Negative
Generator - A j0.03 j0.25 j0.15
Generator - B j0.02 j0.20 j0.12
Transmission Line 1 j0.14 j0.08 j0.08
Transmission Line 2 j0.17 j0.13 j0.13
Transmission Line 3 j0.10 j0.06 j0.06
Transmission Line 4 j0.12 j0.06 j0.06
2. Ans: Zero Sequence Impedance

For calculating Z 0 , the circuit shown in fig 13.5 is reduced as shown in fig 13.6.
2. Ans: Positive Sequence Impedance

Similarly, positive sequence impedance Z 1 can be found out by reducing the circuit as shown in fig 13.7.
i.e. Z 1 , positive sequence impedance = j0.01 + j0.124
= j0.134 pu

2. Ans: Negative Sequence Impedance


Negative sequence impedance Z 2
For negative sequence impedance the circuit can be as shown in fig 13.8.
i.e. negative sequence impedance
= j0.09 pu

Now, fault current

If fault impedance , then

Review Questions

1. Calculate the symmetrical fault currents at locations F1 and F2 of fig 13.9.


2. For the system shown in example no. 2 , find out the fault current for
a) SLG fault with j0.1fault impedance.
b) L-L fault and L-L-G fault between b - c phases.
L-L fault and L-L-G fault with j0.1fault impedance. Single line diagram of this question is shown in fig
c)
13.5.
Single line diagram of a system is shown in fig 13.10. The base value is taken as 30MVA, 34.5kV. The
3.
positive and
negative sequence impedances of load are , respectively. Load voltage is
kept at 1.0 pu. Calculate the fault current for fault at F. Assume that zero sequence reactance of
generator is zero.

Recap

In this lecture we have learnt the following:

To calculate per unit values of different elements in a system.

Reduction of the given complex circuit for different fault locations.

Three phase symmetrical fault current calculation.


Fault current calculation of the given system.

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